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Numericals

INTERFERENCE

Problems
1. A monochromatic light beam (5893 A0) is reflected at normal incidence from a soap film
of refractive index 1.42. What is the least thickness for which the film will appear bright
and dark?
2. A parallel beam of light strikes an oil film (µ=1.4) floating on a surface of water
(µ=1.33). When viewed at an angle of 300 from the normal 6th dark fringe is seen. Find
the thickness of the film for wavelength 5890 A0.
3. A sodium light (5890 A0) strikes a film of oil (µ=1.46) floating on water. When viewed
at an angle of 600 from the normal, 15th dark ring is seen. What is the thickness of the
film?
4. When light is reflected from an oil film of thickness 0.01 mm and refractive index 1.4 at
an angle of 450 to the normal. If the reflected light falls on the slit of a spectrometer,
calculate the number of dark bands seen between wavelengths 4000 A0 and 5000 A0.
5. A parallel beam of light of wavelength 5890 A0 is incident on a glass plate having
refractive index 1.5 such that the angle of refraction in the plate is 600 . Calculate the
smallest thickness of glass plate which will appear dark by reflected light.
6. A soap film of refractive indeed 1.33 is illuminated with white light of different
wavelengths at an angle of 450. For the wavelength 5890 A0, calculate the thickness at
which minimum intensity would be observed.
7. Two plane glass surfaces in contact along one edge are separated at the opposite edge by
a thin wire. If twenty interference fringes are observed (5893 A0) between these edges in
sodium light at normal incidence, what is the length of the wire?
8. A wedge shaped film is illuminated by light of wavelength 4650 A0. The angle of wedge
is 40”. Calculate the fringe separation between two consecutive fringes.
9. Interference fringes are produced when monochromatic light is incident normally on a
thin wedge shaped film of refractive index 1.5. If the distance between two consecutive
fringes is 0.02 mm, find the angle of the film in degrees.
10. Light of wavelength 6000 A0 falls normally on the wedge-shaped film of refractive index
1.4 forming fringes that are 2mm apart. Calculate the angle of the wedge.
11. In Newton’s ring experiment (λ=5893 A0), a thin convex lens of focal length 1.0 m
(µ=1.5) is used instead of a plano-convex lens. What is the diameter of 7th dark ring?
12. In Newton’s ring experiment the light used is of wavelengths λ1= 6000A0 and λ2= 4800
A0. The radius of curvature of plano-convex lens is 0.96 m. If nth dark ring of λ1
coincides with (n+1)th dark ring of λ2, calculate n and diameter of nth ring.
13. In Newton’s ring experiment, the monochromatic light used is of wavelength 5896 A0.
The radius of curvature of plano-convex lens is 1 m. The 16th dark ring has a radius of 2.5
mm. Calculate refractive index of the medium.
14. In Newton’s ring experiment, light of wavelength 5896 A0 is used. For a liquid medium,
the radius of 7th bright ring is found to be 0.15 cm. The radius of plano-convex lens is
1m. Calculate the speed of light in the liquid.
15. A movable mirror of Michelson interferometer is moved through a distance 0.05 mm and
200 fringes are observed crossing the field of view. Calculate the wavelength.
16. In Michelson interferometer, introduction of a thin plate in the path of a beam( λ= 5896
A0) causes 50 bands to shift the line of observation. If thickness of the plate is 0.034 mm,
calculate the refractive index of the plate.
17. Calculate the distance between successive positions of Michelson’s interferometer for
maximum distinctness for wavelengths 5896 A0 and 5890 A0.

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18. In Newton’s ring experiment, the diameter of 7th dark ring is 3.4 mm for a plano-convex
lens of radius 1m. Calculate the diameter of 16th dark ring. If liquid of refractive index
1.3 is filled between the lens and glass plate, calculate radius of 7th and 16th bright ring.
19. A soap film of refractive index 4/3 and thickness 1.5x10-4 cm is illuminated by white
light incident at an angle of 450. The light reflected by it is examined by a spectroscope
in which it is found a dark band corresponding to a wavelength 5x10-5cm.Calculate the
order of interference band.
20. White light falls at an angle of 450 on a parallel soap film of refractive index 1.33. At
what minimum thickness of the film will it appear bright yellow of wavelength 5900 A0
in the reflected light?
21. A parallel beam of sodium light strikes a film of oil floating on water. When viewed at
an angle 300 from the normal, eight dark bands seen .Determine the thickness of the film.
Refractive index of the oil is 1.46. λ=5890 A0.
22. In a Newton’s ring experiment the diameter of 5th ring was 0.336cm and that of 15th ring
was 0.59cm. Find the radius of curvature of the plano convex lens if wavelength of the
light is λ=5890 A0.
23. Light of wavelength 5500 A0 falls normally on a thin wedge shaped of refractive index
1.4 forming fringes that are 2.5mm apart. Find the angle of wedge in seconds.
24. When a thin film of glass μ= 1.5 is interposed in the path of one the interfering beams of
Michelson’s interferometer a shift of 30 fringes of sodium light is observed across the
field of view . If the thickness of the film is 0.018 mm, calculate the wavelength of the
light used.
25. A monochromatic light of wavelength 5.82x10-7 m falls normally on a glass wedge angle
of 20sec of an arc. If the refractive index of glass is 1.5 find the number of dark
interference fringes per cm of the wedge length.
26. White light is incident on a soap film at an angle sin-1 (4/5) and the reflected light is
observed with a spectroscope. It is found that two consecutive dark bands correspond to
wavelengths 6.1x10-5 and 6x10-5 cm. If the refractive index of the film be 4/3, calculate
the thickness.
27. In Newton’s ring experiment the diameter of 4th and 12th dark rings are 0.400cm and
0.700cm respectively. Deduce the diameter of 20th ring.

