Tooling

CNC Offsets 210
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Class Outline

Class Outline
Objectives
The Purpose of Offsets
Machine and Program Zero for Turning
Offsets for the Turning Center
Workshift Offsets
Using a Reference Tool
Geometry Offsets
Wear Offsets
Offset Features for Turning
Machine and Program Zero for Milling
Offsets for the Machining Center
Workshift Offsets
Tool Length Offsets
Tool Length Offset Methods
Cutter Radius Compensation
Offset Features for Milling
Recognizing Tool Wear
Summary
Lesson: 1/18
Objectives
l Describe the role of offsets.
l Distinguish between machine and program zero on the turning center.
l Identify offsets for the turning center.
l Define workshift offset for the turning center.
l Describe the use of a reference tool.
l Define geometry offset for the turning center.
l Identify wear offsets for the turning center.
l Describe the toolset probe.
l Describe the use of tool nose radius compensation.
l Distinguish between machine and program zero on the machining center.
l Define offsets for the machining center.
l Define workshift offset for the machining center.
l Define tool length offset for the machining center. Figure 1. CNC machines require offsets to
l Identify how to determine tool length offsets. accurately position cutting tools.
l Define cutter radius compensation.
l Describe wear offsets for the machining center.
l Identify the importance of tool wear.


Lesson: 1/18
Objectives
l Describe the role of offsets.
l Distinguish between machine and program zero on the turning center.
l Identify offsets for the turning center.
l Define workshift offset for the turning center.
l Describe the use of a reference tool.
l Define geometry offset for the turning center.
l Identify wear offsets for the turning center.
l Describe the toolset probe.
l Describe the use of tool nose radius compensation.
l Distinguish between machine and program zero on the machining center.
l Define offsets for the machining center.
l Define workshift offset for the machining center.
l Define tool length offset for the machining center. Figure 1. CNC machines require offsets to
l Identify how to determine tool length offsets. accurately position cutting tools.
l Define cutter radius compensation.
l Describe wear offsets for the machining center.
l Identify the importance of tool wear.

Figure 2. Offsets compensate for various tool

lengths and diameters.
Figure 3. Turning centers may have a toolset

probe for recording offsets.

Lesson: 2/18
The Purpose of Offsets

Turning centers and machining centers can rapidly perform a series of metal cutting operations
using multiple tools. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate tool positions on these productive machines.
Manufacturers use these machines because their rigidity and numerically controlled tools create
parts with excellent precision.
However, the precision of a CNC machine depends upon the proper referencing of the cutting tool
and the workpiece. A key responsibility of the operator is to make sure that every cutting tool is
accurately positioned during machining. Operators store a series of offsets to accurately reference
the cutting edge of each tool loaded in the machine. Figure 3 shows a series of offsets on the CRT.
This class will teach you how offsets are used by first examining the turning center and then
addressing offsets for the machining center.
Figure 1. The turning center's turret positions

the cutting tool, and the chuck holds the part.

Figure 2. The machining center spindle

positions the cutting tool above the worktable.
Figure 3. A list of offsets on a turning center

CRT.

Lesson: 3/18

CNC offsets are essentially the stored numerical values that accurately shift each tool from
machine zero to program zero. Every CNC turning center has a built-in machine zero, which acts
as the origin for all machine coordinates. You may also see machine zero referred to as the home
position. The manufacturer sets this position, and it cannot be changed by the operator or
programmer. Machine zero is typically located at the farthest position from the spindle along the X-
axis and Z-axis. Figure 1 shows this position.
Before the operator runs a program for the first time, he or she must set program zero. You may
also see this position referred to as work zero or part zero. Program zero acts as the origin for tool
positions contained in the part program. Each part program requires a zero position selected by
the programmer. Most shops place program zero on the spindle centerline at the front of the part,
as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 1. Machine zero is farthest from the

spindle along both axes.
Figure 2. Program zero is typically located at

the front of the part on the spindle centerline.
Lesson: 4/18

The two axes that require offsets are the Z-axis and X-axis. As you can see in Figure 1, the Z-
axis runs through the centerline of the spindle. The X-axis is perpendicular to the Z-axis and
defines tool distance from the centerline of the part. The following offsets are used to position
tools from machine zero to program zero along both axes:
l Workshift offsets adjust the entire turret along the Z-axis from home position. A workshift
offset affects every tool in the turret.
l Geometry offsets adjust cutting tools along both the X-axis and Z-axis. A geometry offset
affects only one cutting tool.

