Operational Framework -> This is recorded.

Wednesday, February 10, 2016 7:32 AM

It is for you to know what to do for the data gathering and analysis. The operational
framework is found in Chapter Three, the title of which is Research Methodology. It is
distinguished from Research Design. When we speak of methodology, this refers to
the specifics of:

• Where [locale or environment of the study. It cannot be a choice of many. Part

of the locale is the question of why. It is overarching to the other parts of the
methodology. You have to make a justification or rationalization of your
choices of where and etc. You cannot have a guessing game as to where
you're going to get your data. Why are you choosing this place? You have to
include a map if applicable].

• Who [Respondents. International Perception is Accessible to you. [Miss Bren]

Expert opinion to comment on how your framework works and how your
analysis works. This will have to be validated by and expert. That expert should
be defined by the who. Who = Andrew Masigan? Lol. Include the criteria of
your respondents. You will only look for respondents who qualify for your criteria.
These should be very specific. Who do we see as experts?]

• When [The timeframe. Will you cover the last ten years? The last five years? So
you'll know who to ask.] The timeframe is very material.

• How [Instruments = Questionnaire, Opinionnaire [is there even such a term?

Lol], Tests, Interview/Focus Group Discussion Guides, Checklists, Matrices, and
etc. These are to be developed by you]. Plus Procedure [Data gathering and
treatment of data] How to ask or how to extract the data. Your methods/tools.
What instrument will you use in order to gather the data or extract the
information. An inappropriate instrument will result in inappropriate data.

Problem statement -------------> Theoretical Framework

There is a need for you to distinguish whether your source is your data source or your
literature source.
_____

Theoretical Where, who, when, and how.

Where: ASEAN. Increasing integration or regionalization. Philippines's need to stay on

top of competition.

Miss Bren Quotes: Whether it's fair or not to settle with ASEAN and to refocus ASEAN
to see competitiveness efforts. Philippine governments may not have been eyeing
ASEAN. You have to trace a little back to the NCC. You have to place your variables
properly. It should be relevant to the study.

Thesis Adviser Quote: [The NCC does not define who its competitors are. The
question should already have been addressed during the topic approval] We do
not brand ourselves according to our competitor! Closest in growth is Indonesia,
Vietnam, Malaysia more or less. Burma and Cambodia is behind us. Thailand is a
different governance.

• You will use the conceptual framework as a basis for your operational
framework. In a matrix of 7 columns, identify the following in preparation in
chapter three.

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 • First column is objectives. second column, variables. Third column,
measurement [your form of measurement]. Fourth, what data will you collect
for such specific variable and specific objective. Fifth column, what is your data
source [state from where or from whom will you get the data source]? Sixth,
instrument based on the literature review you had. From whom and why?
[Justify why]. Seventh, you give your own remarks. Is this enough to answer my
objectives?

DEADLINE: FRIDAY!z

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Chapter 3 - Methodology
Wednesday, February 17, 2016 7:52 AM

Quantitative vs. Qualitative

- Quantitative must be statistically treated. For all you know, you're using
numbers as codes, not as values.

- Different on the nature of data they gather. Quantitative concentrates on

measurements. Theory dictates how data is and what is to be collected.

- If there is a scale of 1-7, there is a rationale of why it is from 1-7.

Qualitative

- Collects primary data intended to generate hypotheses -- Theory

- Involves personal accounts, unstructured interviews, and participant

observation in order to understand the reason for people's attitudes,
preferences, or behaviors.

Hypothetico-deductive Ethnographic-inductive logic

logic
Read first [literature review]
Develop an idea
[theoretical framework]
Go and gather evidence
[data collection methods]
Test it [findings]
See if you were right in the
first place [discussion]
Read first [literature review]
Gain experience, participate, listen, record
experiences, and data [ethnographic description]
Describe the theoretical implications of what you
saw/heard [discussion and theory building]
Explain where you were and how you went about
your task of understanding [background to the
study].

Research Design vs. Research Methodology

Research Design Research Methodology

Focuses on the end product. What Focuses on the research process and t/he
kind of study is being planned and kind of tools and procedures to be used.
what kind of results are aimed at.
E.G> Document analysis, survey methods,
E.G. Historical-comparative study, analysis of existing secondary data/statistics
interpretive approach, or exploratory etc.
study, inductive and deductive etc.
Point of departure [driven by] = Point of departure driven by = specific tasks
research problem or question [data collection or sampling] at hand.
Focuses on the logic of research: Focuses on the individual [not linear] steps in
What evidence is required to address the research process and the most
the question adequately? 'objective' [unbiased] procedures to be
employed.

