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INTRODUCTION

Now-a-days electronic voting machines are being used effectively. The confidence of

the voter in its flawless working is gradually building up and these machines are

thus becoming quite popular throughout the country. (Please note that the design

being presented here is not intended to resemble that of electronic voting machines

used by the Election Commission. If any resemblance is noticed between the two, it

is totally unintended.) Features of the electronic voting machines include voidance of

invalid votes and reduction of counting time and the consequent expenditure

incurred on manpower deployment.


HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

The voting machine circuit being described here is designed around Intel’s basic 8085
microprocessor. It has two main units:

(i) Control and processing unit, and

(ii) Keyboard and display unit.

Keyboard and display are interfaced through a general-purpose programmable


peripheral interface PPI) IC 8255. The system monitor programs are stored in 2732 EPROM.
RAM 6116 is used for storing counts and a portion of it is also used as stack. IC 74LS373
(octal D-type latch) is used for segregating he lower order address bits from multiplexed
address/data bus of 8085. Two of the higher order bits are decoded by 74LS138 to generate
chip select signals for IC4 through IC6. To get an overview of the voting machine, we shall
start with the explanation of the functional switches.

Start switch (S48): When the circuit is initially powered on, it is in reset state due to
the auto reset facility. If we want to activate the system, we press the ‘start’ button. This
causes the SCR to conduct and take RS pin 36 of 8085 to logic ‘high’. As a result 8085
microprocessor becomes active. In this state, the microprocessor will execute the booting
program (starting at location/address 0000H).

Clear switch (S52): This switch is used for clearing the previous count in memory.
When pressed, the RST 5.5 interrupt starting at location 002CH is activated. Here the vector
(0100H) pointing to the sub-routine for clearing the memory contents is stored.

Display switch (S50): This switch activates RST 7.5 interrupt (location 003CH)
containing vector for executing ‘display routine’ used for displaying the count of the votes
polled by any candidate. If one wants to see the count of a specific candidate, ‘display’
switch is pressed first, followed by the depression of the switch on the keyboard allocated to
the specific candidate.

Count switch (S51): This switch activates RST 6.5 interrupt (location 0034H,
containing the jump address 00B6 for count subroutine) for activating the microprocessor to
accept only one vote for a candidate, by depressing the keyboard switch allocated to that
candidate.

Reset switch (S49): If any malfunctioning is observed during the operation of the
voting machine, the RESET switch can be used to shut down the system. This voting
machine has the capability to handle up to 48 candidates. Each switch on the keyboard
represents one specific candidate. If one does not need all the 48 switches, only the required
number of switches needs to be wired. The remaining keyboard switches can be done away
with. In this unit, LED D4 is used to indicate that the system is ready for accepting the next
(one) vote.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:

SEMICONDUCTORS:
IC1 - 8085A microprocessor
IC2 - 74LS373 octal latch
IC3 - 74LS138 decoder/demultiplexer
IC4 - 27C32 EEPROM
IC5 - 6116A RAM
IC6 - 82C55 programmable peripheral interface
IC7 - 74LS47, BCD to 7-segment decoder/driver
IC8 - 7805, +5V regulator
T1-T4 - BC547 npn transistor
D1, D3 - 1N4001 rectifier diode
D2, D4 - Colour LED
SCR1 - BT169

RESISTORS (ALL ¼W, ±5% METAL CARBON FILM, UNLESS STATED OTHERWISE)
R1-R3 - 330-ohm
R4-R11 - 3.3-kilo-ohm
R12 - 47-ohm
R13, R22, R23 - 2.2-kilo-ohm
R14 - 680-ohm
R15-R21 - 68-ohm

CAPACITORS:
C1 - 10pF ceramic disc
C2 - 0.1µF ceramic disc

MISCELLANEOUS:
Xtal - 3.58MHz crystal
S53 - On/off switch
S0-S52 - Tactile switch
P21 - Piezo buzzer
DIS1-DIS4 - LT542 common-anode display
4.5V battery
OPERATING PROCEDURE

1. Switch ‘on’ the power, using switch S53.


2. Press ‘start’ button.
3. A software-based security feature has been added in this system which requires
one to enter the password digits via the keyboard for getting access to the machine
for its operation. (The maximum length of password is seven digits, but it can be
changed by adjusting some values in the system software.) At present, only three-
digit password is used. If the password digits entered via keyboard equal the
password stored in the EPROM, LED D2 glows to give access for operation of the
machine.
4. If the entered password is incorrect, press RESET button (S49) and proceed again
from the first step.
5. Clear the previous content of count memory by pressing ‘clear’ button (S52).
Clearance of memory is indicated by symbol ‘:’ in the display.
6. Now press ‘count’ switch S51. The display of symbol ‘*’ and the glowing of LED
D4 would mean that the system is ready for accepting one vote. (Please note that the
‘count’ switch is placed under the control of electoral staff so that it is satisfied with
the identity of the voter before allowing him/her to cast his/her vote.)
7. Now, the voter can cast his/her vote by pressing the appropriate keyboard switch
allocated to the candidate of his/her choice. The acceptance of the vote by the system
is acknowledged by a beep sound as well as the display of the ‘[ ’ symbol in the
display and ‘off’ condition of LED D4.
8. Steps 6 and 7 have to be repeated for casting a fresh vote.
9. If the count of any particular candidate’s votes (count) is needed to be displayed,
press ‘display’ switch and then the switch corresponding to the specific candidate on
the keyboard.
10. Reset the system.
11. Switch ‘off’ the system.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE

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