Lesson: 3/18

CNC offsets are essentially the stored numerical values that accurately shift each tool from
machine zero to program zero. Every CNC turning center has a built-in machine zero, which acts
as the origin for all machine coordinates. You may also see machine zero referred to as the home
position. The manufacturer sets this position, and it cannot be changed by the operator or
programmer. Machine zero is typically located at the farthest position from the spindle along the X-
axis and Z-axis. Figure 1 shows this position.
Before the operator runs a program for the first time, he or she must set program zero. You may
also see this position referred to as work zero or part zero. Program zero acts as the origin for tool
positions contained in the part program. Each part program requires a zero position selected by
the programmer. Most shops place program zero on the spindle centerline at the front of the part,
as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 1. Machine zero is farthest from the

spindle along both axes.
Figure 2. Program zero is typically located at

the front of the part on the spindle centerline.
Lesson: 4/18


Lesson: 4/18

l Wear offsets adjust cutting tools by very small distances along both axes. They are used to
correct variations in part size.
Offsets move the machine components to program zero in increasingly smaller increments that
build upon one another, as shown in Figure 2. They make sure each tool is positioned where it is
supposed to be throughout the part program.
Figure 1. Offsets reposition the turret along

both X- and Z-axes.
Figure 2. Each offset moves the turret in

incrementally smaller distances.
Lesson: 5/18
Workshift Offsets
The first major offset on the turning center is the workshift offset. To cut a part held in the
chuck, the operator must shift the reference point of the turret from the machine zero to program
zero. The operator manually moves the turret and then records this position in the controls. Figure
1 illustrates this offset distance.
A workshift offset is only necessary for distances along the Z-axis. For the turning center, there is
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the X-axis position of program zero is typically located on
the spindle centerline. The accuracy built into these machines ensures that the centerline of every
part will be in the same position.

Lesson: 5/18
Workshift Offsets
The first major offset on the turning center is the workshift offset. To cut a part held in the
chuck, the operator must shift the reference point of the turret from the machine zero to program
zero. The operator manually moves the turret and then records this position in the controls. Figure
1 illustrates this offset distance.
A workshift offset is only necessary for distances along the Z-axis. For the turning center, there is
no workshift offset in the X-axis because the X-axis position of program zero is typically located on
the spindle centerline. The accuracy built into these machines ensures that the centerline of every
part will be in the same position.
Operators can store multiple workshift offsets by using G codes, which commonly include G54
through G59. If the operator changes jobs but keeps the same tooling in the turret, he or she will
adjust only the workshift offset to reposition the turret in the Z-axis.
Figure 1. The workshift offset shifts the turret

from machine zero along the Z-axis.
Lesson: 6/18

A popular technique for using offsets with the turning center is to determine a reference tool. The
reference tool sets the starting place for all the other geometry offsets of other tools. The most
common reference tool is an 80° diamond insert because it is almost always on the turret for
turning and facing operations. Figure 1 shows this insert in its holder.
To use a reference tool, the operator will first take a facing cut on the part. This establishes the
reference point of the tool at program zero in the Z-axis. This distance from machine zero to
program zero along the Z-axis is stored as the workshift offset. The reference tool requires no
further offsets in the Z-axis. This is important because the other tools in the turret will be shifted
in the Z-axis based on their relationship to this reference tool point. As long as the tooling in the
turret stays the same, the operator can merely change the workshift offset to accommodate the
sizes of different parts.
Figure 1. An 80° insert is frequently the
reference tool.

