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A project on
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
degree
in
Mechanical engineering
BY
Afilliated to
JUNE, 2012
CERTIFICATE
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him under my supervision and guidance during the session 2011-12. This work
has not been submitted to any other university or institute for the award of any
degree or diploma.
Mr.Mukesh yadav
NCET.
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ACKNOWLEDGEGEMENT
We express esteemed gratitude and sincere thanks to our worthy lecturer guide
Prof Mukesh yadav , our vocabulary does not have suitable words benefiting to
high standard of knowledge and extreme sincerity deviation and affection with
which have regularly encouraged us to put heart and soul in this work.
We are also thankful our workshop superintendent and assistants, who helped
a lot, for completion of this project. Our parents and relatives,who always bear
with us in very critical situation have contributed a great deal in making this
true for us. We give hour expression of our love and appreciation for them with
Thanking.
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--------DEFINATION OF PROJECT--------
INDEX
S. no Name of the topic Page
no
1 Introduction
2 Working
4 Application
5 Comparision
6 Selection of material
8 Machine design
9 Concept in m.d.p
10 Cost estimation
14 Conclusion
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15 Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
To days world requires speed on each and every field. Hence repidness and
quick working is the most important. Now a days for achieving repidness,
various products at cheaper rates and high quality. The project “GEARLESS
and is having something practise in the transmitting power at right angle with
out any gears being manufactured. Most of the material is made available by
our college. The parts can be easily made in our college-shop its price is also
less. this project gives us knowledge, experience,skill and new ideas of the
project is the equipment useful to improve the quality of the gear being
manufactured and can be made in less time, hence we have selected this project
this mechanism is very useful for transmitting motion at right angles. However
work at obtuse or accurate angle plane can be compared to worm and worm
gear or bevel and pinion gear which are invariably used in the industry for
efficiency between the input and the output power shafts with regards to the
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gear efficiencies.
It has elaborately discussed in detail in the entire books o engineering that the
gear drives have very low mechanical efficiencies. Since Factor relating to
under frictional Forces between the mating gear teeth, the erratic hunting of the gears, the
back lash between the teeth can not be over come and hence the efficiency can
not be more than 55% Of recent gears of warm bevel type are being manufactured
comparatively eliminated.Even though such gears are used for relatively small
The El-bow Mechanism transmits the I/P power towards the O/P side such away
that the angular Forces produced in the slacks are simply transmitted with the
help of pins which takes up the I/P power and the right angle drive is
Hence very little friction plays while the power is being transmitted; the
compressor.It will suct the air from atmosphere, compressor it & delivers it at
high pressure.As we were calculate the result obtained is we can get the
The first application of this mechanism was made use of the “Big Ben
Clock”having four dials on the tower of London. This clock was installed some
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Time between 1630 to 1635 AD. And still it is functioning in good condition.
WORKING
rotational motion around an axis usually involves gears, which can quickly
aninput connected to three bent links. Both the input shaft and the housing haverotational
axes. The rotational axis of the input shaft is disposed at an angle of 90 degree
with respect to the rotational axis of the housing. As a result, rotationof the
input shaft results in a processional motion of the axis of the bent link.The
90 degree with out any gear system to an output shaft without gears.The transmission
WORKING
Motions at any fixed angle between the driving and driven shaft.
pins would be between 3 to 8 the more the pins the smoother the operation.
These pins slide inside hollow cylinders thus formatting a sliding pair.
