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Procedia Engineering 176 (2017) 175 – 183

Dynamics and Vibroacoustics of Machines (DVM2016)

Comparison of different methods of non-contact vibration

measurement
Lezhin D.S., Falaleev S.V., Safin A.I., Ulanov A.M.*, Vergnano D.
Samara National Research University, 34, Moskovskoe Shosse,Samara, 443086, Russia

Abstract

Practical problems of vibration measurement and calculation are considered. Different non-contacts methods of vibration
measurement (with Polytec® OFV-534 1D laser vibrometer, Polytec® PSV-400-3D scanning vibrometer, ARAMIS® system)
and a comparisons between each other and with Finite Element Method modeling (by ANSYS® software) are presented. The
experiment is fulfilled for high pressure shaft of NK-8 gas turbine engine. Difference of middle value for first resonance
frequency obtained by three different ways is less than 0.2% only. Difference of second resonance frequency is less than 0.4%. It
means it is possible to use 1D laser vibrometer for measurement of vibration of detail for limited access directly in engine
structure, which is more correct. ARAMIS® gives a limited but precise picture of deformed shape and simultaneous
displacement of all surface points of researched object in the researched place. It allows applying of boundary condition for
software calculation more correctly.
© 2017
© 2016TheTheAuthors.
Authors. Published
Published by Elsevier
by Elsevier Ltd. is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Ltd. This
Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the Dynamics and Vibroacoustics of Machines (DVM2016).
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the international conference on Dynamics and Vibroacoustics of Machines
Keywords: vibration measurement; ANSYS; Polytec; ARAMIS

1. Introduction

The solution of the problem of vibration of aircraft gas turbine engine details is currently of great interest.
Reduction of engine weight and increase of engine parameters at the same time lead to the necessity of large
theoretical researches of engine details dynamic [1 – 5], and to the development of different vibration dampers [6 –
11]. Today there is an always increasing number of papers, concerned with research and design of dampers for
shroud and anti-vibration shelves of aircraft gas turbine engine blades [12 – 17]. Choosing correctly the damper
structure parameters is necessary to develop calculation methods of engine details dynamic. Shells are used widely
in stator and rotor of aircraft engine too.
A calculation of vibration by any software (ANSYS, NASTRAN etc) is simpler and not very expensive.
However it is difficult to apply right boundary conditions. Vibration of separate detail and the same detail in engine

1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the international conference on Dynamics and Vibroacoustics of Machines
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.286
176 D.S. Lezhin et al. / Procedia Engineering 176 (2017) 175 – 183

structure may be different. Thus experimental researches are necessary. Measurement of vibration is a very
important problem. Till the present time different contact methods are used for this [18 – 20]. However a vibration
sensor on the surface of detail changes the picture of detail vibration. Problems of measurement are considered
separately from problems of modeling [21 – 24]. Even if a research uses non-contact method of vibration
measurement [25 – 26], there is no comparison of different vibration measurement systems. Some of vibration
diagnostic systems use simple non-contact methods [27 - 28] but there is no comparison of these systems with more
complex and more precise methods.
Non-contact measurement methods need visual access to the surface of detail. Sometimes it is difficult for detail
in engine structure. Thus a choice of non-contact method for limited access to detail is necessary. Of course 3D
vibrometer provides more information about detail vibration, but 1D vibrometer can explore vibration of detail
directly on engine through technology holes of engine. Calculation by ANSYS or other software helps in this case to
choice a point of measurement for different modes.
Some equipment, such as ARAMIS®, is good for measurement of displacement. It allows to find correct
boundary conditions for software calculation, however it is necessary to check ability of this equipment for
measurement of vibration processes.

2. Measurement

The experiment is fulfilled for high pressure shaft of NK-8 gas turbine engine. It has a maximum external
diameter of 420 mm and total length of 779.5 mm. It has a cylindrical shape and 2 flange-type joints at its two ends,
which connect it respectively to the high pressure compressor and the high pressure turbine modules. In this
experiment, the NK-8 shaft was constrained to a cast iron base, to which the rear flange of the shaft was rigidly
anchored with bolts in vertical position.
For the numerical analysis a 3D model of shaft was developed with the CAD software suite Siemens® NX, then
imported on ANSYS® Mechanical. A shell-type model of the shaft is meshed with a total of 50000 shell elements,
each of them associated with a thickness constant value.
First used equipment is Polytec® OFV-534 compact sensor head with a laser-Doppler vibrometer (LDV)
combined with a CLV-2534 laser vibrometer control unit (it is presented on Figure 1, a).

a) b)
Fig. 1. a - Polytec® OFV-534 vibrometer; b - Polytec® PSV-400-3D scanning vibrometer

The OFV-534 design includes a laser unit and a sensor head. The laser unit contains a Helium-Neon laser
delivering its 633 nm laser light via an optical fiber to a high precision interferometer in the vibrometer head. The
 D.S. Lezhin et al. / Procedia Engineering 176 (2017) 175 – 183 177

laser beam, with an initial frequency f0, splits into a measurement beam and a reference beam. The measurement
beam passes through a Brag cell, which adds a frequency shift fb, and is then directed to the target object. The back
scattered light is shifted slightly in frequency by the Doppler’s effect, adding a frequency shift fd which is function
of the displacement velocity of test object. A photo detector converts the optical signal created from the interference
of the reference beam with the back scattered light into a frequency modulated electrical signal. This signal is then
sent to a decoder circuit in the vibrometer controller where the signal is converted into a voltage signal proportional
to either velocity or displacement. Measurements were repeated six times, own mistake of vibrometer is 0.3%.
The selection of the representative points on the shaft for measurement is a source of problem: besides being
completely arbitrary, the points on lobes could be subject to cyclic displacement, so the triggering and
synchronization of each measurement should be carefully studied, which is not completely possible with manual
triggering.
Vibration spectrum obtained by Polytec® OFV-534 is presented on Figure 2. Its comparison with calculation
results for three first frequencies is presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Comparison of experimentally obtained (by OFV-534) and calculated frequencies.