Lesson: 6/18

A popular technique for using offsets with the turning center is to determine a reference tool. The
reference tool sets the starting place for all the other geometry offsets of other tools. The most
common reference tool is an 80° diamond insert because it is almost always on the turret for
turning and facing operations. Figure 1 shows this insert in its holder.
To use a reference tool, the operator will first take a facing cut on the part. This establishes the
reference point of the tool at program zero in the Z-axis. This distance from machine zero to
program zero along the Z-axis is stored as the workshift offset. The reference tool requires no
further offsets in the Z-axis. This is important because the other tools in the turret will be shifted
in the Z-axis based on their relationship to this reference tool point. As long as the tooling in the
turret stays the same, the operator can merely change the workshift offset to accommodate the
sizes of different parts.
Figure 1. An 80° insert is frequently the
reference tool.
Lesson: 7/18
Geometry Offsets
The workshift offset shifts the entire turret, which affects every tool within it. However, turning
inserts, boring bars, and drills all have their own distinct lengths and orientations. Geometry
offsets shift the turret to account for each tool’s unique dimensions.
The geometry offset for each tool shifts the turret in both the X-axis and Z-axis, as shown in
Figure 1. A Z-axis geometry offset adjusts the turret from the workshift offset location for each
tool. The X-axis geometry offset adjusts the turret from the spindle centerline. The operator simply
touches off every tool against finished part surfaces and stores the Z-axis and X-axis geometry
offsets. Remember, the reference tool already has its Z-axis position stored as the workshift
offset; however, it still requires an X-axis geometry offset.
Consider the boring bar in Figure 2. Both the reference tool and boring bar share the same
workshift offset. However, each cutting edge has a different orientation in the turret. Geometry
offsets shift each tool to place the cutting edge in the same correct position. Figure 1. Each tool requires a geometry offset
for both X- and Z-axes.


Lesson: 7/18
Geometry Offsets
The workshift offset shifts the entire turret, which affects every tool within it. However, turning
inserts, boring bars, and drills all have their own distinct lengths and orientations. Geometry
offsets shift the turret to account for each tool’s unique dimensions.
The geometry offset for each tool shifts the turret in both the X-axis and Z-axis, as shown in
Figure 1. A Z-axis geometry offset adjusts the turret from the workshift offset location for each
tool. The X-axis geometry offset adjusts the turret from the spindle centerline. The operator simply
touches off every tool against finished part surfaces and stores the Z-axis and X-axis geometry
offsets. Remember, the reference tool already has its Z-axis position stored as the workshift
offset; however, it still requires an X-axis geometry offset.
Consider the boring bar in Figure 2. Both the reference tool and boring bar share the same
workshift offset. However, each cutting edge has a different orientation in the turret. Geometry
offsets shift each tool to place the cutting edge in the same correct position. Figure 1. Each tool requires a geometry offset
for both X- and Z-axes.

Figure 2. This boring bar is positioned

perpendicular to the reference tool in the
turret.
Lesson: 8/18
Wear Offsets
The operator must determine the workshift offset for a specific part and geometry offsets for each
tool before the first run of the program. However, an operator may discover that the dimensions of
the part are slightly undersized or inaccurate after machining. The operator can then use wear
offsets to make slight adjustments and bring the part within the correct tolerance.
Like geometry offsets, wear offsets shift the tool in both the X-axis and Z-axis, as shown in Figure
1. However, the distances stored as an offset may be only a few thousandths of an inch along each
axis. Each cutting tool has its own wear offset.
Cutting forces, part deflection, tool wear, etc. can potentially cause slight changes to tool location
and variations in measurements. Wear offsets act as the minor adjustments that compensate for
these variables.

Lesson: 8/18
Wear Offsets
The operator must determine the workshift offset for a specific part and geometry offsets for each
tool before the first run of the program. However, an operator may discover that the dimensions of
the part are slightly undersized or inaccurate after machining. The operator can then use wear
offsets to make slight adjustments and bring the part within the correct tolerance.
Like geometry offsets, wear offsets shift the tool in both the X-axis and Z-axis, as shown in Figure
1. However, the distances stored as an offset may be only a few thousandths of an inch along each
axis. Each cutting tool has its own wear offset.
Cutting forces, part deflection, tool wear, etc. can potentially cause slight changes to tool location
and variations in measurements. Wear offsets act as the minor adjustments that compensate for
these variables.
Figure 1. Wear offsets compensate for tool

wear in both axes.
Lesson: 9/18

Depending on the machine, you may find turning centers with additional features that simplify the
setting of offsets. For example, Figure 1 shows a machine equipped with a toolset probe. This
probe is a device that swings into position in front of the spindle. The operator touches the tool tip
on the probe and automatically records the tool position. This saves valuable time during tool
setup.
Another important feature is tool nose radius compensation. As you can see in Figure 2, most
turning inserts have a slight radius at the tip. This nose radius helps to improve finish and reduce
chatter. For linear turning and facing operations, the nose radius has no affect on part size.
However, a nose radius will slightly affect part size during contouring and chamfering operations,
as shown in Figure 3. Operators can enter the appropriate nose radius of the insert in the
geometry offset table, and the CNC controls will automatically adjust tool position accordingly. Nose
radius compensation is most important for finishing operations.
Figure 1. The toolset probe records geometry

offsets for both axes.

