Ses-Cdegs 2k - Fftses

USER’S MANUAL
August 2000
FFTSES USER’S MANUAL
Prepared by:
Safe Engineering Services & technologies ltd.

1544 Viel, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3M 1G4
Tel.: (514) 336-2511 Fax: (514) 336-6144
Email: support@sestech.com
The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by Safe
Engineering Services & technologies ltd. Safe Engineering Services & technologies ltd assumes no responsibility for any
errors that may appear in this document.
The software described in this document is furnished under a license and may be used or copied only in accordance with the
terms of such license.
 Safe Engineering Services & technologies ltd. 1993-2000

All Rights Reserved
REVISION RECORD
DATE VERSION/REVISION
May 1993 Version 1 at Revision Level 0
May 1995 Version 2 at Revision Level 0
August 1995 Version 2 at Revision Level 1
November 1997 Version 2 at Revision Level 2
December 1998 Version 7 at Revision Level 0
January 2000 Version 8 at Revision Level 0
August 2000 Version 9 at Revision Level 0
VSS:/Helpdev/Manuals/Fftses/Fftses.doc
Address comments concerning this manual to:
Safe Engineering Services & technologies ltd.

___________________________________________
1544 Viel, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3M 1G4
Tel.: (514) 336-2511 FAX: 336-6144
Email: support@sestech.com
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1-1

1.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................................................1-1
1.2 OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................1-1
1.2.1 FORWARD FFT ............................................................................................................................1-1
1.2.2 RUNNING OTHER SOFTWARE WITH FFTSES .........................................................................1-2
1.2.3 INVERSE FFT ...............................................................................................................................1-2
1.3 APPLICATIONS OF FFTSES TO POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENT ANALYSES .....................................1-2
1.4 SPECIAL FEATURES OF FFTSES ...........................................................................................................1-3
1.5 PREPARING INPUT DATA........................................................................................................................1-4
1.6 COMPUTATION RESULTS AND PLOT GENERATION...........................................................................1-5
1.6.1 USER-READABLE OUTPUT ........................................................................................................1-5
1.6.2 GRAPHICS OUTPUT ....................................................................................................................1-5
1.6.3 STORAGE FILE, COMPUTATION DATABASE FILE, AND FREQUENCY
RECOMMENDATION FILE ...........................................................................................................1-6
1.6.4 DATABASE FILES GENERATED BY SIRPS ...............................................................................1-6
1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THIS MANUAL ........................................................................................................1-6
1.8 REFERENCES ...........................................................................................................................................1-7
2 USING FFTSES FOR A TRANSIENT ANALYSIS ............................................................. 2-1
2.1 THE FREQUENCY-DOMAIN APPROACH................................................................................................2-1
2.2 MAIN STEPS IN A TRANSIENT STUDY...................................................................................................2-1
2.3 ADVANCED FEATURES IN AUTOMATED DATA EXTRACTION ...........................................................2-6
2.4 PRECAUTIONS REGARDING THE BUILDING OF FFTSES DATABASE INPUT FILES USING
SIRPS .........................................................................................................................................................2-8
2.5 OUTLINE OF OTHER INPUT DATA REQUIREMENTS ...........................................................................2-9
3 FFTSES INPUT COMMAND FILES................................................................................... 3-1
3.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................3-1
3.2 THE FFTSES INPUT COMMAND LANGUAGE ........................................................................................3-1
3.3 FFTSES COMMAND HIERARCHY ...........................................................................................................3-1
3.4 TEMPLATE FFTSES COMMAND INPUT FILE ........................................................................................3-2
4 PRACTICAL EXAMPLES .................................................................................................. 4-1
4.1 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS WITH HIFREQ, SIRPS AND FFTSES...............................................................4-1
4.1.1 SPECTRUM ANALYSIS OF THE LIGHTNING SURGE USING FORWARD FFT .......................4-1
4.1.2 FREQUENCY-DOMAIN COMPUTATIONS AT RECOMMENDED FREQUENCIES....................4-4
4.1.3 EXTRACTION OF SYSTEM RESPONSES ..................................................................................4-4
FFTSES Page iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT’D)
Page
4.1.4 INVERSE FFT ...............................................................................................................................4-7

