|




||



 ?

 
A ruler commonly is used to measure the length of an object and the distance of the straight
line. Strictly speaking, the á
á is essentially a straightedge used to  lines and the calibrated
instrument used for determining measurement.

 

 
Metric rulers are fairly easy to read. They deal with centimeters and millimeters only. You
wont have to worry much about fractions.

Take a look at the following Metric Ruler.

Figure 1. Metric Ruler

The larger lines with numbers are centimeters, and the smallest lines are millimeters. Since
millimeters are 1/10th of a centimeter, if you measure 7 marks after a centimeter, it is 1.7
centimeters long.

 
 
English rulers, are much more difficult to read. Mostly because they deal with fractions, which
are a bit more difficult to learn.

Take a look at the following English Rulers.

Figure 2. A ruler marked in 8ths. Every mark is 1/8th of an inch.

 Figure 3. A ruler marked in 16ths. Every mark is 1/16th of an inch

1.3 The Specification of Ruler¶s Scale

Each of rulers has it scale. The scale defend the kind of ruler, such as for the example bellow.

The center mark between numbers is 1/2.

The red lines on these rulers are marked at 1/2, and 1.

The next smallest marks on a ruler are 1/4ths.

The red marks on these rulers are at 1/4, 1/2, 3/4, and 1. (1/2 is the same as
2/4)

The next smallest marks on a ruler are 1/8ths.

The red marks on these rulers are at 1/8, 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 5/8, 3/4, 7/8, and 1.

The next smallest mark, if there are any, are 1/16ths.

The red marks on this ruler are at 1/16, 1/8, 3/16, 1/4, 5/16, 3/8, 7/16, 1/2,
9/16, 5/8, 11/16, 3/4, 13/16, 7/8, 15/16, and 1.



 ? !

|
!"


 #!$

The function of micrometer caliper is to amplify small distances that are too small, such as to
measure the thick of paper.
 $| #!$

Figure shows a skeleton view of a modern micrometer. This micrometer has many features
which are lacking in the simple measuring device just described, but it employs the same basic
principles in its operation.

Figure 4. The Specification Part of Micrometer Caliper

The screw A in our simple device has become the spindle C. Both have a frame and both have
an anvil. The spindle, like the screw, is threaded; but with this important difference: it is threaded
with forty threads per inch. This means that when it is rotated one revolution the gap between its
end and the anvil is increased or decreased by one-fortieth of an inch. One-fortieth of an inch is
expressed in decimals as .025, which is 25 one-thousandths of an inch.

In the micrometer the sleeve D is fastened to the spindle C. When the spindle turns, the sleeve
turns with it. The circumference of the sleeve has been divided into 25 equal parts, as shown at
Y. When the sleeve is turned the distance included in one of these divisions, the threaded spindle
rotates one twenty-fifth of a revolution; the gap between the end of the spindle is increased or
decreased by one one-thousandth of an inch.
 The divisions are numbered, and as the sleeve is turned the numbers indicate the linear
advance of the spindle in thousandths of an inch. The hub inch the micrometer has a scale Z on it
with divisions .025 of an inch apart.

When the sleeve rotates one full revolution, its edge moves away from the anvil a distance
equal to one of these divisions. When the end of the spindle rests on the anvil, all the divisions in
the scale Z are covered by the sleeve D.

Starting from this setting, if the sleeve is rotated two revolutions, two divisions on the scale Z
will be uncovered and the space between the end of the spindle and the anvil will be 2 X .025
thousandths or .050 of an inch. If the sleeve is now rotated a twenty-fifth of a revolution ² that is,
through one of the divisions on the scale Y ²the distance will become .051 of an inch.



Figure 5. A Random Setting of a Micrometer

Another useful refinement is the lock nut. By its use the spindle can be locked at a given setting.
The micrometer can then be used as a snap gage; that is, the spindle can be locked in position
when the same dimension is to be checked a number of times. It is important when this lock nut
is used to remember to loosen it before attempting to turn the spindle.