Lesson: 9/18

Depending on the machine, you may find turning centers with additional features that simplify the
setting of offsets. For example, Figure 1 shows a machine equipped with a toolset probe. This
probe is a device that swings into position in front of the spindle. The operator touches the tool tip
on the probe and automatically records the tool position. This saves valuable time during tool
setup.
Another important feature is tool nose radius compensation. As you can see in Figure 2, most
turning inserts have a slight radius at the tip. This nose radius helps to improve finish and reduce
chatter. For linear turning and facing operations, the nose radius has no affect on part size.
However, a nose radius will slightly affect part size during contouring and chamfering operations,
as shown in Figure 3. Operators can enter the appropriate nose radius of the insert in the
geometry offset table, and the CNC controls will automatically adjust tool position accordingly. Nose
radius compensation is most important for finishing operations.
Figure 1. The toolset probe records geometry

offsets for both axes.

Figure 2. The nose radius alters the actual tip

of the tool.
Figure 3. Without nose radius compensation,

chamfering leaves excess material.

Figure 3. Without nose radius compensation,
chamfering leaves excess material.
Lesson: 10/18

Like the turning center, the machining center uses and stores various groups of offsets. Both
machines require offsets to calculate tool position from machine zero to program zero. However,
the types of offsets used are distinctly different due to the layout of each machine.
As you can see in Figure 1, the machining center also has a machine zero position. This position is
typically located at the farthest point of positive travel along all three axes. However, some
manufacturers will locate machine zero at another corner of the worktable. Machine zero cannot be
changed by the programmer.
Every workpiece requires its own unique program zero. For most operations, program zero is
located in a corner of the part, as shown in Figure 2. This helps the operator to locate the zero
position once the part is loaded in the fixture.
Figure 1. Machine zero is positioned away from

the worktable.
Figure 2. Program zero is typically located at a

part corner.
Lesson: 11/18

Unlike the turning center, the vertical machining center has three axes of motion, as shown in
Figure 1. The X-axis describes left and right motion of the tool. The Y-axis indicates motion
toward and away from the operator. The Z-axis describes vertical motion parallel to the spindle.
As you can see in Figure 2, machining centers require their own unique categories of offsets:

Lesson: 10/18

Like the turning center, the machining center uses and stores various groups of offsets. Both
machines require offsets to calculate tool position from machine zero to program zero. However,
the types of offsets used are distinctly different due to the layout of each machine.
As you can see in Figure 1, the machining center also has a machine zero position. This position is
typically located at the farthest point of positive travel along all three axes. However, some
manufacturers will locate machine zero at another corner of the worktable. Machine zero cannot be
changed by the programmer.
Every workpiece requires its own unique program zero. For most operations, program zero is
located in a corner of the part, as shown in Figure 2. This helps the operator to locate the zero
position once the part is loaded in the fixture.
Figure 1. Machine zero is positioned away from

the worktable.
Figure 2. Program zero is typically located at a

part corner.
Lesson: 11/18

l Workshift offsets reposition the spindle in all three axes. This offset affects the location of
every tool loaded in the machine.
l Tool length offsets compensate for varying tool lengths in the Z-axis. Each tool has its own

Lesson: 11/18

l Workshift offsets reposition the spindle in all three axes. This offset affects the location of
every tool loaded in the machine.
l Tool length offsets compensate for varying tool lengths in the Z-axis. Each tool has its own
offset.
l Cutter radius compensation (CRC) adjusts for varying tool diameters. CRC is only
necessary for tools that travel in the X- and Y-axes.
Though these offset categories differ from the offsets used for turning, the main purpose is still to
accurately shift the tool reference point from machine zero to program zero.
Figure 1. Machining centers require tool motion

along the X -, Y-, and Z-axes.
Figure 2. Each offset repositions the tool in the

spindle.
Lesson: 12/18
Workshift Offsets
Like the turning offsets, a workshift offset affects the position of every tool held in the machining
center. For milling, you may also see this offset referred to as a fixture offset. The operator only
needs to set workshift offsets in the X-axis and Y-axis once for a particular part, as shown in
Figure 1. Because every tool shares the same spindle, the location of the tool center will always be
the same in these horizontal axes. Consequently, the same workshift offset applies for every tool in
the toolchanger.
The operator uses an edge finder to determine the workshift offsets for a part. Figure 2 illustrates
this device. The edge finder has an eccentric knob that pops out of position once it detects the