DIFFRACTION

Problems
1. In Fraunhofer diffraction at a single slit of width 0.2 mm, a screen is placed 1.2 m away
from the slit. If the first minima lie at 3.7 mm on either side of the central maximum, find
the wavelength of light.
2. A light of wavelength 550 nm falls normally on a slit of width 2.2 µm. Determine the
angular position of second and third minima.
3. A monochromatic beam of light of wavelength 5000 A0 falls normally on a single slit.
The central maximum fans out 300 on both sides of the direction of the incident light.
Calculate the slit width.
4. For a diffraction grating, the angle of diffraction for second order maxima for
wavelength 500 nm is 300. Calculate number of lines per cm.
5. A plane grating has 15000 lines per inch. Find the angle of separation of 5048 A0 and
5016 A0 lines of Helium in second order spectrum.
6. A plane grating produces an angular separation of 0.01 rad between two wavelengths
observed at an angle of 300. The mean value of the wavelength is 5000 A0. Calculate the
difference in two wavelengths if the spectrum is observed in the second order.
7. A grating has 2620 lines per inch. If a wavelength of 6000 A0 is used, how many orders
are observed for the grating?

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8. A diffraction grating having 4000 lines per cm is illuminated normally by light of
wavelength 5000 A0. Calculate the dispersive power in the third order spectrum.
9. Calculate the aperture of the objective of a telescope which may be used to resolve two
stars separated by 2.44×10-6 rad for wavelength 600 nm.
10. Calculate the minimum number of lines in grating which can just resolve the lines of
wavelengths 5890 A0 and 5896 A0 in the first and second order.
11. A collimated beam of microwaves impinges on a metal screen that contains a long
horizontal slit that is 20 cm wide. A detector locates the first minimum of irradiance at an
angle of 36.870 above the central axis. Determine the wavelength of radiation.
12. Calculate the angles at which the first dark band and the next bright band are formed in
Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of a slit of width 0.2mm, if λ= 5896 A0.
13. A single slit diffraction pattern is formed using white light .For what wavelength of light
does the second minimum coincide with the third minimum for the wavelength 4000 A0.
14. Light beam of wavelength 5.8x10-7 m is incident od a slit having a width of 0.3x10-3 m
.The viewing screen is 2 m away from the slit. Find the angular position of 1st dark
fringes and the width of central bright fringe. What happens to the linear width if the slit
width is increased?
15. Find the half angular width and total angular width of the central maximum in
Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of a slit of width 12x10-5 cm, when illuminated by light of
wavelength 6000 Å.
16. In Fraunhofer diffraction at a single slit of width 1.2x10-6m, find the half angular width of
the central maximum if the slit is illuminated by light of wavelength 5890 Å.
17. How many lines/ cm are ther in a plane transmission grating which gives 1st order of light
of wavelength 6000 A0 at angle of diffraction 300.
18. Monochromatic light of wavelength 6500 Å falls normally on a grating 2cm wide. The
first order spectrum is produced at an angle 150 from the normal .What is the total
number of lines on the grating?
19. Monochromatic light of wavelength 6560 A0 falls normally on a grating 2cm wide. The
first order spectrum is produced at an angle of 18014’ from the normal. Calculate the total
number of lines on the grating.
20. The wavelengths of visible spectrum are approximately 4000 A0 to 7000 A0 .Find the
angular breadth of the first order visible spectrum produced by a plane grating having
6000 lines per cm, when light is incident normally on the grating.
21. A plane transmission grating having 6000 lines/cm is used to obtain a spectrum of light
from a sodium lamp in the second order. Calculate the angular separation between the
two sodium lines whose wavelengths are 5890A0 to 5896 A0.
22. How many orders will be visible if the wavelength of the incident radiation is 5000 A0
and the number of lines on the grating is 2620 in one inch?
23. What is the highest order spectrum which may be seen with monochromatic light of
wavelength 5000 A0 by means of diffraction grating with 5000 lines/cm?
24. In a grating spectrum, which spectral line in 4th order will overlap with 3rd order line of
5461 A0?
25. Find the total number of lines on grating and maximum value of the resolving power of a
diffraction grating 3cm wide having 5000 lines/inch. If the wavelength of light used is
5890 A0.
26. Find the minimum number of lines that a diffraction grating would need to have in order
to resolve in first order the red doublet given by a mixture of hydrogen and deuterium.
The wavelength difference is 1.8 A0 at 6553 A0.
27. A diffraction grating having 15000 lines to an inch is used to photograph a spectrum.
Calculate the angular dispersion in the second order spectrum of wavelength region
5.9x10-5 cm.

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28. Find the separation of 2 points on the moon that can be resolved by 500 cm telescope.
The distance of the moon is 3.8x105 km. The eye is most sensitive to light of wavelength
5500 A0.

POLARIZATION

Problems
1. The refractive index of glass is 1.5. Calculate Brewster’s angle for it. Also calculate the
angle of refraction.
2. The refractive indices of glass and water are 1.54 and 1.33 respectively. Calculate the
polarizing angle for beam passing from glass to water and from water to glass.
3. Two polarizing sheets placed one on the top of other are exposed to unpolarized light.
What must be the angle between the characteristic directions of sheets if the intensity of
transmitted light is (a)1/3 of maximum intensity of the transmitted beam from the first
sheet (b) 1/3 of the intensity of the incident beam.
4. Two Nicol prisms are arranged such that the amount of light transmitted through them is
maximum. What will be the percentage reduction in the intensity of the incident light on
the first prism when the analyser is rotated through 300?
5. Two polaroids are adjusted to obtain maximum intensity. Through what angle should one
polaroid be rotated to reduce the intensity (a) 1/2 (b) 1/4?
6. Calculate thickness of a half wave plate of quartz for a wavelength 4000 A0. (µe=1.553 and
µo=1.544)
7. Calculate thickness of a quarter wave plate for light of wavelength 5893 A0, given
refractive indices for E-wave and O-wave as 1.554 and 1.533 respectively.
8. Calculate thickness of calcite plate which would convert plane polarized light into
circularly polarized light of wavelength 5890 A0. (µe=1.658 and µo=1.486)
9. Plane polarized light of wavelength 5000 A0 passes through a quartz plate (µe=1.553 and
µo=1.544) with its optic axis parallel to the faces. Calculate the least thickness of the plate
for which the emergent beam will be plane polarized.
10. For wavelength of 6000 A0 and µe=1.553 and µo=1.544, calculate minimum thickness of (a)
quarter wave plate (b) half wave plate.
11. The value of μe and μo for quartz are 1.5508 and 1.5418 respectively. Calculate the phase
retardation for λ=50000Å when the plate thickness is 0.032mm.
12. At what angle of incidence should a beam of sodium light be directed upon the surface of
diamond to produce most complete polarization by reflection? (Critical angle for diamond
is 24.50)
13. A polarizer and analyzer are oriented so that the amount of light transmitted is maximum.
To what fraction of its maximum value is intensity of transmission light reduced when the
analyzer is rotated through 1) 450 and 2)900.
14. A glass plate of refractive index 1.5 is to be used as polarizer. What is the angle of
polarization angle of refraction.
15. Calculate the thickness of quarter wave plate of wavelength 5890 Å (µe=1.50 and
µo=1.55)
16. Calculate the thickness of quarter wave plate of wavelength 5890 Å (µe=1.57 and
µo=1.55).
17. Calculate the thickness of a calcite plate which would convert plane polarized light into
circularly polarized light .The principal refractive indices are µe=1.486 and µo=1.658 at the
wavelength 5890 Å of light used.
18. Plane polarized light passes through a quartz plate with its optic axis parallel to the faces.
Calculate the least thickness of the plate for which the emergent beam will be plane
polarized. (µe=1.5533 and µo=1.5442 and λ=5x10-5 m.
19. Find the thickness of a quarter wave plate when the wavelength of light is equal to 5890 Å,
given µe=1.54 and µo=1.55.