Our mechanism has 3 such sliding pairs. These cylinders are placed in a
Hollow pipe and are fastened at 120* to each other. This whole assembly is
Motion is transmitted from driving to the driven shaft through the roads which
are bent to conform to the angles between the shafts. These roads are located at
in the holes equally spaced around a circle and they are free to slide in & out as
the shaft revolves. This type of drive is especially suitable where quite operation
as indicated by arrow the driven shaft B will rotate counter clockwise. As shaft
A turns through half revolution C shown in the inner and most effective driving
The first half revolution and rod “C” then will be at the top then during
The remaining half this rod “C” slide in wards until it again reaches to inner
most position shown in Fig. in the meanwhile the other roads have of
course passed through the same cycle of movements all rods are successively
Although this transmission is an old one many mechanics are skeptical about its
operation, however it is not only practicable but has proved satisfactory for
various applications when the drive is for shafts which are permanently located
at given angle. Although this illustration shows a right angle transmission this
drive can be applied also to shafts located at intermediate angle between 0* and
90*.In making this transmission, it is essential to have the holes for a given rod located
which the shaft are to be located. If the holes drilled in the ends of the shafts
have “blind” or closed ends, there ought to be a small vent at the bottom of each
rod hole for the escape of air compressed by the pumping action of the rods.
These holes are useful for oiling to avoid blind holes shafts may have enlarged
port or shoulder. This transmission may be provided centrally and in line with
the axis of each shaft and provided with a circular groove at each rod or a
Will also start to rotate along with the shaft the because of cutter is
250mm.the through slot introduces in the table for free rotation of cutter
edges in table. Now the feed given to wooden rods or plywood to cut in
(i.e...RPM). Thecutters will also start to rotate along with the shaft the
size.
3) As a air compressor or air pump -> the compressor or and pump also
introduced in our project when the pins inside the drilled holes
are reciprocates as well as revolves along the axis of cylinder it gives the
compressor effect. Among the three pins when first pin goes at innerdead
center it sucts the air then it start to move at outer dead center by
revolving, it compresses the air against seal and cylinder head discand
contact pressure between two relatively flat surfaces in a plane right angle to
the axis of the shaft.The seal used in EL-BOW m/c compressor is stationary
APPLICATION
The featured product has its widest application as an extension for a socket
wrench. Here the design makes it easy to reach fasteners in the automotive and other
mechanical industries, where direct access to bolts and screws is often limited.
However, the possible applications for this technology extend into numerous
fields. Just think of the possibilities for power transmission in push bikes, toys
outdoor signage.
1. Driving for all kinds four faced tower clocks. The elbow mechanism was
first use in the year 1685 for the famous London tower clocknamed bigben.
7. The mechanism has found a very usefully use in electronic and computer
COMPRATION
COMPARISON OF GEARED DRIVE WITH GEARLESS DRIVE
The gearless drive is capable of transmitting motion at any fixed angle between
0* to 90*. This desired effect is also possible with help of bevel gearless differ
but also in other aspects etc. the aspects have been discussed below:
1)MANUFACTURING METHODS
Bevel gears, which are straight teeth or spiral teeth are manufactured on special
calculation and every pair or set of gear are made together and there is no
interchangeability.
The gearless drive has this advantage that it can be machined and manufactured on
A gear comprises of a frustum of a cone with teeth out on its periphery.The driving gear
mounted on the input shaft meshes with the driven gear and thus provides motion at right
angle to the input shaft .The working of the gearless drive has been explained in the
Starting with the principle that failure id the result of the stress I.e.condition more
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severe then the material can with stand. The various type of failures such as pitting,
corrosion, erosion, fatigue etc. Cause the wearing of the gear tooth resulting in
the tooth leads to the replacement of the entire gear set, which is very expensive.
The effect of pitting, erosion, corrosion etc. will be present in the gearless drive
also but the effect of these will be not be as severe as inthe case of geared drive,
failure will take place in the pi s ton e.g...Either bending or crack. Of the pins,
but the main advantage is thatonly particular pin will have to be replaced instead
of case of failure.