Lesson: 12/18
Workshift Offsets
Like the turning offsets, a workshift offset affects the position of every tool held in the machining
center. For milling, you may also see this offset referred to as a fixture offset. The operator only
needs to set workshift offsets in the X-axis and Y-axis once for a particular part, as shown in
Figure 1. Because every tool shares the same spindle, the location of the tool center will always be
the same in these horizontal axes. Consequently, the same workshift offset applies for every tool in
the toolchanger.
The operator uses an edge finder to determine the workshift offsets for a part. Figure 2 illustrates
this device. The edge finder has an eccentric knob that pops out of position once it detects the
location of an edge. By touching off the edge finder on two sides, the operator can enter these
values to shift the workshift offset to the corner of the part.
Figure 1. Both the X-axis and Y-axis require a

workshift offset.
Figure 2. An edge finder loaded in the spindle.
Lesson: 13/18
Tool Length Offsets

Almost every part program records the path of a tool according to its centerline. Every cutting tool
in the toolchanger shares the same spindle, and consequently the same centerline as well. However,
cutting tools will inevitably vary in length, as shown in Figure 1. As you can see in Figure 2, this
affects the position of the tool tip in the Z-axis.
Operators use tool length offsets to compensate for varying tool lengths along the Z-axis. Figure
3 illustrates what would happen if you did not compensate for varying tool lengths. Like the
geometry offsets for turning, each tool requires its own tool length offset. This type of offset
typically shifts the tool tip from the position recorded in the workshift offset. However, tool length
offsets can be calculated in a variety of ways. Various manufacturers may use different methods to

Lesson: 13/18
Tool Length Offsets

Almost every part program records the path of a tool according to its centerline. Every cutting tool
in the toolchanger shares the same spindle, and consequently the same centerline as well. However,
cutting tools will inevitably vary in length, as shown in Figure 1. As you can see in Figure 2, this
affects the position of the tool tip in the Z-axis.
Operators use tool length offsets to compensate for varying tool lengths along the Z-axis. Figure
3 illustrates what would happen if you did not compensate for varying tool lengths. Like the
geometry offsets for turning, each tool requires its own tool length offset. This type of offset
typically shifts the tool tip from the position recorded in the workshift offset. However, tool length
offsets can be calculated in a variety of ways. Various manufacturers may use different methods to
compensate for tool length, depending on the convention of the shop.
Figure 1. Tools inevitably vary in length.

Figure 2. Tool length offsets reposition the

spindle in the Z-axis.
Figure 3. Operators use tool length offsets to

get from A to C, without tool breakage (B).

Lesson: 14/18
Tool Length Offset Methods

The measuring of various tool lengths can be done either on or off the machine. Every toolholder
has an imaginary gage line. This line matches the bottom surface of the machine spindle. The
length of the tool is calculated from the tool tip to the gage line.
When measuring tool lengths off the machine, the operator places the tool and its toolholder into a
special fixture that matches the taper of the spindle. Figure 1 shows this fixture. You can see in
Figure 2 that there is often a small space between the gage line and the flange of the toolholder.
The operator then enters the measurement taken from the fixture.
To measure lengths of tools loaded on the machine, the operator touches off each tool against a
fixed machine component, such as the worktable. The operator normally uses either a piece of
paper or a 1-2-3 block to avoid damaging components. A 1-2-3 block is shown in Figure 3. He or
she then records the position in the tool length offset table, adjusting for the height of the paper
or block. This process is then repeated for each tool.
Figure 1. A fixture used to measure tool

lengths off the machine.