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20. Quartz has refractive indices 1.553 and 1.544. Calculate the thickness of the quarter wave
plate for sodium light of wavelength 5890 Å.
21. Plane polarized light is incident on a plate of quartz cut with faces parallel to optic axis
.Calculate the thickness for which the phase difference between the two rays is 600 where
(µe=1.5583 and µo=1.5442 and λ=5000 Å.

SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY


Problems
1. A 1m long rod is moving along its length with velocity 0.6c.Calculate its length as it
appears to an observer on earth.
2. A rod has length of 2m. Find its length when it is carried in a rocket with a speed of
2.7x108 m/s.
3. Calculate the Velocity of rod while its length will appear 80% of its proper length.
4. The length of a rod is found to be half of its length when at rest. What is the speed of rod
relative to the observer?
5. Calculate the percentage contraction of a rod moving with a velocity 0.8 times the
velocity of light in a direction at 600 to its own length.
6. A rod has length 1m when the rod is in a satellite moving with velocity 0.8c relative to
the laboratory. What is the length of the rod as determined by the observer a) in the
satellite b) in the laboratory?
7. Calculate the length and orientation of rod of length 5m in a frame of reference which is
moving with velocity 0.6c in a direction making an angle of 300 with the rod.
8. In the laboratory, the lifetime of particle moving with speed 2.8x108 m/s is found to be
2x10-7 sec. Calculate the proper lifetime of the particle.
9. The proper life of a meson is 2x10-8 sec. Calculate the mean life of a meson moving with
a velocity of 0.8c.
10. A Stationary μ-meson decays in 2.2x10-8 sec. What will be the length of its path if it is
moving towards the earth with velocity 0.99c?
11. A certain particle called μ-meson has lifetime 2x10-6 sec.
a. What is the mean life time when the particle is travelling with a speed of
2.994x1010cm/sec
b. How far does it go during one mean life?
c. What distance would be travelled without relativistic effects?
12. An air force rocket is chasing enemy’s spaceship. From earth it is found that the speed of
airforce rocket is 2.55x1010 cm/sec while that of enemy ship is 2.25x1010 cm/sec. What is
the relative velocity of i) Enemy’s sheep as seen by airforce rocket. ii)Enemy’s ship as
seen by enemy’s ship iii) Airforce rocket with respect to enemy’s ship as seen from the
earth.iii) Enemy’s ship with respect to airforce rocket as seen from the earth.
13. At what speed the mass of an object will be 2.25 times its rest mass?
14. The rest mass of an electron is 9.1x10-31kg .What will be its mass if it were moving 4/5th
speed of light?
15. A particle is moving with 90% of the velocity of light. Compare its relativistic mass with
its rest mass.
16. With what velocity should a particle travel so that its relativistic mass increases by 10%
of its rest mass?
17. On the surface of the earth the mass of a man is 100kg.When he is in a rocket moving
with a speed of 4.2x107m/sec relative to the earth, what will be its mass as observed by
i) an observer on the earth ii) an observer in his rocket?
18. The mass of moving electron is 11 times its rest mass. Find its kinetic energy and
momentum.
19. How much does a proton gain in mass when accelerated to kinetic energy of 500MeV.
20. Calculate the K.E. of an electron moving with velocity of 0.98c in the laboratory frame
m0=9.11x10-31kg.

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21. An observer on spacecraft moving at 0.700 c relative to the earth finds that a car takes
40.0 minutes to make a trip. How long does the trip take to the driver of the car?
22. A certain particle has a lifetime of 1.00×10-7 seconds when measured at rest. How far
does it go before decaying if its speed is 0.99c when it is created?
23. A meter stick moving with respect to an observer appears only 500 mm long to her.
What is its relative speed? How long does it take to pass her?
24. A spacecraft antenna is at angle 100 relative to the axis of the spacecraft. If the spacecraft
moves away from the earth at a speed of 0.7c, what is the angle of the antenna as seen
from the earth?
25. The proper lifetime of a certain particle is 100.0 ns. (a) How long does it live in the
laboratory if it moves at v=0.960 c? (b) How far does it travel in the laboratory during
that time? (c) What is the distance traveled in the laboratory according to an observer
moving with the particle?
26. An astronaut is standing in a spacecraft parallel to its direction of motion. An observer on
the earth finds that spacecraft speed is 0.6c and the astronaut is 1.3 m tall. Calculate the
astronaut’s height as measured in the spacecraft.
27. Show that the circle x2+y2=a2 in frame F appears to be an ellipse in frame F/ moving with
relativistic velocity v along X axis in the frame F.
28. What is the length of a meter stick moving parallel to its length when its mass is 3/2 m0,
where m0 is the rest mass.
29. Half life of a particle at rest is 17.8 ns. What will be the half life when its speed is 0.8 c?
30. A particle has kinetic energy twenty times its rest energy. Find the speed of the particle
in terms of c.
31. (a) The speed of a proton is increased from 0.20 c to 0.40 c. By what factor does its
kinetic energy increase? (b) The proton speed is doubled, this time to 0.8c. By what
factor its kinetic energy increase now?
32. Find the momentum (in MeV/c) of an electron whose speed is 0.600c.
33. A body moving at 0.500c with respect to an observer disintegrates into two fragments
that move in opposite directions relative to their center of mass along the same line of
motion as of the original body. One fragment has velocity of 0.600c in the backward
direction relative to the center of mass and the other has a velocity of 0.500 in the
forward direction. What velocities will the observer find?
34. The earth receives 1400 W/m2 of solar energy. The distance between the earth and the
sun is 1.5×1011 m. Calculate decrease in the mass of the sun per second.