VI) MATERIAL:-
c) have the necessary physical properties. The gears generally fail due to
bending, fatigue and impact and the gears are also responsible for
A few open gears drives are lubricated by grease but gear units are usually totally
enclosed and oil lubricated. The arrangement for lubrication is simple and easy,
since it requires only a leak proof housingin which the gears are placed and oil is
filled. This lubricating also acts as cooling medium. The heat generated and it then spreads
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to other areas. In the gearless drive lubrication and cooling plays avery major
role.
of lubrication and cooling complex as discussed in the next chapter but gives
good result. Due to sliding contract, between pins and cylinders, heat generated
The gear drive is capable of transmitting very high torque ascompared to the gearless drive
variations of torque or speed, which may occur during that the time industrial
The geared drive is capable of giving an efficiency of about 40% and certain
In the gearless drive, although the life has not been calculated but it is assumed that its life
will be in comparison to that of geared drive but its efficiency couldbe as high as 85 % to
VIII) Comparison of this drive with gear drive infinite no of speed can be
for particular operation which is very difficult to gain for gear drive but can
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1)Tool life
2)Productively
3)Energy saving.
SELECTION OF MATERIAL
The proper selection of material for the different part of a machine is the main
familiar with the effect, which the manufacturing process and heat treatment
The mechanical properties of the metals are those, which are associated with the
ability of the material to resist mechanical forces and load. We shall now
after deformation when the external forces are removed. This property
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is desirable for material used in tools and machines. It may be noted that steel is
the application of a tensile force. A ductile material must be both strong and
engineering practice are mild steel, copper,aluminum, nickel, zinc, tin and lead.
subjected to tensile loads snap off without giving anysensible elongation. Cast
in engineering practice are lead, soft steel, wrought iron,copper and aluminum.
impact loads like hammer blows. The toughness of the material decreaseswhen it
and impact loads. It is measured by amount of energy absorbed per unit volume
for long period of time, it will undergo a slow and permanent deformation
scratching, deformation and mach inability etc. It also means the ability of the
metal to cut another metal. The hardness is usually expressedin numbers, which
are dependent on the method of making the test. The hardness of a metal may be
d) Share scaleroscope.
Real ms of knowledge it tends to shut away from the general reader. The
engineer. The machine elements should be made of such a material which has
engineer must be familiar with the manufacturing processes and the heat
treatment shave on the properties of the materials. In designing the various part
of the machine it is necessary to know how the material will function in service.
tensile tests. In engineering practice, the machine parts are subjected to various
1.Energy transmitted
2.Weight of machine
3.Frictional resistance
5.Change of temperature
The selection of the materials depends upon the various types of stresses that
are set up during operation. The material selected should with stand it.
Another criteria for selection of metal depend upon the type of load because a
Machine part resist load more easily than a live load and live load more easily
1.Reliabilities of properties
Material used
Mild steel
Reasons:
M.S. has a carbon content from 0 . 15 % to 0.30%. They are easily wieldable
thus can be hardened only. They are similar to wrought iron in properties.
With increasing carbon content. They can be easily gas welded or electric or
Mild steel serve the purpose and was hence was selected because of the above
purpose
BRIGHT MATERIAL:
It is a machine dawned. The main basic difference between mild steel and bright
metal is that mild steel plates and bars are forged in the forging machineby means is not
forged. But the materials are drawn from the dies in the plasticstate. Therefore the
material has good surface finish than mild steel and has nocarbon deposits on its
surface for extrusion and formation of engineering materials thus giving them a
7 CI 4 P204
PEDESTAL
BEARING
8 BELT Leather 1 a-56
9 MS 1 35 x 35 x 5 mm
ANGEL
10 MS 10 M10
NUT BOLT
WASHER
11 WELDING ROD -
12 COLOUR -
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MACHINE DESIGN
The subject of MACHINE DESIGN deals with the art of designing machine of
to create new and better machines or structures and improving the existing ones
such that it will convert and control motions either with or without transmitting
required in order to know the velocity. Acceleration and inertia force of the
CONCEPT IN M.D.P.
Consideration in Machine Design When a machine is to be designed the
ii)Motion of the parts and kinematics of machine. This deals with the
v) Selection of material.
vi) Determining the size of component drawing and sending for manufacture.
P = 2 πN TP /60
T = Torque transmitted
186.5 = 2π×140×T/60
T = 1.23 N-m
T = 1238 N-mm
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DESIGNING OF SHAFT
BENDING:
The material forces that are developed on any cross section of the shaft give rise
to stresses at every point. The internal or resisting moment gives rise to so called bending
stresses.