Varieties of Design

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Question Question Examples
Type
Exploratory What is the case? What What are the critical success factors of a
Questions are the key factors? profitable company?
What are the distinguishing features of a
good leader?
What are the reasons for the carnage on
South African roads?
Descriptive How many? What is the How many people died of AIDS in South
Questions incidence of x? Are x and Africa last year? Is there a correlation
y related? between parental support and scholastic
achievement?
Causal Why? What are the What are the main causes of malnutrition
Questions causes of y? in a rural community?
Is smoking the main cause of lung
cancer?
Evaluative What was the outcome Has the new TB awareness program
Questions of x? Has P been produced a decline in reportable TB
successful? cases?
Has the introduction of a new refrigeration
technology led to a more cost-effective
production?
Predictive What will the effect of x What effect will the introduction of a new
Questions be on y? antibiotic have on population P?
Historical What led to y What caused the demise of socialism in
Questions happening? What were Central Europe during the late eighties?
the events that led up to What led NATO countries to decide to
y? What caused y? start aerial bombing of Kosovo?

WANT TO MAKE A GENERALIZATION? OR GENERATE A SPECIFIC, COMPLEX-BASED,

GROUP-BASED CONCLUSION?

➢ IDIOGRAPHIC STUDY. Nation brand strategies in the Philippines is contextual.

- Qualitative Methods.
- Content Analysis.
- Case Study [Direct]
- Historical Study [Documentary]

You can use documents and your study is typological [hmmm.]

INTRODUCE RESEARCH DESIGN IN TWO PARAGRAPHS NOT MORE THAN 1O-15

SENTENCES.

No other source but to use documentary sources. TYPOLOGICAL STUDY WITH A

GERNERALIZATIONS. You can do content analysis on speeches but in a
particular time in the past but to generalize types. You can review speeches,
proclamations, or simulations [like representation of idea or concept]. It is on
gestures. Uso pa ba daw magmano ka?

CRUCIAL POINT: CHOICE OF LITERATURE. HOW SURE ARE YOU THAT YOU HAVE
CHOSEN THE APPROPRIATE LITERATURE?

DISSECT THE THEORY. GET THE COMPONENTS OF THE THEORY AND HOW THE
CONCEPTS ARE RELATED TO EACH OTHER.

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Research Methodology - Chapter 3 #2
Friday, February 19, 2016 7:57 AM

Document analysis should look into similarly structured documents. There are good
sources.

Locale of the Study

➢ Explains the relevance of the environment and its importance to the study at
hand.

➢ It is necessary to include the details of the environment/locale for the readers

to have a grasp of the context of the study chosen.

Research Respondents

➢ A portion specifying the target respondents of the study.

➢ This section explains the nature and characteristics of the respondents, which
will help the readers in understanding to whom is the study conducted and
the projected relevance.

➢ Includes the manner of deriving the chosen number of respondents.

Respondents and Sampling

➢ Population is the universe of the study consisting of all the elements

considered for the study.

➢ It is the group to which the researcher would like to generalize, examples:

• All Legislators in the Philippines
• All Charcoal makers in Cebu

➢ Some population frames are finite, some are infinite.

• Senators of the 13th Congress
• All Legislators of the World

➢ Factors Considered in Selecting a Population

• Objectives of the study
• Availability of the Data
• Nature of Research
• Variables to be measured, assessed or associated
• Inferences to be made [finite, representative S]

➢ What is a Sample
• Sub-aggregate drawn from the population; a portion of the population.

➢ Regardless of the sampling technique, the steps are:

• Identify the population
• Determine the required sample size
• Select the sample.

➢ Slovin's [196O] Formula to determine sample size:

N = N/1+Ne^2

n= sample size
N = population size

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 N = population size
E = Derived margin of error

• Error is the percentage allowable for non-precision since a sample is used

instead of a population. This formula is one of the easiest and most
convenient to use in determining size of the sample.

➢ Gay [1976] offers some minimum acceptable sample sizes depending on the
type of researches:
- Descriptive research, 1O% of the population; 2O% for small population.
- Correlation research, 3O subjects
- Ex post facto/causal, 15 subjects per group.
- Experimental, 15 [3O better]

➢ Sampling Techniques
• Probability
- All the elements in the population frame has an equal chance of being
selected. PS are random or representative samples of the population. Findigns
can be used to ifner the chracteristics of the population; findings move valid
- Simple random sampling
- Systematic sampling with a random start
- Stratified random sample
- Cluster sample
- Multi-stage sample

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