ELEMENTARY QUANTUM MECHANICS

Problems
1 What is the de Broglie wavelength of an electron when accelerated using the potential
difference of 85 Volts?
2 Compute the wavelength of the de Broglie waves associated with a proton moving with 5
% of the velocity of light. Proton has 1836 times the mass of one electron.
3 Compute the kinetic energy and velocity of an electron in terms of those of a neutron,
when their de Broglie wavelengths are equal to 1 Å. Take neutron mass as 1835 times the
mass of electron.
4 de Broglie wavelength of electrons in moenergetic beam is 7.2 x 10-11m. Calculate the
momentum and energy in eV of electrons in the beam.
5 A beam of 10 kV electrons is passed through a thin metallic sheet whose interplanar
spacing is 0.55 Å. Calculate the angle of deviation of the first order diffraction maximum.
6 The spacing between the atoms of a certain crystal is 1.2 Å. At what angle will the first
order Bragg’s reflection occur for thermal neutrons? (K.E. = 0.025 eV, Mn = 1.67 x 10-27

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kg.)
7 Find the kinetic energy of a neutron which has a wavelength of 3 Å. At what angle will
such a neutron will undergo first order Braggs reflection from a calcite crystal for which
the grating space is 3.036 Å. Mass of neutron is 1.67 x 10-27 kg.
8 An electron initially at rest is accelerated through a potential difference of 5000 V.
Compute (i) the momentum (ii) De Broglie wavelength.
9 Electrons from heated filament accelerated by a potential difference of 10 kV are passed
through a thin film of a metal for which the atomic spacing is 0.55 Å. What is the angle of
deviation for first order maximum?
10 In an experiment the wavelength of a photon is measured to an accuracy of one part per
million. What is the uncertainty Δx in simultaneous measurement of the position of
photon having a wavelength of 6000Å?
11 In order to locate the electron in an atom within a distance of 5 x 10-12m using
electromagnetic waves the wavelength must be of the same order. Calculate the energy
and momentum of the photon. What is the corresponding uncertainty in the momentum?
12 Compute the uncertainty in the location of a 2 gm mass moving with speed of 1.5 x 108
m/s. ΔP = 10-3P.
13 Assume that the uncertainty in the location of particle is equal to its de Broglie
wavelength. Show that the uncertainty in its velocity is equal to its velocity.
14 An electron is confined to a box of length 1 Å. Calculate the minimum uncertainty in its
velocity. Give Me = 9.1 x 10-31kg, h = 6.6x10-34 J-s
15 An electron has speed of 600 m/s with an accuracy of 0.005%. Calculate the certainty
with which we can locate the position of electron.
16 Calculate the minimum uncertainty in the velocity of an electron confined to a box of
length 10Ǻ.
17 Electrons moving with a speed of 7.3 x 107 m/s have a wavelength of 0.1Ǻ. Calculate the
plank’s constant.
18 Calculate the wavelength of an electron of energy 291 eV.
19 What accelerating potential would be required for a proton with zero velocity to acquire a
velocity corresponding De Broglie wavelength of 10-14 m?
20 Proton and deuteron are accelerated by the same potential. Compute their de Broglie
wavelengths. Assume mass of deuterium to be twice the mass of proton.
21 Calculate the De Broglie wavelength of a 10 keV neutron. Given Mn = 1.67 x 10-27 kg.
22 An electron is bound by a potential box of infinite height having a width 2.5 Ǻ. Calculate
the minimum uncertainty in its velocity.
23 A bullet of mass 25 gm is moving with a speed of 400 m/sec. the speed is measured
accurately up to 0.02%. Calculate the certainty with which the position of the bullet can
be located. Given h = 6.6 x 10-34 J.s
24 What potential difference must applied to an electron microscope to produce electrons of
wavelength 0.4 Ǻ.
25 The average time that an atom retains excess excitation energy before emitting it as
electromagnetic radiation is 10-8 sec. Calculate the limit of accuracy with which the
excitation energy of the emitted radiation can be determined.
26 Calculate the energy in electron volt of a photon of wavelength 1Å.
27 The energy of a photon is 5.28x10-19J .Calculate the frequency and wavelength.
28 Find the De Broglie wavelength of 10K eV electrons.
29 De Broglie wavelength of electron in monoenergetic beam is 7.2x10-11 m . Calculate the
momentum and energy of electron s in the electron volts.
30 Determine the velocity and kinetic energy of a neutron having De Broglie wavelength 1Å.
(Given mass of neutron=1.67x10-27kg).
31 Find the De Broglie wavelength of an electron when accelerated through a potential