TORSION:
When the shaft is twisted by the couple such that the axis of the shaft and the
axis of the couple coincides, the shaft is subjected to pure torsion and thestresses at any
1.Weight of belt
2.Pull of belts
3.Eccentric Mounting
4. Misalignment The torsional movement on the other hand may be due to direct
Considering 25 % overload
We know T= 3. 14/16 x fs x d3
D =10.20mm
D = 10 x 2 = 20mm
T= 3. 14/16x fs x d3
D = 7.17 mm
D = 7 x 1 .4 = 9.8 =10mm
DESIGN OF C-SECTION
Material: - M.S.
In above equation first we will find the moment of inertia about x and yAxis
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ISLC 75 x 40 size.
M = Ra x L/2
M = 750 x 1500/2
M = 562500 N-mm
We know
F b = M/Z
Z = t (l x b + (b2/6))
Z = 5 (40x 65 + (652/6))
Z = 3304 mm3
F b induced = M/Z
As induced stress value is less than allowable stress value design is safe.
A = 0.707 x s x l
l = length of weld
A = 0.707 x 5 x ( 75 + 40 + 35 + 58 +35 )
A = 0.707 x 5 x 243
A = 859 mm2
F b = 80 N / mm2
welded joint is
we know f b = M /Z
BH3 - bh3
Z = --------------------------------
6H
Z = 209824
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Size of weld = s = 4 mm
F s = load/shear area
=600/π .D x t
=600/π x 20 x t
f s = 9.55/0.707×4 N/mm2
f s = 3.37 N/mm2
So design is safe.
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COST ESTIMATION
Cost estimation may be defined as the process of forecasting the expenses that
product.
the cost.
BASICALLY
1.material cost
2.Machining cost
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MATERIALCOST ESTIMATION:
Material cost estimation gives the total amount required to collect the raw material which
components.
This includes the parts which was readily available in the market like
Allen screws etc. A list is forecast by the estimation stating the quality, size and
standard parts, the weight of raw material and cost per kg. For the fabricated
parts.
This cost estimation is an attempt to forecast the total expenses that may include to
manufacture apart from material cost. Cost estimation of manufactured parts can
labour, material and factory services required to produce the required part.
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two categories.
a.Fabricated components
2.The rates of all standard items are taken and added up.
LABOUR COST:
The direct labour cost is the cost of labour that can be identified directly with
the manufacture of the product and allocated to cost centers or cost units. The
direct labour is one who counters the direct material into sale able product; the
wages etc. of such employees constitute direct labour cost.Direct labour cost
may be apportioned to the unit cost of job or either on thebasis of time spend by a
It is that labour cost which can not be allocated but which can be apportioned to
or absorbed by cost centers or cost units. This is the cost of labour that does not
but is necessary for the progressive movement and handling of product to the
The total labour cost is calculated on the basis of wages paid to the labour for8
Cost of project = (A) material cost + (B) Machining cost + (C) lab our cost
³Steel authority of India limited´ and µIndian aluminum co.,’ as the round
bars,angles, square rods, plates along with the strip material form. We have
MANUFACTURING PROCESS :
engineering.
The process used for the preliminary shaping of the machine component
2) MACHINE PROCESS :
The process used for giving final shape to the machine component,according to
The process used to provide a good shape surface finish for the
operation used for the process are polishing, buffing, lapping etc.
4) JOINING PROCESS :
The process used for joining machine components are known as joining process.
The common operation used for this process are soldering, brazing,welding etc.
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These are intended to import specific properties to material e.g. heat treatment,
WELDED JOINTS :
► DEFINITION:
A welded joint is a permanent joint, which is obtained by the fusion of the edges
or forging and as a replacement for bolted and reverted joints. It is also used as a
repair medium.
ADNANTAGES:
innervated joints
6) In a welded joint has high strength often more than parent metal.