4.1.5 NUMERICAL RESULTS FROM INVERSE FFT............................................................................4-9
4.2 INVERSE FFT WITH MANUAL DATA EXTRACTION ..............................................................................4-9
APPENDIX A DEFAULTS SETTINGS.................................................................................. A-1
APPENDIX B DEFAULT NAMES AND LOGICAL UNIT ASSIGNMENTS ........................... B-1
APPENDIX C STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF COMMANDS ................................ C-1
C.1 FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................. C-1
C.2 COMMAND FORMAT AND SYNTAX....................................................................................................... C-1
C.3 SHORTHAND FORMS.............................................................................................................................. C-2
C.4 HIERARCHY OF COMMANDS................................................................................................................. C-2
C.5 STANDARD COMMANDS ........................................................................................................................ C-2
C.6 SPECIFICATION COMMANDS ................................................................................................................ C-3
APPENDIX D LIGHTNING SURGE PARAMETERS ............................................................ D-1
D.1 DETERMINATION OF THE PARAMETERS ............................................................................................ D-1
D.2 TYPICAL VALUES FOR THE DOUBLE EXPONENTIAL PARAMETERS .............................................. D-3
D.2.1 LOW-AMPLITUDE STROKE........................................................................................................ D-3
D.2.2 MEDIUM-AMPLITUDE STROKE ................................................................................................. D-4
D.2.3 HIGH-AMPLITUDE STROKE ....................................................................................................... D-4
D.2.4 EXTREME-AMPLITUDE STROKE............................................................................................... D-5
APPENDIX E THE SINGLE CAPACITOR DISCHARGE TRANSIENT ................................ E-1
APPENDIX F THE DOUBLE CAPACITOR DISCHARGE TRANSIENT................................F-1
FFTSES Page iv
TABLE OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 2.1 Main Steps in Transient Analysis........................................................................................................................... 2-2

Table 2.1 Date Entities Grouped Together for the Purpose of Simplifying SIRPS Data Extraction. .................................... 2-6
Figure 4.1 Conductor Network and Layout of Observation Point Profiles ............................................................................. 4-1
Figure 4.2 Lightning Transient Excitation of the Network: Double Exponential Function .................................................... 4-2
Printout 4.1 FFTSES Input File for the Forward FFT Operation................................................................................... 4-3
Printout 4.2 (a) Recommended “Critical Frequencies” Listed Near End of FT_JobID.F09 Output File............................ 4-3
Printout 4.2 (b) Part of Frequency Recommendation File (FT_JobID.F27) ........................................................................ 4-4
Printout 4.3 First HIFREQ Input File, HI_KEN1.F05.................................................................................................... 4-5
Printout 4.4 Second HIFREQ Input File, HI_KEN2.F05................................................................................................ 4-6
Printout 4.5 CSIRPS Input for FFTSES Database Input File Construction.................................................................... 4-7
Printout 4.6 CSIRPS Input for Segment GPR Extraction ................................................................................................ 4-7
Figure 4.3 Scalar Potential along Profile 3: Time-Domain Response.................................................................................... 4-8
Figure 4.4 Scalar Potential along Profile 4: Time-Domain Response.................................................................................... 4-8
Printout 4.7 Input File for Inverse FFT Operation: Scalar Potentials at Points 1-10, Profiles 3-4 ............................... 4-9
Printout 4.8 Time-Domain Responses in Numerical Form (file FT_COMBI.F85) ....................................................... 4-11
Printout 4.9 FFTSES Command Language Input File for Inverse FFT on Potentials at Point (85,-21,0): Manual
Specification of Frequency Spectrum .................................................................................................................. 4-12
Figure 4.5 Time-Domain Response of Scalar Potential at Point (85,-21,0).......................................................................... 4-13
Figure D.1A Typical Lightning Pulse......................................................................................................................................D-2
Figure E.1 Serial Single Capacitor Discharge Circuit ............................................................................................................ E-1
Figure E.2 Time-Domain Transient from a Single Capacitor Discharge Circuit.................................................................... E-2
Figure F.1 Double Capacitor Discharge Circuit..................................................................................................................... F-1
Figure F.2 Time-Domain Transient from a Double Capacitor Discharge Circuit .................................................................. F-2
FFTSES Page v
Chapter 1 Introduction
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
FFTSES is a Fast Fourier Transform software module designed to help CDEGS users perform
frequency-domain transient analysis using frequency-domain software such as MALZ, HIFREQ and
SPLITS. FFTSES can fetch the results computed by HIFREQ and MALZ in an automated way through
Input Toolbox or SIRPS, reducing significantly the time and labor required for a typical transient
analysis.
Throughout the whole manual, we will refer to files by their logical units and their filenames on the PC.
For their naming conventions on UNIX and VMS platforms, please refer to Appendix B of this manual.
1.2 OVERVIEW
FFTSES performs essentially two functions: a forward FFT operation and an inverse FFT operation.
1.2.1 Forward FFT