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difference of 100V.
32 What accelerating potential would be required for a proton with zero velocity to acquire
velocity corresponding to De Broglie’s wavelength of 10-14m? Given mass of proton=
1.67x10-19C.
33 Find the De Broglie wavelength of i) an electron accelerated through a potential of 182 V
ii)1Kg object moving with a speed of 1m/sec. Comparing the results explain why the
wave nature of matter is not more apparent in daily observation.
34 What potential difference must be applied to an electron microscope to obtain to obtain
electrons of wavelength 0.3 Å.
35 An electron has kinetic energy equal to its rest mass energy. Calculate De Broglie
wavelength associated with it. Given: m= 9.1x10-31kg, h=6.63x10-34JS.
36 Find the lowest energy level and momentum of an electron in one dimensional potential
well of width 1 Å.
37 An electron is trapped in a rigid box of width 2 Å. Find its lowest energy level and
momentum. Hence find the energy of the 3 rd energy level.
38 Lowest energy of an electron trapped in a potential well is 38 eV. Calculate the width of
the well.
39 Compare the lowest three energy states for i) an electron confined in an infinite potential
well of width 10 Å and ii) a grain of dust with mass 10-6gm in an infinite potential well of
width 0.1mm. What can you conclude from this comparison?
40 Calculate first two energy eigen values of an electron in eV which is confined to a box of
length 2 Å.
41 Calculate the energy difference between the ground state and the first excited state for an
electron in a one dimensional rigid box of length 10-8cm.
42 Consider a marble of mass 10 gm. In one dimensional rigid box of width 10cm. Using the
expression for energy eigen values, find E1, E2,E3,E4 .Comment on the results obtained .
43 Calculate the minimum uncertainty in the velocity of electron confined to a box of length
10 Å.
44 If the uncertainty in the position of electron is 4x10-10 m. calculate the uncertainty in its
momentum.
45 The electron has a speed of 600m/s with an accuracy of 0.005%. Calculate the uncertainty
with which we can locate the position of electron.
46 The position and momentum of 1KeV electron are simultaneously measured. If the
position is located to within 1 Å, find the percentage of uncertainty in its momentum.(Rest
mass of electron =9.1x10-31kg.
47 Compute the minimum uncertainty in the location of 2 gm mass moving with a speed of
1.5 m/s and the minimum uncertainty in the location of an electron moving with a speed
of 0.5x108 m/s. Given:- the uncertainty in the momentum is Δp=10-3p for both.
48 A bullet of mass 25gms is moving with a speed of 400m/s. The speed is measured
accurate upto 0.02%.Calculate the uncertainty with which the position of the bullet can be
located.
49 A hydrogen atom is 0.53 Å in radius. Use uncertainty principle to estimate the minimum
energy an electron can have in this atom.
50 Assume that the electron lies inside a nucleus of diameter 10-15m.Using uncertainty
principle, estimate the K.E. of electron in eV.
51 The life time of an excited state of a nucleus is 10-12 sec. What is the uncertainty in energy
of γ-ray photon emitted?
52 The energy of an excited state of hydrogen atom is 2.11x10-21J.Determine the minimum
error with which the life time in this excited state can be measured?
53 A particle is moving in one dimensional potential box of infinite height of width 25 Å.
Calculate the probability o finding the particle within an interval of 5 Å at the centers of
the box when it is in its state of least energy.
54 Express the Plank radiation formula in terms of wavelength.

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1. Compute the de Broglie wavelength for (a) a 1000 kg automobile traveling at 100m/s (b)
a 10 g bullet traveling at 500m/s (c) a smoke particle of mass 10-9 g moving at 1cm/s (d)
an electron with a kinetic energy of 1eV (e) an electron with a kinetic energy of 100 MeV.
56
2. The phase velocity of ripples on a liquid surface is , where S is the surface tension and ρ is
the density of liquid. Find the group velocity of ripples.
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3. The phase velocity of ocean waves is . Find the group velocity of ocean waves.
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4. A proton and deuteron (md=2mp) have the same kinetic energy. Which has a longer
wavelength?
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5. Find the phase and group velocities of an electron whose de Broglie wavelength is 1.2 A0.
60
6. Calculate the ratio of de Broglie wavelengths associated with the electrons with kinetic
energies of 0.1 eV and 510 eV.
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7. Calculate the ratio of de Broglie wavelengths of a hydrogen atom and helium atom at
room temperature when they move with thermal velocities. (MH=1.67×10-27Kg,
MHe=6.6×10-27 Kg).
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8. An electron moves in the x direction with a speed of 3.6×106 m/s. We can measure its
speed to a precision of 1 %. (a) With what precision can we simultaneously measure its
position? What can we say about its motion in the y direction?
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9. An electron has de Broglie wavelength of 2.00×10-12m. Find its kinetic energy and the
phase and group velocities of de Broglie waves.
64
10. A hydrogen atom is 5.3×10-11 m in radius. Use uncertainty principle to estimate the
minimum energy an electron can have in this atom.
65 Show that the phase velocity and group velocity are related by vg=vp-λ(dvp/dλ) .
66 The lowest energy possible for a certain particle trapped in a certain box is 1.00 eV.
(a)What are the next two higher energies the particle can have? (b) If the particle is an
electron, how wide is the box?
67 The ground state of a particle in an infinite one dimensional well is 4.4 eV. If the width of
the well is doubled, what is the new ground state energy?
Compute the lowest three energies of an electron confined to the box which is 3 A0 wide.
68 Wavelengths can be determined with accuracies of one part in 106. What is the uncertainty
in the position of a 1 A0 X-ray photon when its wavelength is simultaneously measured?
69 An electron is trapped in an infinitely deep one-dimensional well of width 0.251 nm.
Initially the electron occupies n=4 state. (a) Suppose the electron jumps to the ground
state with the accompanying emission of photon. What is the energy of the photon? (b)
Find the energies of other photons if electron takes other paths between n=4 state and the
ground state.
71 A particle is trapped in an infinitely deep one-dimensional well of width L in the nth state.
Calculate the probability of finding the particle in the box between x=0 and x=L/n.
71 A particle is trapped in an infinite one-dimensional well of width L. If the particle is in the
ground state, evaluate the probability of finding the particle between x=0 and x=L/3.
72 An electron is trapped in a one-dimensional region of length 1.0×10-10 m (a) How much
energy must be supplied to excite the electron from the ground state to the first excited
state? (b) In the ground state, what is the probability of finding the electron in the region
from x=0.090×10-10 m to 0.110×10-10 m (c) In the first excited state, what is the probability
of finding the electron between x=0 and x=0.250×10-10 m.

QUANTUM MECHANICS
Problems

1 Compute the permitted levels of an electron in an infinite potential well of width 1Ǻ.
2 An infinite square well has a width of 1Ǻ. What is the fractional change in the lowest two
permissible energies of one electron in this well if the width is increased to 2Ǻ.

9
3 The lowest energy level of an electron trapped in potential well is 38eV. Find the width of
the well.
4 An electron is trapped in a rigid box of width 1Ǻ. Find its lowest energy level and
momentum. Hence find the energy of 5th level.
5 Find the lowest K.E. permissible for an electron in (i) a critical box of side 1 cm (ii)
similar box of side 3 Ǻ.
6 An electron is bounded by a potential that is approximated by an infinite square well of
width 2 x 10-8 cm. Calculate the lowest two permissible energies of the electron.

SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS
Problems

1 Calculate the conductivity of pure silicon at room temperature when the concentration of
carrier is 1.5 x 1016/m3 and the mobilities of the electrons and holes are 0.12 and 0.05
m2/V-sec respectively at room temperature.
2 Calculate the conductivity of Germanium specimen if a donor impurity is added to the
extent of one part in 108 Germanium atoms at room temperature.
3 The resistivity of n type semiconductor is 10-6 Ω - cm. Calculate the number of donor
atoms which must have been added to obtain the resistivity.
4 Calculate the conductivity of extrinsic silicon at room temperature if the donor impurity
added is 1 in 108 silicon atoms.
5 In Germanium the energy gap is 0.75eV. What is the wavelength at which the
Germanium starts to absorb the light?
6 The mobilities of charge carriers in intrinsic germanium sample at room temperature are
µn = 3600 cm2/V-s and µp = 1700 cm2/V-s. If the density of electrons is same as holes and
is equal to 2.5 x 1013 per cm3, calculate the conductivity.
7 Calculate the number of acceptors to be added to a germanium sample to obtain the
resistivity ρ = 10 ohm-cm. given µ = 1700 cm2/V-s.
8 At room temperature the conductivity of a silicon crystal is 5 x 10-4 mho/cm. If the
electron and hole mobilities are 0.14m2/V-s and 0.05 m2/V-s respectively, determine the
density of carriers.
9 The specific density of tungsten is 18.8 g/cm3 and its atomic weight is 184.0. Assume that
there are two free electrons per atom. Calculate the concentration of free electrons.
Avogadro’s Number = 6.025 x 1023 /gm-mole.
10 Compute the conductivity of copper for which µ = 34.8 cm2/V-s and d = 8.9 gm/cm3.
Assume that there is one free electron per atom. Avogadro’s Number = 6.025 x 1023 /gm-
mole, atomic weight of Cu = 63.5. If an electric field is applied across such a copper bar
with an intensity of 10 V/cm, find the drift velocity of free electrons.
11 The resistance of copper wire of diameter 1.03 mm is 6.51 ohm per 300m. The
concentration of free electrons in copper is 8.4 x x1028 /m3. If the current is 2 A, find the
(a) mobility, (b) drift velocity (c) conductivity.
12 Calculate the energy gap in silicon if it is given that it is transparent to the radiation of
wavelength greater than 11000Ǻ.
13 N type semiconductor is to have a resistivity of 10 ohm-cm. Calculate the number of
donor atoms which must be added to achieve this. Given: µ = 500 cm2/V-s.
14 Determine the mobility of electrons in copper assuming that each atom contributes one
free electron for conduction. For copper : resistivity =1.7x10-6 ohm.cm ,density =8.96
gm/cc At.Wt. of copper A= 63.5, Avogadro number =6.02x 10 23 atoms per gram mole.
15 Find the resistivity of copper if each atom of copper contributes one free electron for
conduction. (Given: density of Cu =8.96 gm/cc At.Wt. 63.5, Avogadro number =6.02x
10 23μe= 43.28 cm2/volt.sec) density =8.96 gm/cc At.Wt. of copper A= 63.5, Avogadro
number =6.02x1023 atoms per gram mole)

10
16 Calculate the conductivity of specimen if a donor impurity is added to an extent of one
part in 108 Ge atoms at room temperature? (Given: For Ge: density =5.32 gm/cc At.Wt.
72.6, Avogadro number =6.02x 10 23 atoms per gram mole μ= 3800 cm2/volt.sec)
17 A Ge semiconductor contains 10-6 % Boron and has resistivity of 0.42 ohm.cm. Calculate
the concentration and mobility of holes in the semiconductor (Given: For Ge: density
=5.36 gm/cc At.Wt. 72.59, Avogadro number =6.02x 10 23 atoms per gram mole μ=
3800 cm2/volt.sec)
18 A Ge crystal ids doped with pentavalent impurity of concentration 1ppm .If the resistivity
of dopped Ge is 0.3623X10-3 ohm.m, find the conductivity and mobility of electrons Ge.
Assume all the impurity atoms are ionized. (Given:density of Ge atoms =4.42x1028
atoms/m3 ρe= 0.3623x10-3 ohm.m μ= 3800 cm2/volt.sec)
19 A specimen of pure Ge at 300K has a density of charge carriers (intrinsic) of
2.5x1019/m3.It is doped with donor impurity atoms at the rate of one impurity atom for
envery 106 atoms of Ge .All impurity atoms are supposed to be ionized .The density of Ge
atoms is 4.2 x10 28 atoms/m3 .Find donor concentration, conductivity and resistivity of
doped Ge if μe= 0.36m2/volt.sec.
20 A copper wire 0.1m long and 1.7 mm2 cross section has a resistance 0.1 ohm when
subjected to 1 volt potential difference between its ends. Calculate the density of electrons
in the metal and the mobility of these electrons and the resistivity of copper. (Density of
copper 8.96 gm/cc, atomic weight of Cu 63.5 Avogadro number =6.02x 1023 atoms per
gram mole)
21 The resistance of Cu wire of diameter 1.03mm is 6.51 ohm per 300m.The concentration
of free electron in copper is 8.4x1028 /m3. If the current is 2A, find the a) drift velocity, b)
conductivity c) Mobility.
22 In Ge the energy gap is 0.75eV. What is the wavelength at which Ge starts to absorb the
light?
23 Calculate the energy gap of Si, given that it is transparent to radiation of wavelength
greater than 11,000 Å.
24 Find the drift velovity for an electron in silver wire of radius 1mm and carrying a current
of 2A Density of silver is 10.5 gm/cc and its atomic weight is 108.(Hint: find n,A and
then V).
25 Calculate the conductivity and current produced in a small Ge plate of area 1cm2 and of
thickness 0.3mm when a potential difference of 2V is applied across the faces. Given that
the concentration of free electrons is Ge is 2x1019/m3 and Mobilities of electrons and holes
are 0.36m2/v.s and 0.17m2/v.s respectively.
26 Calculate the conductivity and current produced in Ge sample of area 2 sq. cm and
thickness 0.1mm when a potential difference of 4 V is applied across it.
27 A copper specimen having length 1m, width 1cm and thickness 1mm is conducting 1 amp
current along its length and is applied with a magnetic field of 1T along its thickness. It
experiences Hall Effect and Hall voltage of 0.074μV appears along its width. Calculate
the Hall coefficient and the mobility of electrons in copper.(Given for copper σ=5.8x107
mho m)
28 The resistivity of doped silicon material is 9x10-3 ohm m .The Hall coefficient is 3.6x10-4
m3 coulomb-1.Assuming single carrier conduction ,find mobility and density of charge
carriers ,e = 1.6x10-19C.
29 A slab of copper 2mm in length and 1.5 cm wide is placed in a uniform magnetic field
with magnitude 0.40 T .When a current of 75 amp flows along the length .the voltage
measured across the width is 0.81 μV determine Hall coefficient the concentration of
mobile electrons in copper.
30 A copper strip 4cm wide and o.55mm thick carries a current of 100A along its length .If
placed in the Magnetic field of strength of 2 w/m2 acting along the width of the strip. A
Hall voltage 29.7x10-6 volts appears across thickness. Find i) Hall electric field ii) Carrier
concentration in copper strip.