Experimentally obtained frequency, Hz ANSYS-calculated frequency, Hz Error, %
210.9 204.7 3.03
364 335.5 7.83
526 465.5 11.5

Fig. 2. High pressure shaft energy spectrum obtained by single-point vibrometer

The second equipment for vibration measurement is Polytec® PSV-400-3D scanning vibrometer. It is presented
on Figure 1, b. It comprises three scanning heads, each with an integrated laser interferometer, scanner and video
camera, an instrumentation cabinet with a central computer (junction box) and three data acquisition and control
units OFV-5000, one for each scanning head. The scanners and data acquisition are controlled and synchronized by
the high performance PSV software. State-of-the-art 3D graphics are used to visualize the dynamic processes,
allowing 3D animated solids with textured surfaces. The cameras on the scanning heads give a “stereo” image of the
object which has a grid with many points.
This equipment allows obtaining of the whole energy spectrum of the object. The shaker, governed by the control
unit, excited the whole spectrum comprised between 50 Hz and 1250 Hz, while the turrets recorded the
displacement velocity of each grid point. Measurements were repeated six times, own mistake of vibrometer is
0.4%.
Vibration spectrum obtained by Polytec® PSV-400-3D is presented on Figure 3. Its comparison with calculation
178 D.S. Lezhin et al. / Procedia Engineering 176 (2017) 175 – 183

results for twelve first frequencies is presented in Table 2.

Fig. 3. Spectrum of high pressure shaft vibration obtained by PSV-400-3D scanning vibrometer

Table 2. Comparison of experimentally obtained (by PSV-400-3D) and calculated frequencies

ANSYS
Experimental
frequency, ANSYS calculation Experiment result Mode
frequency, Hz
Hz

204.1 211.7 2x0

335.6 361.7 3x0

 D.S. Lezhin et al. / Procedia Engineering 176 (2017) 175 – 183 179

441.7 468 2x1

465 521.9 4x0

687.9 689.8 3x1

729.5 734.4 4x1

701 792.2 5x0

180 D.S. Lezhin et al. / Procedia Engineering 176 (2017) 175 – 183

846.7 811.7 5x1

1103 950.8 6x1

1008 1144.5 6x0

1142.8 1189.1 4x2

1140 1215.6 5x2

 D.S. Lezhin et al. / Procedia Engineering 176 (2017) 175 – 183 181

The third equipment is a new photogrammetric measurement suite named ARAMIS®, sold by the German
firm GOM. It is presented on Figure 4.

Fig. 4. ARAMIS® cameras and control equipment

It comprises 2 high-speed cameras (up to 500 fps in full resolution), supports and calibration hardware, and a data
processor connected to computer. The object under study needs to be coated with a stochastic color spray pattern, so
the image seen by the cameras could be divided into preset “facets” (Fig. 5). The elaboration software recognizes the
pixels stochastic pattern in the images provided by each camera, and so it can rebuild a 3D image of the object
photographed, obtaining not only out-of-plane deformations, but also non-plane strains.
Thus, ARAMIS® is well suited for static tests, but can also be employed for dynamic tests at low frequencies.
The first natural frequency of the shaft it is 211 Hz, so the maximum frame rate of the cameras turned out to be just
enough to catch about 2 pictures for each oscillation cycle, clearly not enough for describing in detail its modal
behavior. However it is possible to increase the frame rate of the cameras (up to 2000 fps) by reducing the resolution
and consequently the dimensions of the pictures by one fourth. It was considered feasible to explore the first natural
frequencies, up to about 500 Hz. Measurements were repeated six times, own mistake of ARAMIS® is 1.0%.

Fig. 5. Oscillations on the flange part of the shaft at 211 Hz, taken at 2000 fps

In spite of a limited size of obtained displacement field, it is enough to compare it with calculation results.
Comparison is presented in Table 3.
182 D.S. Lezhin et al. / Procedia Engineering 176 (2017) 175 – 183

Table 3. Comparison of experimentally obtained (by ARAMIS®) and calculated frequencies

Experimentally obtained frequency, Hz ANSYS-calculated frequency, Hz Error, %
211.0 204.7 2.99
362.0 335.6 7.39

ARAMIS® provides exact picture of displacement in any little region of detail, it is useful for understanding of
boundary conditions for software calculation.

3. Conclusions

Comparison of two frequencies obtained by three different ways is presented in Table 4.

Table 4. Comparison of experimentally obtained frequencies (Hz)

Frequency Polytec® OFV-534 1D vibrometer Polytec® PSV-400-3D vibrometer ARAMIS®
1 210.9 211.7 211.0
2 364.0 361.7 362.0

Difference for first own frequency from its middle value is less than 0.2% only, the difference for second own
frequency is less than 0.4%. It means it is possible to use 1D laser vibrometer for measurement of vibration of detail
for limited access directly in engine structure, which is more correct. ARAMIS® gives a limited but precise picture
of deformed shape and simultaneous displacement of all surface points of researched object in the researched place.
It allows applying of boundary condition for software calculation more correctly.
A future development of the present research is estimation of modal condition of detail vibration for limited
space access. In this case it is possible to choice the point of measurement by software calculation.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation in the framework of
the implementation of the Program of increasing the competitiveness of SSAU among the world’s leading scientific
and educational centers for 2013-2020 years.

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