EXPERIMENT NO.

10

OBJECTIVES: Study of logic gates – AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EX-OR, EX-NOR and to
verify their truth tables.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: IC 7432 (OR Gate), IC 7408 (AND gate), IC 7404 (NOT Gate), IC
7402 (NOR Gate), IC 7400 (NAND Gate) IC 7486 (XOR Gate), , bread-board, power-supply,
connecting cables.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND: Logic gates are the basic building blocks of all complex
digital circuits. The term gate is used to describe a circuit that performs a basic logic operation.
Because integrated circuits are used in all applications, the logic function of a device is of great
importance to the technologist.

A logic gate is comprised of two or more inputs and one output. The logic input is an electrical
signal either at 0 or at 1 level.
AND GATE: For a 2-input AND gate, output X is high when all of the inputs (A and B) are
high; X is low if either A or B, or both, A and B are low. So the basic purpose of an AND gate is
to determine when certain conditions are simultaneously true. The standard logic symbol for the
AND gate and the truth table listing all the input combinations with the corresponding outputs
are given below:-

A A B X
X
0 0 0
B 0 1 0

7408 1 0 0
1 1 1

The Boolean expression for the AND function is: X = AB

OR GATE: For a 2-input OR gate, output X is high if either input A or B is high or if both A
and B are high; X is low if both A and B are low. The Boolean expression for the OR function is
X= A+B. The logic symbol for the OR gate and the truth table is as given below:-
 A B X

0 0 0
A X 0 1 1
B
1 0 1
1 1 1
7432

NOT GATE: This gate performs the operation of inversion i.e. when the input is low, the output
is high; and when the input is high, output is low, thereby producing an inverted output pulse.
The Boolean expression for the NOT function is X = A , i.e. output is the complement of input.

A X
A X
0 1

7404 1 0

NAND GATE: It is a universal gate that can be used to perform the AND, OR and inverter
operations. It is an AND gate followed by an inverter. For a 2-input NAND gate, output X is
low, if inputs A and B are high; X is high if either A or B is low, or if both A and B are low. The
Boolean expression for the output of a 2-input NAND gate is: X = AB .

A A B X
X

0 0 1
B 0 1 1
7400
1 0 1
1 1 0

NOR GATE: This gate can also be used as a universal gate. The term NOR implies an OR
function with an inverted output. For a 2- input NOR gate, output X is low, if either input A or
input B or both A and B are high; X is high if both A and B are low. The Boolean expression for
the output of a 2-input NOR gate is: X = A + B .
 A B X
A X
0 0 1

B 0 1 0
1 0 0
7402
1 1 0

XOR GATE: The output of an exclusive – OR gate is high if input A is low and input B is high,
or if input A is high and B is low i.e. when the two inputs are at opposite logic levels. X is low if
A and B are both high or both low. The Boolean expression for the output of a 2-input XOR gate
is: X =. A ⊕ B .

A B X
A
X
0 0 0
B 0 1 1
1 0 1
7486
1 1 0

XNOR GATE: The output of an exclusive-NOR gate is low if input A is low and input B is
high, or if input A is high and B is low i.e. when the two inputs are at opposite logic levels. X is
high if A and B are both high or both low. The Boolean expression for the output of a 2-input
XNOR gate is: X = AΘB .

A B X

A
X 0 0 1
0 1 0
B
1 0 0
1 1 1

PROCEDURE: 1. Insert IC 7432 on the breadboard.

2. Give +5V supply to pin 14 and ground to pin 7.
3. Connect inputs A and B to pins 1 and 2, and output pin 3 to LED.
4. With different combinations of A and B, verify the truth table of OR gate
(apply 0V for logic 0 and 5V for logic 1).
5. Note down the pin diagram of IC 7432.
6. Repeat for other gates.
Observation Tables:

Theoretical Table of the AND gate:

A B Y
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

Observed Table of the AND gate:

A B Y
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

Theoretical Table of the OR gate:

A B Y
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

Observed Table of the OR gate:

A B Y
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

Theoretical Table of the NAND gate:

A B Y
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

Observed Table of the NAND gate:

A B Y
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
 Theoretical Table of the NOR gate:
A B Y
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

Observed Table of the NOR gate:

A B Y
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

Conclusion:
The theoretical and observed truth table match and therefore we have verified the
functional behavior of the logic gates.

RESULT:

EXPERIMENTAL QUIZ: 1.What is universal gates?

2. Which gate is generally used to recognize words that have odd
number of one’s?
3. How can you inhibit an AND gate?
4. Using only NAND gates, realize the NOR logic function.
5. Draw the logical ckt y= ABC(A+D)