11
31 Assuming that there are 5x1028 atoms/m3 in copper, find the Hall coefficient.
32 A silver wire is in the form of ribbon 0.50cm wide and 0.10mm thick .When a current of
2 amp passes through the ribbon, perpendicular to 0.80Tesla magnetic field .Calculate the
Hall voltage produced. The density of silver 10.5gm/cc and atomic weight of Ag =108.
33 Determine the conc. Of holes in Si crystal having donor concentration of
1.4x1024/m3,when the intrinsic carrier is 1.4 x1018/m3. Find the ratio of electron to hole
concentration.
34 Estimate the fraction of electrons in the conduction band at 300K of i) Ge (Eg=0.72 eV)
ii) Si (Eg=1.1 eV) iii) Diamond (Eg=5.6 eV). What is the significance of these results?
35
1. Calculate the drift velocity of electrons in an Aluminum wire of diameter 0.9 mm
carrying current of 6 A. Assume that 4.5×1028 electrons/m3 are available for conduction.
36
2. The density of Copper is 8.96 g/cm3 and its atomic weight is 63.5 g/mole. Determine the
current density if the current of 5.0 A is maintained in copper wire of radius 0.7 mm.
Assume that only one electron of an atom takes part in conduction. Also calculate the
drift velocity of electrons.
37
3. For a given semiconductor bar, the dimensions along the axes are y=0.1 mm, z=10 µm,
x=5 mm, Ix=1 mA, Bz=10-4 Wb/cm2, VH= -2mV. Find the type and concentration of the
majority carriers.
38
4. A Copper wire is 1 m long and has a uniform cross section of 0.1 mm2. The resistance of
the wire at room temperature is 0.172 Ω. What is the resistivity of the material?
39
5. A uniform Silver wire has a resistivity of 1.54×10-8 Ωm at room temperature. For an
electric field along the wire of 1 V/cm compute the drift velocity of the electrons
assuming there are 5.8 × 1028 electrons per m3. Also calculate the mobility of the electrons.
40 Find the resistance of an intrinsic germanium rod 1 cm long, 1 mm wide and 1 mm thick
at 300 K. (µe=0.39 m2/Vs, µh=0.19 m2/Vs, n=2.5×1019 m-3 )
41
1. Show that the Fermi-Dirac distribution function is symmetric about the Fermi energy for
all temperatures i.e. f(εf+δ)=1- f(εf-δ).
42
2. The Fermi energy of Lithium is 4.72 eV. (a) Calculate the Fermi velocity. (b) Calculate
the de Broglie wavelength of an electron moving at the Fermi velocity.
43
3. Find the probability for an electronic state to be occupied at room temperature
(kBT=0.025eV) if the energy of this state lies 0.1 eV above the Fermi level. Do the same
for a state which lies 0.1 eV below the Fermi level.
44
4. Fermi energy level in Silver is at 5.5 eV. What are the energies for which the probabilities
of occupancy at a temperature of 300 K are 0.99, 0.01 and 0.5?

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
Problems
1. A long thin superconducting wire of a metal produces a magnetic field of 105×103 A/M
on its surface due to a the current through it at a certain temperature T. The critical field
of the Metal is 150×103 A/M at T=00K. The critical temperature Tc of the metal is
9.200K.What is the value of T?
2. The critical field of Niobium is 1×105 A/M at 80K and 2× 105 A/M at 00K. Calculate the
transition temperature of the element.
3. The transition temperature for Pb is 7.20K .However, at 50K it loses the superconducting
Property if subjected to a magnetic field of 3.3×104 A/M. Find the maximum value of H
which will allow the metal to retain its superconductivity at 00K.
4. Calculate the critical current that is required to change a superconducting wire of radius 2
mm into a normal conductor. Given that the transition temperature is equal to 300K and
critical magnetic field is equal to 4 tesla.
5. The isotopic mass of superconducting material is 0.90times the isotopic mass of the
isotope. Calculate the ratio of their critical temperature.

12
6. The London penetration of a superconductor is equal to 30nm at 00K of the temperature.
If the temperature is increased to 40K from 00K .Calculate the percentage increase in the
penetration depth. Given that Tc=80K .
7. Critical Temperature of a superconductor with isotopic mass=200 is 50K. Calculate the
critical Temperature of the superconductors when isotopic mass =196.
8. A long thin superconducting wire of a metal produces a magnetic field 105x103 A/m on
its surface due to the current through it at a certain temperature T. The critical field of
the metal is 150x103 A/m at T= 0 K. The critical temperature Tc of the metal is 9.20 K.
What is the value of T?
9. The transition temperature of Pb is 7.2 K. However, at 5 K it loses the superconducting
property if subjected to a magnetic field 3.3x104 A/m .Find the maximum value of H
which will allow the metal to retain its superconductivity at 0 K.
10. The critical field of niobium is 1x105 A/m at 8 K and 2x105 A/m at 0 K. Calculate the
transition temperature of the element.
11. The transition temperature for lead is 7.26 K. The maximum critical field for the material
is 8x105 A/M. Lead has to be used as a superconductor subjected to a magnetic field of
4x104 A/M. What precaution will have to be taken?
12. The critical field for a superconducting material is 2x104 A/m at 10K and 4x104 A/m at 0
K. Calculate critical temperature of the metal.
13. At what temperature is the critical field strength is 0.1 times critical field strength at
absolute zero for Pb having Tc=7.2K?
14. A superconducting material has a critical temperature of 3.7K in zero magnetic field of
0.0306 tesla at 0K. Find the critical field at 2K.
15. A superconducting material has a critical temperature of 4 K at zero magnetic field of
0.0306 tesla at 0K. Find the critical field at 2K.
16. For a specimen of superconductor, the critical fields are 1.4x105 and 4.2x105 A/m
respectively for temperature 1.4K and 1.3Krespectively .Calculate the transition
temperature and critical fields at 0K and 4.2K.
17. Calculate the critical current which is required to change a superconducting wire of
radius 2mm into normal conductor. Given that transition temperature is equal to 3K and
corresponding critical magnetic field is equal to 4 tesla.
18. Calculate the critical current which can flow through a long thin superconducting wire of
diameter 10-3m. Given Hc=7.9X103 A/m.
19. Determine the critical current and critical current density for a superconducting ring of
diameter 10-3m at temperature of 4.2K. Given the critical temperature for the sample is
7.18K and critical magnetic field at 0K is 6.5x104 A/m.
20. The critical temperature for Hg with isotopic mass 199.5 is 4.185K.What will be its
critical temperature when its isotopic mass is increased to 203.4.
21. The isotopic mass of particular isotope of superconducting material is 0.90 times the
isotopic mass of the isotope .Calculate the ratio of their critical temperature.
22. The critical temperature of a superconductor 1.19K with mass 26.91.Determine the
critical temperature when the isotopic mass changes to 32.13.
23. The critical temperature of lead is 7.2K. Determine the penetration depth in lead at 5.1K
if the penetration depth at 0K is 380Å.
24. Determine the penetration depth in mercury at 0K,if the critical temperature of mercury
is 4.2K and the penetration depth is 57nm at 2.9K.
25. Determine the critical temperature of aluminium if the penetration depth for aluminium
is 16nm and 96nm at 2.18K and 8.1K respectivel
26. The penetration depth of mercury at 3.5Kis about 750Å .Find the penetration depth at
0K. Given Tc for mercury is 4.153K.
27. The London penetration depth of a superconductor is equal to 30nm at 0K of the
temperature. If the temperature is increased to 4K from 0K, then find the percentage
increase in the penetration depth. Given that Tc= 8K.

13
28. Calculate the value of penetration depth at 0K for lead whose density =11.3x103 kg/m3
and atomic weight =207.19.Given the critical temperature of lead is 7.20K.

NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Problems
4
1. Determine the binding energy and binding energy/nucleon in Joule and MeV for 2 He
nucleus (Given:- Mass of proton= 1.007826 amu, Mass of neutron= 1.008665 amu, Mass
4
of 2 He nucleus= 4.002604amu)
7
2. What is the binding energy/nucleon in MeV for 3 Li nuclide? (Given:- Mass of proton=
7
1.00814 amu, Mass of neutron= 1.008665 amu, Mass of 3 Li nucleus= 7.01822 amu)
56
3. Determine the binding energy and binding energy/nucleon in MeV for 26 Fe nucleus
56
(Given:- Mass of proton= 1.0081 amu, Mass of neutron= 1.0090 amu, Mass of 26 Fe
nucleus= 55.9571amu)
16
4. The atomic mass of 8 O is amu. Find out its binding energy per nucleon if Mass of
proton= 1.007593 amu, Mass of neutron= 1.008982 amu)
5. Determine the Q value of the following nuclear reaction hence comment on its type the
reaction – 1 H  3 Li  2 He  2 He +Q (Given:- Mass of 1 H = 1.00814 amu, Mass of
1 7 4 4 1

He nucleus= 4.00387,Mass of 37 Li nucleus= 7.01822 amu)


4
2
6. Determine the Q value of the following nuclear reaction hence comment on its type the
reaction- 2 He  7 N  8 O + 1 H  Q (Given:- Mass of 1 H = 1.00814 amu, Mass of 2 He
4 14 17 1 1 4

14 17
= 4.00387, Mass of 7 N = 14.00753 amu, Mass of 8 O = 17.00450 amu)
7. Determine the Q value of the following nuclear reaction hence comment on its type the
 17 O 1 H 
reaction- 7 N  2 He
14 4 1
8 +1 Q (Given:- Mass of 1 H = 1.008142 amu, Mass of
He = 4.003837,Mass of 147 N = 14.007515 amu, Mass of 178 O = 17.004533amu)
4
2
8. Calculate the Q value of the following nuclear reactions, hence state their types
 23 Na 4 He  222 Rn 4 He
+Q (Given:- Mass of Al =26.98153
27 226
i) 13 Al 11 +2 +Q ii) 88 Ra 86 +2
amu, Mass of Na = 22.98977 amu, Mass of He = 4.00260 amu. Mass of Ra
=226.0254amu, Mass of Rn = 222.0175 amu)
9. Find the energy released by 1 gm atom of U235 during the fission in Joules and MeV.
(Given:- Energy released in the fission of one U235 atom = 200 MeV)
10. If 3.6 gms of Uranium be completely converted into energy, how many kilowatts of
energy be obtained from it?
11. Calculate the energy in kWh released by fission of 10 gm of U235 (Given: The energy
released per fission of U235 is 200 MeV and Avogadro number is 6.025x 1026 per kg)
12. Calculate the energy in kWh released by fission of 2 gm of U235 (Given: The energy
released per fission of U235 is 200 MeV and Avogadro number is 6.025x 1026 per kg)
13. Assuming that 200 MeV of energy is released per fission of uranium atom find the number
of fission per second required to release one kilowatt power.
14. A neutron breaks down into a proton and an electron .Calculate the energy produced in
this reaction in MeV. (Given: Mass of an electron =9X10-31kg. Mass of proton
=1.6747X10-27kg).
15. Find the amount of energy produced in joules due to fission of 1 gm of uranium assuming
that 0.1 % of mass is transferred into energy. (Given: Mass of Uranium = 235 amu.
Avogadro number is 6.025x 1026 per kg).
16. How much energy would a γ ray photon have if it is to split an alpha particle into tritium
and proton?.
14
17. A tritium gas is bombarded with a beam of protons of kinetic energy 3 MeV. Determine
the Q value of the following reaction

Given:
18. Calculate the binding energy of Helium nucleus.
19. Find the Q value of the reaction

GIven:

15

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