Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Section 2.2 #13: Prove that every Cauchy sequence is contained in some
ball centered at the origin.
Section 2.2 #14a: Suppose that {xn } is a sequence of real numbers in the
interval [a, b]. Prove that {xn } has a convergent subsequence.
Proof: Let I0 = [a, b]. Let n0 = 0. Assuming that Ik and nk has been
defined, define Ik+1 and nk+1 as follows: let mk be the midpoint of Ik , lk
the left endpoint of Ik and rk the right endpoint of Ik . If there are
infinitely many n > nk such that xn ∈ [lk , mk ] (i.e. belonging to the left
half of Ik ), the let Ik+1 = [lk , mk ] and choose some nk+1 > nk such that
xnk+1 ∈ Ik+1 . Otherwise, let Ik+1 = [mk , rk ] (i.e. the right half of Ik ) and
choose nk+1 > nk such that xnk+1 ∈ Ik+1 .
I claim that {xnk } → c. Let > 0. Choose K such that (b − a)/2K < .
Notice that for each k, (b − a)/2k is the length of the interval Ik . Therefore,
Proof: By exercise 13, there is an R > 0 such that the Cauchy sequence is
contained in B(0, R). Therefore, the sequence is contained in the larger set
[−R, R] × [−R, R] ⊂ Rl . Each coordinate determines a Cauchy sequence
(why is it Cauchy?), and by 14b, each of the coordinate sequences
converges to some ci ∈ [−R, R] for i = 1, . . . , l. Finally, since a sequence of
vectors converges if and only if each coordinate converges, the original
sequence of vectors converges.
at the point a. Show that whenever a 6= 0 that the linear map Df (a) is a
scalar multiple of a rotation matrix.
Since θ ∈ [0, π], the sine of such an angle is non-negative (hence the
absolute value around b in the following equation); therefore,
p |b|
sin θ = 1 − cos2 θ =
kak
Strategy: Compute the partial derivatives and decide that one (or both)
are not continuous at the origin.
Solution: If (a, b) 6= 0, then
Solution: Observe that both f and g are differentiable. (This follows, for
instance, from the fact that one can easily check that every partial
derivative exists and is continuous, and so f and g belong to the class C 1 .
Therefore, we can apply the chain rule.
3 1 −1
Dg(x, y, z) =
1 z y
Section 3.3 #3: In this problem, you are asked to compute the derivative
of a composite (f ◦ g)0 (t). If the calculation is done correctly, you will find
that this derivative is always equal to zero. If you have trouble obtaining
this answer, look for a way to apply the double angle formula for the sine
function. Since the composite has derivative zero, this means that the
composite function is constant. This can be verified directly by computing
(f ◦ g)(t). (If you did not use the chain rule, then you may have already
done this in the first place.) The constant value is three if you work it out.
You will want to use the half angle formula for the sine function to see this.
Section 3.3 #4: An ant moves along a helical path with trajectory
g(t) = [3 cos t, 3 sin t, 5t]T . At what rate is the ant’s distance from the
origin changing at t = 2π? If the temperature in space is given by
f (x, y, z) = xy + z 2 , at what rate does the ant detect the temperature to
be changing at t = 3π/4?
0
Solution: The p first question asks for the computation of (h ◦ g) (2π), where
h(x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 . The second question asks for the computation
of (f ◦ g)0 (3π/4).
and that
Dg(t) = [−3 sin t, 3 cos t, t]T .
Since g(2π) = [3, 0, 10π]T ,
50π
(h ◦ g)0 (0) = Dh(3, 0, 10π)Dg(0) = √ .
9 + 100π 2
In case (a), the plane has an initial velocity vector of v(0) = [450, 0, 5]T
and has an initial position vector of s(0) = [−3,
√ 0, 4]. √In case (b), the plane
has an initial velocity vector of v(0) = [450/ 2, 450/ T
√ 2, 5] and an initial
position vector of s(0) = [−3.0, 4]. (The factors of 2 arise from the fact
that the ground speed of 450 miles per hour in a Northeasterly direction
decomposes into two components: one in a Northerly direction and one in
an Easterly direction.)
0
p one is being asked to compute (h ◦ s) (0), where
In both cases,
h(x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 measures the distance from the plane to the
tower and s(t) is the position of the plane. Since Ds(0) = v(0), we have
sufficient information to answer these questions if we apply the chain rule:
(h ◦ s)0 (0) = Dh(s(0))Ds(0) = Dh(s(0))v(0).
The derivative of h is computed as in the previous problem. You can check
your answer with the answer in the back of the textbook.
cos θ −r sin θ
fr fθ = fx fy
sin θ r cos θ
Exercise: Show that Laplace’s equation fxx + fyy = 0 has the following
expression in polar coordinates:
∂2f 1 ∂f 1 ∂2f
+ + = 0.
∂r2 r ∂r r2 ∂θ2
So,
∂ ∂f ∂ ∂f ∂f
= cos θ + sin θ
∂r ∂r ∂r ∂x ∂y
∂2f ∂2f 2
2 ∂ f
= cos2 θ + 2 cos θ sin θ + sin θ .
∂x2 ∂x∂x ∂y 2
and it is easy to see that the sum of the two vectors above is D(f × g).