In the forward FFT operation, you can describe the input waveform (in the time domain) in one of two
ways: you can invoke one of several built-in functions or you can enter values of the waveform as a
function of time, i.e., time samples. The built-in functions are characteristic of lightning surges or
transients associated with capacitor discharges. The user-specified time samples allow you to describe
any waveform.
As a result of the forward FFT operation, FFTSES generates plots of the waveform in the time and
frequency domains and lists the corresponding values in the printout. In addition, FFTSES provides a list
of recommended frequencies which best characterize the waveform's frequency spectrum. You can use
this list, for example, to determine at which frequencies to energizea grounding system with the MALZ
or HIFREQ software. You can then use FFTSES to compute the inverse FFT of the grounding system
responses at all these frequencies, yielding the behavior of the grounding system in the time domain.
This behavior can be expressed in terms of touch voltages, magnetic fields, and other physical quantities.
FFTSES reads and stores data in database files to spare you the trouble of moving data from one
program output to the next program’s input. For example, when FFTSES completes a forward FFT
operation, it stores the frequency spectrum of the waveform in a database file, which it can subsequently
recognize and read during an inverse FFT operation, if you use the same job id as in the forward FFT
operation.
FFTSES Page 1-1

1.2.2 Running Other Software With FFTSES

After you have performed a forward FFT operation with FFTSES, the next step is to run a frequency-
domain software module such as MALZ or HIFREQ, running simulations at each of the frequencies
recommended by FFTSES. It is important that you use a unit energization with a zero phase angle for
each simulation. For example, if the waveform processed by the forward FFT represents an injection
current into a grounding system, then you must specify a 1 Ampere injection current with a zero phase
angle in each simulation.
After you have run the frequency-domain software for all frequencies of interest, the next step is to fill
the FFTSES input database files with the computed data. This is normally done by using the database
management functionality in the Input Toolbox for FFTSES. Alternatively, you can use the Output
Toolbox for MALZ or HIFREQ to export the results to the FFTSES database. You could also use the
EXPORT and PROCEED-EXTRACT functions of the SIRPS plot and report generating software to the
same effect. This step will extract computation results from the database files created by the frequency-
domain software and export them to the FFTSES database files for subsequent use in the inverse FFT
operation. Considerable amounts of data can be transferred easily and rapidly in this way.
1.2.3 Inverse FFT