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DISADVANTAGES:
1) Since there is uneven heating and cooling during fabrication therefore the
3)No provision for expansion and contraction in the frame, therefore there is
possibility of cracks.
power is to be transmitted from one pulley to another then the two pulley sare
The V - belt are made of fabric and cords moulded in rubber and covered in fabric and
rubber. The power is transmitted by the wedging action between the belt and the v –
ADVANTAGES:
2)Since the v - belts are made endless and there is no joint cable, therefore
6) The belt have the ability to cushion the shack when the machines are started.
7) The wedging action gives high value of limiting friction therefore power transmitted by
v - belts is more than flat belts for the same coefficient of friction, are of
DISADVANTAGES:
1)The v - belt drive connect be used with large centre distances because
of flat belt.
4)Since the v - belts are subjected to certain amount of creep, therefore not
5)The belt life is greatly influenced with temperature change, improper belt
Quantity: 3
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1 Marking on - - - Scale
shaft
4 Turning as per - - - -
dwg size
Quantity: 2
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1 Marking on - - - Scale
shaft
4 Turning as per - - - -
dwg size
Material : C.I
Quantity: 2
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POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENTS
AND
ADVANCES
The project designed and manufactured by us although is only model and has not
undergone any extensive research or study but we are quite confident that it is
This device can also be used for various other applications besides just
the following: -
The main motion is transmitted with the help of a sliding pair which formed between pin &
the cylinder. These pins have to be lapped and cleaned and itshould be capable of
providing complete interchangeability similarly with the cylinder, they too have to
be hone or lapped so a to provide smooth surfacefinish. This will result in less frictional loss
Lubrication and cooling are a must in sliding members. One of the simple
techniques applied for lubrication can be to drill oil holes in the cylinder body
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for fill than up with oil. But this technique will not be very effective since the
MODIFICATION: -
increasing the number of pins. From the working of the mechanism we know that the pin
at the inner most position is the drawing pin the pins the mechanism. Thus if the no.
required for the next pin to attain the inner most position is considerable reduced and
POSSIBLE ADVANCE:
2.Steam engine (eliminating the crank of shaft & complicated valve system).
LUBRICATING PUMP :
The small change which have to incorporate for this purpose is to place
stationary disc at the rear and it so fits with the cylinder that it avoids leak ages.
WORKING:
The slot position and length is so that adjusted that when pin is at inner most position
cylinder meshes with the suction port & suction of oil is started the slotre mains
open till pin given maximum outward stroke, after that cylinder end isclosed by
the dics. Now the pin starts moving inwards and thus compression stroke
commences. The delivery slot location is so adjusted that after the completion
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stroke & thus the compressed fluid is discharged at high pressure. The delivery
slot length was such adjusted that remains in mesh with cylinder for 15to 20%
of compression for complete delivery of the compressed fluid. The suction slot
ADVANTAGES:-
Due to such an in built pump we do not require any external pump As soon as
As a steam engine Modification for the steam engine is same as that for the
WORKING: -
Here, the inlet slot position the cylinder just meshes with the inlet slot & high
pressure steam is admitted in the cylinder & thus does work on pin & pushes the pin
When the pin is at the outer most position, the cylinder meshes with thedelivery slot &
thus delivery stroke starts & steam is driven out. After the pin isreached the
ADVANTAGES: -
5)Smooth & high speed operation can be easily obtained by cause of elimination of
DISADVANTAGES: -
CONCLUSION
Some successful mechanical devices function smoothly however poor fly they
Are made while other does this only by virtue of a accurate construction &
This projects which looks very simple & easy to construct was actually
Very difficult to conceive & imagine without seeing an actual one in practice. It
is an event a fact in the creative mental process nit the forces, which
We find that while acceptable analysis for existing mechanism can often be
Made quite easily we cannot without insight & imagination make effective
synthesis of new mechanism hence we are mould to present this our project gear
successfully device after long & hard input in conceiving its working principle.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY