NTSE Notes SHEET 3

PARTS OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION,IMPORTANT AMENDMENTS AND

CREATION OF NEW STATES

Original Indian Constitution had 22 parts and 395 articles. Later 3 parts were
added to it as amendments (9A – Municipalities, 9B – co-operative societies
and 14A tribunals). Various articles were also added under these 25 parts of
Indian constitution as amendments.

Parts of Indian Constitution

PART I THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY Art.( 1-4 )

PART II CITIZENSHIP Art.( 5-11 )
PART III FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS Art.( 12-35 )
PART IV DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY Art.( 36-51 )
PART IVA FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES Art.( 51A )
PART V THE UNION Art.( 52-151 )
PART VI THE STATES Art.( 152-237 )
PART VII THE STATES IN PART B OF THE FIRST SCHEDULE Art.( 238 )
PART VIII THE UNION TERRITORIES Art.( 239-243 )
PART IX PANCHAYATS Art.( 243-243zg )
PART IXA MUNICIPALITIES Art.( 243-243zg )
PART X THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS Art.( 244-244A )
PART XI RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES Art.( 245-263 )
PART XII FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS Art.( 264-300A )
TRADE,COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN THE
PART XIII Art.( 301-307 )
TERRITORY OF INDIA
PART XIV SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES Art.( 308-323 )
PART XIVA TRIBUNALS Art.( 323A-323B )
PART XV ELECTIONS Art.( 324-329A )
SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN
PART XVI Art.( 330-342 )
CLASSES
PART XVII OFFICIAL LANGUAGE Art.( 343-351 )
PART XVIII EMERGENCY PROVISIONS Art.( 352-360 )
PART XIX MISCELLANEOUS Art.( 361-367 )
PART XX AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION Art.( 368 )
 TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL
PART XXI Art.( 369-392 )
PROVISIONS
SHORT TITLE,COMMENCEMENT,AUTHORITATIVE
PART XXII Art.( 393-395 )
TEXT IN HINDI AND REPEALS

Important Amendments in Indian Constitution

The first Amendment Act to the Indian Constitution was made in the year 1951
According to it, Articles 15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, and 376 were amended and
Articles 31A and 3IB inserted and Ninth Schedule was added.

The Constitution (24th Amendment) Act, 1971: It affirmed the power of the Parliament to
amend any part of the Constitution. After this amendment, the President is bound to assent to
Constitution Amendment Bill. Education was transferred to the Concurrent List by this
amendment.

The Constitution (31st Amendment) Act, 1973: increased the elective strength of the
LokSabha from 525 to 545. Under the Act, the upper limit of representatives of the States
goes up from 500 to 525 and that of the Union Territories decreases from 25 to 20.

The Constitution (36th Amendment) Act, 1975: By this Act, Sikkim became the 22nd
State of the Indian Union.

The Constitution (37th Amendment) Act, 1975: was passed by Parliament on April 26,
1975, to provide for a Legislative Assembly and a Council of Ministers to Arunachal
Pradesh, the country’s north-easternmost Union Territory.

The Constitution (39th Amendment) Act, 1975: The Bill was passed by the LokSabha on
August 7 and received Presidential assent on August 9,1975. The Act places beyond
challenge in courts the election to Parliament of a person holding the office of Prime Minister
or Speaker and the election of President and Vice-President.

The Constitution (40th Amendment) Act, 1976: This Amendment has a three-fold
objective: (1) It places beyond challenge in courts some major Central laws; (2) It gives
similar protection to several State enactments, mostly relating to land legislation, by
including them in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution; and (3) It provides that the limits of
the territorial waters, the Continental Shelf, the Exclusive Economic Zone and the maritime
zones of India shall be specified from time to time by law made by Parliament.

The Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976: It was enacted during the period of
internal emergency. It was passed by Parliament on November 11, 1976 and received
Presidential assent on December 18, 1976.
The Amendment established beyond doubt the supremacy of Parliament over the other wings
of Government; gave the Directive Principles precedence over the Fundamental Rights;
enumerated for the first time a set of ten Fundamental Duties. It further imposed limits on the
power and jurisdiction of the judiciary; raised the term of the LokSabha and the VidhanSabha
from five to six years; authorised the use of Central armed forces in any State to deal with
law and order problems, made the President bound by the advice of the Council of Ministers.

The Constitution (43rd Amendment) Act, 1978: It received the Presidential assent on April
13, 1978. This Act repeals the obnoxious provisions of the Constitution (42nd Amendment)
Act passed during the Emergency. It restores civil liberties by deleting Article 3ID which
gave powers to Parliament to curtail even legitimate trade union activity under the guise of
legislation for the prevention of anti-national activities. The new law, which was ratified by
more than half of the States in accordance with the Constitution, also restores legislative
powers to the States to make appropriate provision for anti-national activities consistent with
the Fundamental Rights. Under the Act, the judiciary has also been restored to its rightful
place. The Supreme Court will now have power to invalidate State laws, a power taken away
by the 42nd Amendment Act. The High Courts will also be able to go into the question of
constitutional validity of Central laws thereby enabling persons living in distant places to
obtain speedy justice without having to come to the Supreme Court.

The Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1978: The Constitution (45 th Amendment) Bill,
re-numbered as the 44th Amendment came into force on April 30, 1979, when the President
gave his assent. The Act removes major distortions in the Constitution introduced during the
Emergency. The duration of the LokSabha and State Legislative Assemblies has been
reduced from six to five years—the normal term which was extended during the Emergency
under the 42nd Amendment to achieve some political purposes. The Right to Property ceases
to be a Fundamental Right and becomes only a legal right according to the Constitution 44th
Amendment. The Act also extends, for the first time since independence, constitutional
protection for publication of the proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures, except in
cases where it is proved to be “malicious”. Another important feature of the Act is that any
proclamation of Emergency need henceforward, be issued by the President only after
receiving the advice of the Cabinet as a whole in writing. The President will not be called
upon to act on the basis of advice by the Prime Minister on his own without consulting his
Cabinet. Other safeguards provide that the proclamation will have to be adopted by a two-
thirds majority of the members of both Houses of Parliament within a month. The 44th
Amendment provides safeguards against future subversion of the Constitution for
establishing an authoritarian regime. It contains provisions which are designed to make it
impossible to impose the kind of emergency the country had experienced for 19 months.
The Constitution (45th Amendment) Act, 1980: The Act extends reservation of seats for
the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in Parliament and the State Assemblies and
the representation of Anglo-Indians by nomination for a further period of 10 years.

The Constitution (46th Amendment) Bill, 1982: It seeks to authorise the government to
prepare an authoritative text of the Constitution, in Hindi.

The Constitution (52nd Amendment) Act, 1985: The Act has made defection to another
party, after elections illegal. Any member defecting to another party after elections will be
disqualified from being Member of Parliament or State Legislature.

The Constitution (55th Amendment) Act, 1987: It grants Statehood to Arunachal Pradesh
which consequently became the 24th State of the Indian Union.

The Constitution (56th Amendment) Act, 1987: It confers Statehood on Goa and forms a
new Union Territory of Daman and Diu. Goa thus became the 25th State of the Indian
Republic.

The Constitution (57th Amendment) Act, 1987: It made a special provision for the setting
up of the new State of Goa. Consequently Daman and Diu were separated from the former to
form a Union Territory.

The Constitution (58th Amendment) Act, 1988: It provides for special arrangements with
regard to reservation of seats for Scheduled Tribes in the States of Arunachal Pradesh,
Nagaland, Mizoram and Meghalaya. By amending Article 322 the adjustment of seats has
been frozen until 2000 A.D.

The Constitution (61st Amendment) Act, 1989: It lowered the voting age from 21 to 18.

The Constitution (66th Amendment) Act, 1990: To bring land reforms within the purview
of 9th Schedule of the Constitution.

The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991: Delhi made National Capital Region. The
Act also made provision for Legislative assembly and a council of ministers for Delhi.

The Constitution (70th Amendment) Act, 1992: Before this act was made Article 54
relating to the election of the President provided for an electoral college consisting only of
the elected members of Parliament as well as the legislative assemblies of the States (not of
Union Territories). The amendment provide for inclusion of members of legislature of
Pondicherry and Delhi.

The Constitution (71st Amendment) Act, 1992: The act amends the 8th Schedule to the
Constitution to include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali Languages in the 8th Schedule of the
Constitution.

The Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992: To ensure direct election to all seats in
Panchayats; to reserve seats for SCs and STs in proportion to their population; and for
reservation of not less than one third of the seats in Panchayats for women.

The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992: was made to ensure direct election to all
seats in Nagarpalikas and Municipalities.

The Constitution (75th Amendment) Act 1994: It provides for setting up of State-level
Rent Tribunals to exclude the jurisdiction of all courts, except that of the Supreme Court,
under Article 136 of the Constitution.

The Constitution (76th Amendment) Act, 1994: It relates to the Reservation of Seats in
Educational Institutes and of appointments or posts in the Services under a State, for
Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The Supreme Court had ruled on
November 16, 1992, that the total reservations under Article 16(40) of the Constitution
should not exceed 50 per cent.

The Constitution (79th Amendment) Act, 1999: It extends the reservation of seats for SC,
ST and Anglo-Indians in the LokSabha and Legislative Assemblies for next 10 years.

The Constitution (80th Amendment) Act, 2000: It deals with an alternative scheme for
sharing taxes between the Union and the States.

The Constitution (82nd Amendment) Act, 2000: It provides that nothing in the Article 355
shall prevent the State from making any provisions in favour of the members of SC/ST for
relaxation in qualifying marks with respect to examination/job/promotion.

The Constitution (83rd Amendment) Act, 2000: The Act amended Article 243 M to
provide that no reservation in Panchayats be made in favour of SC/ST in Arunachal Pradesh
where the whole population is tribal.

Creation of New States in India after 1950

The provisions for creating new states and changing the boundaries of new states are
provided in Articles 2-4 of the Constitution. Simply put, a simple law passed by both the
LokSabha and RajyaSabha is enough to create a new state. However, only the central
government (“President”) can introduce a Bill for this purpose. And before introducing the
Bill, the states which will be affected have to be consulted.
The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 was a major reform of the boundaries of India's states
and territories, organising them along linguistic lines. The Act came into effect at the same
time as the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, which (among other things)
restructured the constitutional framework for India's existing states.

Details of States of India created after 1950 are given below:

Andhra Pradesh: Andhra Pradesh state was formed by merging Andhra with Telugu-
speaking area of Hyderabad and carving out some areas from the State of Madras in 1956.

Arunachal Pradesh: Status of Arunachal Pradesh changed from Union Territory to State in
1987 by the State of Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1986.

Bombay: Bombay state formed by merging Kutch, the Marathi-speaking districts of Nagpur
Division of Madhya Pradesh, and Saurashtra, and the Marathi speaking Marathwada region
of Hyderabad. The State's southernmost districts of Bombay were transferred to Mysore
State. In 1960, Bombay State was split into Maharashtra and Gujarat.

Chhattisgarh: Chhattisgarh was carved out of Madhya Pradesh on November, 2000 as

provided under Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act 2000. Sixteen districts of Madhya
Pradesh were included in the Chhattisgarh State. Raipur became the Capital of Chhattisgarh.

Goa: Goa along with Daman and Diu was organized as a centrally administered Union
Territory of India in 1961. On 30 May 1987 Goa was separated from the Union Territory of
Goa, Daman and Diu and was made India's twenty-fifth state, with Daman and Diu remaining
a Union Territory.

Himachal Pradesh: On 18 December 1970, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed
by Parliament and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971. Thus, Himachal
Pradesh emerged as the eighteenth state of the Indian Union.

Haryana: Haryana was carved out from the State of Punjab by the Punjab Reorganisation
Act, 1966.

Jharkhand: Jharkhand was carved out of Bihar on August, 2000 as provided under Bihar
Reorganisation Bill 2000. Eighteen districts of Bihar were included in the Jharkhand State.
Ranchi became the Capital of Jharkhand.

Karnataka: Kodagu and Kannada-speaking regions from the adjoining states of Madras,
Hyderabad and Bombay were incorporated into the Mysore state, under the States
Reorganization Act of 1956. The expanded state was renamed Karnataka in 1973.

Kerala: Kerala was created by the States Reorganization Act 1956 by merging most of
Travancore- Cochin union and part of Madras.

Manipur and Tripura: Status of Manipur and Tripura was changed from Union Territories
to States by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971.
Meghalaya: By 23rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1969, Meghalaya was carved out as a
sub-State within the State of Assam. In 1971, the Parliament passed the North-Eastern Areas
(Reorganization) Act, 1971, which conferred full statehood on the autonomous state of
Meghalaya.

Mizoram: Status of Mizoram changed from Union Territory to State by the State of Mizoram
Act, 1986.

Nagaland: Nagaland was carved out from the State of Assam and attained statehood with the
enactment of the state of Nagaland Act in 1962. Kohima became the Capital of Nagaland.

Sikkim: By 35th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1974, Sikkim was made an 'Associate
State'. It got the status of a full state in 1975 by the 36th Amendment Act, 1975.

Uttarakhand: Uttarakhand was carved out of Uttar Pradesh on August, 2000 as provided
under Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Bill 2000. Thirteen districts of Uttar Pradesh were
included in the Uttarakhand State. Dehradun became the Capital of Uttarakhand.

Telangana: On 2nd June 2014 Telangana was formed as a new 29th state of India with the city
of Hyderabad as its capital. Hyderabad will continue to serve as the joint capital city for
Andhra Pradesh and Telangana for a period of not more than 10 years.

Here's the chronology of states' bifurcation in India till date

1947 - Provinces and around 550 princely states were merged with existing provinces

1953 - Andhra Pradesh was carved out of Madras. States' reorganisation commission was
formed

1953 - Northeast Frontier Agency was formed

1956 - 14 states and 6 UTs were created

1960 - Bombay state split into Maharashtra and Gujarat

1963 - Nagaland carved out of Assam

1966 - Haryana and Himachal Pradesh carved out of Punjab state

1972 - Meghalaya , Manipur and Tripura were formed

1975 - Sikkim became part of Indian union

1987 - Goa and Arunachal Pradesh became states ( earlier these were UTs )

2000 - Uttaranchal ( out of UP ) , Jharkhand ( out of Bihar ) and Chhattisgarh ( out

of Madhya Pradesh ) were formed
2014-Telangana (out of Andhra Pradesh)

PENDING STATE DEMANDS

Vidarbha ( out of Maharashta )

Harit Pradesh (out of UP )

Poorvanchal , Bundelkhand ( out of UP and MP )

Kosala ( out of Orissa )

Gorkhaland (out of West Bengal )