In the inverse FFT operation, FFTSES reads frequency domain data from the database files which have
been filled in the previous step, modulates each frequency component in accordance with the frequency
spectrum of the waveform originally processed by the forward FFT operation (and stored in another
database file, as described above), then performs the inverse FFT operation of the resulting modulated
waveform. Plots and printouts of the following are generated: the unmodulated system response (i.e.,
frequency spectrum) read from the database files filled by SIRPS, its modulation by the frequency
spectrum of the energizing waveform originally processed by the forward FFT, and the time domain
response corresponding to this modulated spectrum.
To the extent that you have exported the different available physical quantities into the FFTSES database
files using SIRPS, these quantities are available for processing by the inverse FFTSES operation.
1.3 APPLICATIONS OF FFTSES TO POWER SYSTEM

TRANSIENT ANALYSES
When a transient current such as a lightning surge strikes a facility with metallic structures (i.e., a
building, a substation, a tower, etc.), the following safety concerns often need to be addressed:
1. Excessive values of touch and step voltages which may be dangerous to personnel.
2. Excessive electromagnetic field strength which can result in equipment damage.
It is therefore very important to predict the spatial and temporal distributions of the scalar potential and
the electromagnetic fields during such a strike.
FFTSES Page 1-2

The FFTSES program, together with frequency-domain computation software such as HIFREQ or
MALZ, can provide accurate solutions to both spatial and temporal distributions of the scalar potential
and electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of metallic structures subjected to a transient surge excitation.
These solutions allow one to design grounding systems so that touch and step voltages do not exceed
acceptable limits. They also help minimize equipment damage by indicating where to relocate equipment
such that the electromagnetic field strength is relatively low; this avoids unnecessary over-design due to
otherwise conservative approaches involving lowering the overall level of electromagnetic fields
throughout the whole installation.
1.4 SPECIAL FEATURES OF FFTSES

In addition to the standard Fast Fourier Transformation subroutines existing in many software libraries,
the program FFTSES contains numerous input diagnosis and automated data manipulation features.
These tools are designed to simplify the carrying out of a practical transient analysis project and help
users with limited hands-on experience with Fourier transformation techniques.
The features of FFTSES are summarized as follows:
1. Input Data Diagnosis Features in Forward and Inverse FFT
FFTSES examines the data entered for the forward and the inverse FFT operations and warns the
user about any inappropriate data entered. For example, the “time-domain transient shape
analysis algorithms” in the forward FFT warn the user about any inappropriate number of data
points specified and the possible loss of information if the time-domain input samples are non-
uniformly distributed, etc.
2. Smart Frequency Spectrum Sample Selection for Acceleration of Computation
One of the most attractive features of FFTSES is its smart “Frequency Spectrum Sample
Selection Process”. In the forward FFT operation, this process automatically selects a small
subset of critical frequencies from the full spectrum of the input signal. These frequencies are
chosen so that the original time-domain input signal can be approximately recovered (by an
inverse Fourier transform) from a knowledge of the spectrum at those frequencies, with the help
of interpolation techniques. The time-domain system response can then be obtained by running
the frequency-domain software only at these “critical frequencies” and interpolating for the
intermediate frequencies. This approach reduces the computation time of a transient analysis by a
few orders of magnitudes compared to the conventional "full spectrum frequency analysis", in
which the frequency-domain software is run at all the frequencies in the spectrum.
FFTSES Page 1-3

3. Automated Data Transfer among Different CDEGS Modules
In the inverse FFT operation, FFTSES can read the database files created by HIFREQ or MALZ
directly, reducing significantly the time and labor required to generate a time-domain response
from the frequency domain computation results.
4. Resonance Detection Algorithm in Inverse FFTSES
When the frequency-domain system response contains “resonances” in its spectrum curves, the
“resonance detection algorithm” advises the user to add frequency samples near the resonance
locations so that the resonance shape can be modeled precisely and distortion in the final time-
domain responses can be avoided.
5. Multiple Graphics Presentation Capabilities
FFTSES can present the temporal evolution and the corresponding spectrum of an
electromagnetic quantity along a profile or on a conductor segment. The following graphics
formats are available:
• Conventional 2D plots.
• Contour plot.
• Color or gray-scale spot plots.
• 3D parallel projection (wire frame) and solid surface perspective plots.
1.5 PREPARING INPUT DATA

For best results, enter your FFTSES data using the Input Toolbox or the command-based SICL program
for a command mode input session. Both interface programs create FFTSES command mode input files
which are read by FFTSES at Unit 5 (file FT_JobID.F05, where JobID is the character string you specify
to identify all files associated with a given run). Each of these data processors provides you with a user-
friendly environment in which you can specify the engineering data required by FFTSES. They also offer
detailed on-line help, preliminary syntax error checking and input screen display capabilities to help you
verify your data entry. Note that, if you prefer to prepare your data outside of these interactive
environments, you can always use a word processor (in ASCII mode) to create or edit a SICL input file,
then invoke the SICL input processor and use the OPEN-FILE and READ commands within SICL to
process the file you have prepared. It is recommended to use SICL or the Toolbox to prepare input files,
rather than trying to create an FFTSES command input file directly, since these preprocessors create a
complete, syntactically correct FFTSES input file at the end of an interactive session.
FFTSES Page 1-4

The Getting Started manual presents examples showing how to prepare input data using the SICL input
data processor. The SICL/CSIRPS Reference Guide lists all of the FFTSES commands that can be
entered in SICL. The various How To… manuals describe how to prepare input data using the Input
Toolbox graphical user interface.
1.6 COMPUTATION RESULTS AND PLOT GENERATION
1.6.1 User-Readable Output

Computation results of FFTSES are stored in one or two user-readable printout files, depending on the
option chosen.
In all forward FFT operations and in the inverse FFT operation involving user-entered system responses
(using the command DATA-POINTS), only the main output file is created. This main output file is
connected to Unit 9 (file FT_JobID.F09, where JobID is the user-specified character string that identifies
all files associated with a given run). This output file contains a summary of the user specified input
options and all the computation results.
For the inverse FFT operation involving system responses read from the SIRPS-generated database files
(using the command EXTRACT), two output files are generated. The main output file (FT_JobID.F09)
contains a summary of the user-specified input options and the system response read from the database
files. The time-domain response, due to its large size, is written to a separate output file (connected to
Unit 85, file FT_JobID.F85).
Note, again, that throughout this manual, we will refer to files by their logical units and their filenames
on the PC. For their naming conventions on UNIX and VMS platforms, please refer to the Appendix B
of this manual.
1.6.2 Graphics Output

If you have requested plots in your input data, then a plot file (connected to Unit 30 and named
FT_JobID.F30) or a screen plot will also be created by FFTSES, depending on the device chosen.
For the forward FFT operation, the waveform of the time-domain impulse and its frequency spectrum
will be plotted. For the inverse FFT operation, the system response, its modulation by the frequency
spectrum of the input impulse and the time-domain response will be plotted. All the quantities being
plotted can be shown either as real/imaginary parts or as magnitude.
All graphics output produced by FFTSES goes to the plot file, unless the specified device type is PC-
Video, which generates a screen plot.
You can also examine the graphical results interactively using the Output Toolbox for FFTSES.
FFTSES Page 1-5

1.6.3 Storage File, Computation Database File, and Frequency

Recommendation File
In the forward FFT operation, FFTSES generates a machine-readable computation storage file
(connected to Unit 7, file FT_JobId.F07) in addition to the user-readable output and the plot files. This
computation storage file is read by FFTSES as a supplementary input file when FFTSES is subsequently
re-run to perform the inverse FFT operation. This file should not be altered by the user and should be
preserved in the directory in which the inverse FFT operation is to be performed.
In both the forward and inverse FFT operations, a computation database file is created at Unit 21 (File:
FT_JobID.F21). This file contains all the computation results of FFTSES and can be used subsequently
to produce various plots. In addition, FFTSES may recommend some frequencies at which the
frequency-domain software should be run. In the forward FFT operation, the recommended frequencies
are the “critical frequencies” selected by the sample selection algorithm and in the inverse FFT
operation, these frequencies are selected by the “resonance detection” algorithm. The frequencies are
written to the main output file as well as to the frequency recommendation file connected to Unit 27, file
FT_JobID.F27. The frequencies written to Unit 27 are formatted in such a way that they can be imported
into the PC Toolbox or cut and pasted into HIFREQ or MALZ input files directly using an ASCII editor.
1.6.4 Database Files Generated by SIRPS

When SIRPS or the database management tools of Input Toolbox are used to extract computation results
from the machine-readable output files of HIFREQ and MALZ, the FFTSES input database files
described below.
When an electromagnetic quantity associated with profiles (i.e., observation points) is requested, the
FFTSES input database file connected to Unit 80 (file FT_JobID.F80) is generated. In addition, if scalar
potentials, touch voltages or step voltages are requested, a file connected to Unit 81 is also generated
(file FT_JobID.F81). If the electric field is requested instead of scalar potentials, a file connected to Unit
82 (file FT_JobID.F82) is generated instead of file FT_JobID.F81. Similarly, magnetic field data is
stored in file FT_JobID.F83. When a quantity related to conductor segments is requested (e.g., GPR,
current), the FFTSES input database file connected to Unit 84 (file FT_JobID.F84) is created.
1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THIS MANUAL

The remainder of this manual is structured as follows:
Chapter 2: provides an explanation of the main steps in analyzing a typical transient problem, the
requirements for input data and how to use the data extraction features in Input Toolbox
or SIRPS efficiently.
Chapter 3: describes the FFTSES input command file and provides a template input file.
FFTSES Page 1-6

Chapter 4: gives two examples illustrating how to apply HIFREQ, SIRPS and FFTSES to a realistic
transient analysis.
Appendix A: lists the default values used by the program when the user omits parameter specifications.
Appendix B: lists the names and unit numbers of files used by FFTSES.
Appendix C: provides a detailed description of the command language structure and syntax.
Appendix D: describes how to model a lightning surge using double exponential functions.
Appendix E: describes the transient waveform generated by the built-in single capacitor surge function
generator.
Appendix F: describes the transient waveform generated by the built-in double capacitor surge
function generator.
1.8 REFERENCES
• W. Xiong, F. Dawalibi and A. Selby, "Frequency Response of Substation Ground Systems Subjected
to Lightning Strikes", presented at CIGRE Symposium on Power System Electromagnetic
Compatibility - Lausanne, Switzerland, Oct. 1993.
• W. Xiong and F. Dawalibi, "Transient Performance of Substation Grounding Systems Subjected to
Lightning and Similar Surge Currents", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 9, No. 3, p.
1412-1420, July 1994.
• F. P. Dawalibi, W. Ruan and S. Fortin, “Lightning Transient Response of Communication Towers
and Associated Grounding Networks”, Proceedings of the International Conference on
Electromagnetic Compatibility, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, p 95-102, April 1995.
• F. Dawalibi, W. Xiong and J. Ma, “Transient Performance of Substation Structures and Associated
Grounding Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 31, No. 3, p. 520-528,
May/June 1995.
• H. Lee, F.P. Dawalibi, J. Ma, W. Ruan and J. Kim, “Comparison of Models Based on
Electromagnetic Fields and Circuit Theory for the Computation of Transient Ground Potential Rise
in Gas-Insulated Substations”, presented at The International Conference on Electrical Engineering -
Matsue, Japan, July-August 1997.
FFTSES Page 1-7

Chapter 2 Using FFTSES for a Transient Analysis
2 USING FFTSES FOR A TRANSIENT

ANALYSIS
This chapter presents the main steps in a frequency-domain approach to a typical transient analysis
problem, involving the HIFREQ, SIRPS and FFTSES modules, with an emphasis on how data is
transferred from one program to another with minimal user intervention. This chapter also explains how
to append results from multiple HIFREQ or MALZ runs and how to avoid potential pitfalls.
2.1 THE FREQUENCY-DOMAIN APPROACH

In general, it is quite difficult to model the response of a conductor network to a transient excitation
directly in the time domain. One traditional and still widely used approach is the so-called “frequency-
domain approach” which will be discussed in this section.
The key idea behind the frequency-domain approach is to consider a time-domain transient as the
bg
superposition of many single-frequency (harmonic) waveforms. Let I t be the transient current injected
bg
into the network. In the frequency-domain approach, I t is expressed as the superposition of its
harmonics
af
∞
It = ∑H e
n =−∞
n
jnωt
(2.1)
where Hn is the magnitude of the nth harmonic and ω is the base angular frequency.
l q
The spectrum Hn of a time-domain transient is obtained via the forward operation in FFTSES. The
electromagnetic fields generated by each of these single frequency sources H n (harmonics at frequency
f = nω 2π ) can then be computed by a frequency-domain software module (e.g., HIFREQ or MALZ).
To obtain the temporal distribution of the electromagnetic fields at a point in space or on a conductor
segment, one can simply modulate the single frequency results from the frequency-domain software for
this point (or segment) by the frequency spectrum of the input transient, then apply an inverse FFT to the
result. This method for transient analysis is called the “frequency-domain approach”.
2.2 MAIN STEPS IN A TRANSIENT STUDY

The main steps in a typical transient study using FFTSES are as follows and are illustrated in Figure 2.1.
This process is also illustrated by the two examples presented in Chapter 4.
FFTSES Page 2-1

Figure 2.1 Main Steps in Transient Analysis
FFTSES Page 2-2

1- Forward FFT Operation From the Time-Domain Transient Surge to its Frequency
Spectrum
After FFTSES has read the time-domain transient data (or has generated a transient surge using one of
its built-in transient function generators), it computes the frequency spectrum of this transient. Based on
the shape of the spectral curves, the “sample selection of frequency spectrum” algorithm in FFTSES will
recommend a set of “critical frequencies”, as will be discussed next.
2- Sample Selection from Frequency Spectrum
In order to model precisely the sharp edge of a fast-rising transient surge such as a lightning surge, the
number of samples for an FFT usually has to be fairly large. For a typical lightning transient, the
frequency spectrum involves hundreds or even thousands of frequency samplings. For more complicated
cases (e.g., capacitive discharge), even more samplings are required for a precise description of the
transient. If the frequency domain software is to be run for all the frequencies of the spectrum,
computation time becomes excessive, even for a fairly simple system.
To reduce computation time, an algorithm has been developed to intelligently select a small subset of
frequency samples (referred to as “critical” or “recommended” frequencies henceforth) to represent the
whole spectrum. Instead of computing the electromagnetic fields for all the frequencies in the spectrum,
one can use the electromagnetic fields computed at these “critical frequencies” to interpolate the
corresponding quantities for other intermediate frequencies. Extensive tests show that the error
introduced by the interpolation process is negligible and that this “sample selection”' process leads to
considerable savings in computation time. The recommended “critical frequencies” are written at the end
of the main user-readable output file of FFTSES (FT_JobID.F09). The same information is also written
to a “recommended frequency file”, FT_JobID.F27, in a format ready to be cut and pasted into HIFREQ
or MALZ or imported directly by Input Toolbox for HIFREQ.
3- Frequency-Domain Calculation
Once the subset of “critical frequencies” has been obtained from FFTSES, the next step is to compute
the “system responses” at these “critical frequencies” using frequency domain software such as HIFREQ
or MALZ. That is, one uses HIFREQ or MALZ to compute the electromagnetic quantities of interest,
e.g., the electric fields along observation point profiles at each of the recommended “critical
frequencies”. Note that all the computations should be done with a unit amplitude excitation (1 Ampere
for current injection or 1 volt for voltage excitation, with zero phase angle) at the transient excitation
location. As we will see in the examples of Chapter 4, the computations for multiple “critical
frequencies” can be done either in a single HIFREQ or MALZ run or can be divided into multiple runs,
at the user's convenience.
4- Extraction of System Response Data
Once the system responses at all the “critical frequencies” have been computed by HIFREQ or MALZ,
one must extract these system responses either manually or with the help of Input Toolbox or Output
Toolbox software in order to use FFTSES to compute the time-domain response of the conductor
network.
FFTSES Page 2-3