Figure 2. A gage line on the toolholder marks

where the spindle surface is located.

where the spindle surface is located.
Figure 3. A 1-2-3 block is 1 inch thick, 2 inches

tall, and 3 inches wide.
Lesson: 15/18

Most part programs calculate the path of a tool according to its centerline. For tools that travel only
vertically on the Z-axis, no additional offsets are required. The reamer and drill shown in Figure 1
are programmed to the center tool tip. Only one tool diameter will match the hole-making
operation.
The situation is different for tools that travel along the X-axis and Y-axis. This is especially the case
with end mills, which cut with the outer edge. End mills are used to machine pockets, slots, and
contour shapes. For these operations, tool diameter affects the dimensions of the part.
Programmers use cutter radius compensation (CRC) to adjust for variations in tool diameter.
CRC shifts the cutting tool in a direction perpendicular to its programmed path, as shown in Figure
2. This type of offset enables end mills with two different diameters to perform the same milling
operation. The operator must input the tool radius or diameter for each tool in the offset table.
Figure 1. Tools that travel only vertically are
programmed to their tool tip.
Figure 2. End mills require CRC to compensate

for tool diameters.

Lesson: 16/18

Lesson: 15/18

Most part programs calculate the path of a tool according to its centerline. For tools that travel only
vertically on the Z-axis, no additional offsets are required. The reamer and drill shown in Figure 1
are programmed to the center tool tip. Only one tool diameter will match the hole-making
operation.
The situation is different for tools that travel along the X-axis and Y-axis. This is especially the case
with end mills, which cut with the outer edge. End mills are used to machine pockets, slots, and
contour shapes. For these operations, tool diameter affects the dimensions of the part.
Programmers use cutter radius compensation (CRC) to adjust for variations in tool diameter.
CRC shifts the cutting tool in a direction perpendicular to its programmed path, as shown in Figure
2. This type of offset enables end mills with two different diameters to perform the same milling
operation. The operator must input the tool radius or diameter for each tool in the offset table.
Figure 1. Tools that travel only vertically are
programmed to their tool tip.
Figure 2. End mills require CRC to compensate

for tool diameters.
Lesson: 16/18

Manufacturers are adding features to machining centers that make offsets easier to use. For
example, newer machines are available with wear offsets similar to the type used for turning. Older
machines may require an operator to account for wear by adjusting CRC or tool length offsets
instead. Traditionally, CRC can adjust for wear in the X-axis and Y-axis, and tool length offsets can
account for wear in the Z-axis. Nowadays, the wear offsets available on newer machines enable
operators to better track tool wear when changing tools. Figure 1 shows wear offsets on the CRT.
Newer machines are also available with semi-automatic tool compensation. This feature allows an
operator to touch off a tool and use the button in Figure 2 to automatically enter the tool length
offset into the controls. This process saves time during setup. Other machines are also equipped
with a toolset probe similar to those found on the turning center.
Figure 1. This machine is equipped with wear

offsets.

Lesson: 16/18

Manufacturers are adding features to machining centers that make offsets easier to use. For
example, newer machines are available with wear offsets similar to the type used for turning. Older
machines may require an operator to account for wear by adjusting CRC or tool length offsets
instead. Traditionally, CRC can adjust for wear in the X-axis and Y-axis, and tool length offsets can
account for wear in the Z-axis. Nowadays, the wear offsets available on newer machines enable
operators to better track tool wear when changing tools. Figure 1 shows wear offsets on the CRT.
Newer machines are also available with semi-automatic tool compensation. This feature allows an
operator to touch off a tool and use the button in Figure 2 to automatically enter the tool length
offset into the controls. This process saves time during setup. Other machines are also equipped
with a toolset probe similar to those found on the turning center.
Figure 1. This machine is equipped with wear

offsets.

Figure 2. Semi-automatic tool compensation

reduces setup time by quickly storing offsets.
Lesson: 17/18

The adjustment of the various offsets is a normal part of the machine operator’s job. Whether the
machine is a turning center or machining center, it will require a calculation of the workshift offset
and geometry offsets or tool length offsets for every part setup.
After the first part has been run, the operator must keep an eye on tool wear and make the
necessary adjustments. As a tool wears, slight changes in part dimensions will appear. Figure 1
shows an operator checking part dimensions with a measuring instrument. Poor surface finish,
increased horsepower, and inconsistent part sizes are all signs that an insert needs to be changed.
Keep in mind that every shop has its own system for setting offsets. In addition, machine
manufacturers differ in their methods for storing offsets in the machine.

