' (a) What characteristics are typical of molecules that are gases at r0om tempera-

/ ture?

(b) Compare and contrast the characteristics of soluble and insoluble rnolecules.

5. Carbohydrates
(c) Describe the general molecular characteristics of mono and
disaccharides.What features account for their high solubility in water?

(d) what element forms the bridge berween the monomers that make up malrose
and sucrose? What molecule was made during the condensation reactions that
formed these disaccharides?

(e) Compare and contrast the overall shapes of cellulose, amylose, and amy-
lopectin. How do their djfferences in structure accourt for their drfferent
biological functions?

(f) what features of cellulose molecules account for both the strength and the
water absorbing qualitres of paper towels?

(g) What type of intermolecular force dominates the interactions of carbohy-

drates and water?

6. Liptds
(h) Describe the general characteristics of all fatty acids.

(i) Compare the shape and molecular structure of saturated and unsaturated
fatty acids. Provide examples to support your description.

(j) What functional groups are involved in the formation of a triglyceride from
glycerol and fatty acids?
 LSM 1.2-3
(k) What is the fundamental difference between a triglyceride and a phospho-
and hydrophilic
lipid? How does this difference account for the hydrophobic
nutur. of the phospholipid nlolecule?

(L) What characteristics of wax,make it well suited to the role of nature's main
waterProo6ng agent?

7. Amtno Acids and Prateins

(m)Compareandcontrastthevarietyofaminoacidswiththatofmonosaccha-
variability?
rides and fatty acids. which group exhibits the greatest structural

(n) How does the molecular structure of urea suit its biological firnction?

(o) Describe the appearance and arrangement of amino acids in a-helix and
B-pleatedsheetregionsofpolypeptides.Whattypeofintermolecularforces
are involved in maintaining protein secondary structure?

(p) Describe and give examples of proteins that have a variety of tertiary
to their bioiogical
structures. Reiate the teitiary ,tru.tur. of these proteins
functions.

(q)\ahatspecialroleisplayedbytheaminoacidcysteine?Howdodrsulfide
bridges influence protein shape and stability?

(continued)

Copyright @ 2003 Nelson

lhemical Basis of Life
 LSM 1.2-3
(r) Do all proteins have quaternary structure? Support your answer with exam-
ples.

8. Nucleotides
(s) Describe the structure of ATP. What rs the primary function of ATP
wrthin
living organisms?

(t) What bases are building blocks of nucleotides within RNA and DNA, respec-
tively.

(u) List some of the structural srmilarities and differences between transfer RNA
and DNA.

(v) How are the bases paired within the DNA double heU-r?What type of bonding is
responsible for the forces maintaining these base pairings and the double hellx?

l lson
Chapter I The Chemrcal Basis of Life 23
 \
\\,\

VIEWING BIOMOLECULES INQUiRY

ASSESSMENT Name
F]LL TN THE BLANIKS FOR THE FOLLOWNG
1'The large linear and highly polar nature
of celiulose makes it both strong and highly
attracted to

il*l:::::t::IT1,p_olvsaccharides with many glucose monomers is very linear and occurs as

a single unbranching chain
3.Hemo8lobiniswe1lsuitedinit'@ofiwithinredb]oodcel1s.Describeits
shape? How many subunits is it mad,e of?

i"i,ll:,l:}:'^rT:'::,:i1^.ystructuretheaminou.ia'u'.uri,m,u,'o
these
lheSe secondary ctnrnfrrrao rr,Li^1^
sec.ondlr-rz structures which are ^rl
^..^ called
^ ^
;; r'"# ;":ff;', * ;: *Tiil], H
-1

5.Circle the group which is the most diu"..F

MONOSACCHARIDES FATTY ACIDS AMNO
ACIDS
6.what element forms the bridge between the
monomers that make up maltose?
7 'what two functional groups are involved -------...----.-_-.----
in the formation of the triglyceride?
8'These bonds are strong and act between
adjacent strands within a polypeptia. uooi"g
strength and stability to the protein structure. iroportu"t
ciue (look ut
;H;**t Name the
"yit"rrr4
q cir.l" th; u.rr*". Does hemoglobin have a quatemary
1O.circle the answer Does scorpion toxin
structure yES
No
have a quut*Lury structure
i 1'This primary energy transferring moiecule
yES
No
in .eils is composed of a ribose sugar, a base
three phosphate groups. What is it? and
12 Circle the answer.A molecul. tt u hkely be ,

em"nt .,",rr'f.;; u,ro ,r,r? ffij;.1; or;1",,

'",
CARBON HYDROGEN l"_::ilgtruru#,
OXYGEN MTROGEN
14.circle the fatty acid that is more highly reduced
and thus has more energy
SATLIRATED TIXSATTNAIEN
i5'circle the answer' If uracil is found in the nucleotid,es
of this nucleic acid is must
DNA RNA
be
16'what chemical is responsibre for the hot pepper
sensation?
L7.The nitrogen bases of DNA are paired
up. miai"ute the -ut.i, a, ua*i*_
18what bonds the nitrogen bases together in
the DNA morecuie?
ll.nirlrjrtdr:::"
as rn ATP or GTp
be used for both informarion storage
",
i;-DNA *^ molecuies
20.If ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate
what does AMp stand for?_
21'This is a very abundant, fibrous, structural
protein found in tendons, ligaments and
tissues'It has a linear tertiary structure many other
and a third kind of seconda, slructure
helix, that account for the molecule's great called atriple
strength Name the molecure_
22'This is a smali hormone protein that helps
regulate blood sugar levels(increases blood
It exhibits a simple arpha herix secondary structure. sugar)
what is it calred?

23'Circle the corect answer Which is soluble

in water POISON n/y STREPTOMYCIN