Figure shows a random setting of a micrometer. The sleeve has uncovered the 1 on the scale.
Included between the 0 and the 1 are four divisions. Each division represents one revolution of
the spindle, or .025 inch. Four revolutions mean 4 X .025, or .100. Two more divisions are
exposed beyond the 1, so .050" is added. The sum now is .150. The scale on the sleeve shows
that in addition to the six revolutions indicated on the hub scale, the spindle has rotated 4 twenty
fifths of a revolution. When this is added to the .150, the reading becomes .154".Refinements
incorporated by the manufacturer increase the usefulness and wearing qualities of the
micrometer. An important refinement is the ratchet stop attached to the top of the sleeve. In
closing the micrometer against the object measured, the spindle may be rotated by applying the
turning force to the thimble E on the sleeve or by turning the ratchet stop. When the spindle is
turned by the thimble, a slight variation in measurement may occur because the fingers may
apply more force at one time than another. Toolmakers refer to this variation as light and heavy
touch or feel. When the ratchet stop is used, the amount of torque applied is determined by the
tension to which the stop has been set. Thus, if several users of the same micrometer used the
ratchet stop, they would all get the reading same.

ÿ ? Ë!$
ÿ Ë!$
A vernier caliper is a common tool used in laboratories and industries to accurately determine
the fraction part of the least count division. The vernier is a convenient tool to use when
measuring the length of an object, the outer diameter (OD) of a round or cylindrical object, the
inner diameter (ID) of a pipe, and the depth of a hole.

ÿ | $Ë!$

A vernier caliper is a measuring tool. It can make inside, outside, or depth measurements .It is
marked in both USCS and metric divisions called a vernier scale. A vernier scale consists of a
stationary scale and a movable scale, in this case from the vernier scale.
A vernier scale has a movable scale that is parallel to fixed scale .These precision measuring
instruments are capable of measuring outside and inside diameters and most will even measure
depth. Vernier calipers are available in both imperial and metric scales. The main scale of the
caliper is divided into inches, most measure up to 6 inches. Each is divided into 10 parts, each
equal to 0.001 inch. The area between the 0.00i marks is divided into four. Each of these
divisions is equal to 0.025 inches.
 
Figure 6. Vernier Caliper

Parts of a vernier caliper:

1.?
%&: used to measure external diameter or width of an object.
2.? %&: used to measure internal diameter of an object.
3.? A$ $: used to measure depths of an object or a hole.
4.? : gives measurements of up to one decimal place(in cm).
5.? : gives measurements in fraction(in inch).
6.? Ë gives measurements up to two decimal places(in cm).
7.? Ë gives measurements in fraction(in inch).
8.? : used to block movable part to allow the easy transferring a measurement.


' ? $& 
' $& 
A stopwatch is a handheld timepiece designed to measure the amount of time elapsed from a
particular time when activated to when the piece is deactivated.

' | $$& 

The timing functions are traditionally controlled by two buttons on the case. Pressing the top
button starts the timer running, and pressing the button a second time stops it, leaving the elapsed
time displayed. A press of the second button then resets the stopwatch to zero. The second button
is also used to record 
 or
 . When the split time button is pressed while the
watch is running, the display freezes, allowing the elapsed time to that point to be read, but the
watch mechanism continues running to record total elapsed time. Pressing the split button a
second time allows the watch to resume display of total time.
 Top Button


button

Figure 7. Stopwatch

  (
  (
A Balance is a measuring instrument for determining the weight or mass of an object.

  | $(
The  was the first mass measuring instrument invented. In its traditional form, it
consists of a pivoted horizontal lever of equal length arms, called the beam, with a weighing pan,
also called 

, 

 , or , suspended from each arm (hence the plural term ""
for the entire instrument) The unknown mass is placed in one pan, and standard masses are
added to the other pan until the beam is as close to equilibrium as possible. In precision balances,
a slider weight is moved along a graduated scale. The slider position gives a fine correction to
the weight value.

Figure 8. Balance
 | ##
 | ##
A  ## (from the Greek (
á) meaning "warm" and á, "to measure") is a
device that measures temperature or temperature gradient using a variety of different principles

 | $| ##

A thermometer has two important elements: the temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb on a
mercury thermometer) in which some physical change occurs with temperature, plus some
means of converting this physical change into a value (e.g. the scale on a mercury thermometer).
Thermometers increasingly use electronic means to provide a digital display or input to a
computer.

Figure 9. Thermometer