Lesson: 17/18

The adjustment of the various offsets is a normal part of the machine operator’s job. Whether the
machine is a turning center or machining center, it will require a calculation of the workshift offset
and geometry offsets or tool length offsets for every part setup.
After the first part has been run, the operator must keep an eye on tool wear and make the
necessary adjustments. As a tool wears, slight changes in part dimensions will appear. Figure 1
shows an operator checking part dimensions with a measuring instrument. Poor surface finish,
increased horsepower, and inconsistent part sizes are all signs that an insert needs to be changed.
Keep in mind that every shop has its own system for setting offsets. In addition, machine
manufacturers differ in their methods for storing offsets in the machine.
Figure 1. An operator using a micrometer to

check part dimensions.
Lesson: 18/18
Summary
The precision of a CNC machine depends upon the proper referencing of the cutting tool and the
workpiece. Operators will store a series of offsets to accurately reference the cutting edge of each
tool loaded in the machine. Program zero acts as the origin for tool positions contained in the part
program.
For the turning center, the workshift offset adjusts the turret along the Z-axis. Each tool has a
geometry offset that adjusts along the X-axis and Z-axis. Wear offsets make subtle adjustments
to account for the wear a tool experiences through use. Nose radius compensation is important
during finishing operations. Offsets are determined with respect to a reference tool.
On the machining center, the workshift offset adjusts the spindle in three axes to a place closer to
the workpiece. Each tool has a tool length offset to adjust for its unique length in the Z-axis. For
tools that travel in the X- and Y-axes, the cutter radius compensation accounts for a tool’s
diameter.
Figure 1. Offsets for the turning center.

Lesson: 18/18
Summary
The precision of a CNC machine depends upon the proper referencing of the cutting tool and the
workpiece. Operators will store a series of offsets to accurately reference the cutting edge of each
tool loaded in the machine. Program zero acts as the origin for tool positions contained in the part
program.
For the turning center, the workshift offset adjusts the turret along the Z-axis. Each tool has a
geometry offset that adjusts along the X-axis and Z-axis. Wear offsets make subtle adjustments
to account for the wear a tool experiences through use. Nose radius compensation is important
during finishing operations. Offsets are determined with respect to a reference tool.
On the machining center, the workshift offset adjusts the spindle in three axes to a place closer to
the workpiece. Each tool has a tool length offset to adjust for its unique length in the Z-axis. For
tools that travel in the X- and Y-axes, the cutter radius compensation accounts for a tool’s
diameter.
Figure 1. Offsets for the turning center.
Figure 2. Offsets for the machining center.
Class Vocabulary
Term Definition
1-2-3 Block A precise metal block with dimensions measuring one, two, and three inches long respectively.
Chamfering Machining an angled edge around the end of a cylindrical workpiece.
Contour A curved surface or dimension that is cut into a workpiece.
Contouring Tool movement along two or more axes at the same time that creates a curved surface.
Cutter Radius Compensation An offset used on the machining center that accounts for variations in tool diameter. CRC is only
necessary for tools that continuously cut along a horizontal plane.

Class Vocabulary
Term Definition
1-2-3 Block A precise metal block with dimensions measuring one, two, and three inches long respectively.
Chamfering Machining an angled edge around the end of a cylindrical workpiece.
Contour A curved surface or dimension that is cut into a workpiece.
Contouring Tool movement along two or more axes at the same time that creates a curved surface.
Cutter Radius Compensation An offset used on the machining center that accounts for variations in tool diameter. CRC is only
necessary for tools that continuously cut along a horizontal plane.
Edge Finder A device used on a machining center to locate the exact position of a part edge along the X-axis or Y-
axis.
Flange A ring or collar surrounding the toolholder that allows the tool to be grasped by the toolchanger.
G Code A programming code that determines the type of operation performed on the machine.
Gage Line The imaginary line marking the portion of the toolholder that matches the bottom edge of the machine
spindle.
Geometry Offset An offset used on a turning center to account for the setup and geometry of a specific tool held in the
turret. Each tool requires its own geometry offset.
Machine Zero The position located at the farthest possible distance in a positive direction along the machine axes.
This position is permanently set for each particular CNC machine.
Machining Center A sophisticated CNC machine that can perform milling, drilling, tapping, and boring operations at the
same location with a variety of tools.
Offset A numerical value stored in the CNC controls that repositions machine components. Offsets are used
to adjust for variations in tool geometry, part size, tool wear, etc.
Origin The central point in a coordinate system. The origin has a numerical value of zero.
Pocket An interior recess that is cut into the surface of a workpiece.
Program Zero The position that acts as the origin for the part program of a particular workpiece. This position is
unique to each workpiece design, and it is selected by the part programmer.
Reference Tool The tool in the turret to which all the other tools are compared when setting geometry offsets. The
reference tool does not require a geometry offset because its exact location is already stored as the
workshift offset.
Referencing Locating a tool, workpiece, or machine component in a known position.
Slot A narrow channel cut into the surface of a workpiece.
Taper A shape with a gradually decreasing diameter, similar to the shape of a cone.
Tool Length Offset An offset used on the machining center that accounts for variations in tool length along the Z-axis.
Each tool requires its own offset, which is measured from the tip of the tool to the gage line.
Tool Nose Radius Compensation An offset feature used on a turning center that slightly shifts the toolpath for the rounded tip of an
insert during contouring, chamfering, and other multi-axis operations.
Toolset Probe A device on a turning center that swings into position and acts as a point for touching off tools to
quickly calculate their geometry offsets. Toolset probes help to reduce setup time.
Touches Off To determine the exact location of a tool tip by touching it against an object with a known
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Reserved.
Turning Center A sophisticated CNC machine that specializes in turning, boring, drilling, and threading operations, all at
quickly calculate their geometry offsets. Toolset probes help to reduce setup time.
Touches Off To determine the exact location of a tool tip by touching it against an object with a known
measurement.
Turning Center A sophisticated CNC machine that specializes in turning, boring, drilling, and threading operations, all at
the same location.
Wear Offset An offset used on a turning center and some machining centers that allows for the slight adjustment
of tool tip location. Wear offsets account for part deflection, tool wear, etc.
Workshift Offset An offset used to adjust the location of every tool loaded in the machine. Workshift offsets change the
position of the turret on a turning center and the spindle on a machining center.
X-Axis For turning, the linear axis describing turret motion toward and away from the spindle centerline. For
milling, the linear axis describing the horizontal left and right motion of the cutting tool or worktable.
Y-Axis The linear axis that describes horizontal tool motion on the machining center toward and away from
the operator.
Z-Axis The linear axis that describes motions along a line parallel to the spindle.

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CNC Offsets 210

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l Distinguish between machine and program zero on the turning center.

l Identify offsets for the turning center.

l Define workshift offset for the turning center.

l Describe the use of a reference tool.

l Define geometry offset for the turning center.

l Identify wear offsets for the turning center.

l Describe the toolset probe.

l Describe the use of tool nose radius compensation.

l Distinguish between machine and program zero on the machining center.

l Define offsets for the machining center.

l Define workshift offset for the machining center.

l Describe wear offsets for the machining center.

l Identify the importance of tool wear.

Copyright © 2015 Tooling U, LLC. All Rights Reserved.

l Distinguish between machine and program zero on the turning center.

l Identify offsets for the turning center.

l Define workshift offset for the turning center.

l Describe the use of a reference tool.

l Define geometry offset for the turning center.

l Identify wear offsets for the turning center.

l Describe the toolset probe.

l Describe the use of tool nose radius compensation.

l Distinguish between machine and program zero on the machining center.

l Define offsets for the machining center.

l Define workshift offset for the machining center.

l Describe wear offsets for the machining center.

l Identify the importance of tool wear.

Figure 2. Offsets compensate for various tool

Figure 3. Turning centers may have a toolset

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The Purpose of Offsets

Figure 1. The turning center's turret positions

Figure 2. The machining center spindle

Figure 3. A list of offsets on a turning center

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Machine and Program Zero for Turning

Figure 1. Machine zero is farthest from the

Figure 2. Program zero is typically located at

Offsets for the Turning Center

Machine and Program Zero for Turning

Figure 1. Machine zero is farthest from the

Figure 2. Program zero is typically located at

Offsets for the Turning Center

Offsets for the Turning Center

Figure 1. Offsets reposition the turret along

Figure 2. Each offset moves the turret in

Figure 1. The workshift offset shifts the turret

Using a Reference Tool

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Using a Reference Tool

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Figure 2. This boring bar is positioned

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Figure 1. Wear offsets compensate for tool

Offset Features for Turning

Figure 1. The toolset probe records geometry

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Offset Features for Turning

Figure 1. The toolset probe records geometry

Figure 2. The nose radius alters the actual tip

Figure 3. Without nose radius compensation,