The easiest way to do this is to use the database management features of Input Toolbox for FFTSES.
Simply select the HIFREQ or MALZ output database(s) containing the results of interest and specify
which computed quantities should be extracted. The program will then construct the necessary FFTSES
input databases. See, for example, the “How To… Engineering Guide” entitled “Lightning Transient
Study of a Communication Tower” for details on how to use this method.
While the simplified approach described above should be satisfactory for most cases encountered in
practice, there may come a time when you require a finer control over the data extraction process. This is
possible when using the EXPORT function of SIRPS (and Output Toolbox). Not only do you not have to
manipulate the data when you use SIRPS, you can also generate graphs of the data (one frequency at a
time) while you export it!
Exporting computation results to the FFTSES input database files with this method is accomplished in
much the same way as a plot is requested. First, invoke the HIFREQ or MALZ module and then specify
the type of data (e.g., segment GPR, touch voltage, magnetic field, etc.), the zone of interest (e.g., a
zoom-in zone or a range of conductor numbers or a range of observation point profiles) and the
frequency (or frequencies) you wish to export, as if you were about to generate a plot. If you wish to
generate a plot at the same time, provide the additional details required to completely describe your plot
(e.g., VIEW). Then invoke the PROCEED-EXTRACT function after having enabled the EXPORT
facility. This function saves the computation results to the FFTSES database and generates a pertinent
plot, if requested. Next, specify another frequency (if desired), with all the other parameters left the same
(i.e., type of data and zone of interest). Invoke the PROCEED-EXTRACT function again. Repeat this
procedure until all frequencies of interest have been processed (or simply specify that you desire all
frequencies to be extracted). You can then start all over again for another type of data; however, you
must respecify the same zone of interest as for the first type of data, or a subset of it. Furthermore, in
command mode, it is recommended to enter (or reenter) either the CONFIGURATION or
COMPUTATIONS command, as appropriate, along with any necessary subcommands, each time you
start over again for another type of data.
With the Output Toolbox, the process described above is simpler and can be achieved in a few mouse
clicks.
Finally, you can also extract the system responses manually. To do so, examine the main user-readable
output files of HIFREQ or MALZ (i.e., HI_JobID.F09 or MZ_JobID.F09, respectively). For a given
observation point or conductor segment, record the computed voltage or current or electromagnetic field
quantity for all the frequencies computed in the HIFREQ or MALZ run(s), then enter these responses
with the command DATA-POINTS in the input file of FFTSES and invoke the inverse FFT operation to
generate the time-domain response for this point.
This method of data extraction is conceptually straightforward. It can be applied to any frequency-
domain software, including software which does not support the SIRPS data-extraction capability (such
as SPLITS). Users are encouraged to try a few cases with this method in order to get familiar with the
process of transient analysis using the frequency-domain approach. The obvious drawback of this
approach is that it is time-consuming and only one point in space or one conductor segment can be
studied at a time.
FFTSES Page 2-4

You can export all of the following computation results, if the engineering module you have run has
produced them:
• GPR values and currents associated with conductor segments. Note that as soon as you export
any type of GPR or current value associated with a given conductor segment, all the other types
of GPR and current data are also exported automatically.
• Scalar potentials (in the form of either magnitude/angle or in %GPR).
• Touch voltages (in volts or in %GPR).
• Step voltages (in volts or in %GPR).
• Magnetic fields (all components of the magnetic field are automatically exported together, even
if only one component is selected).
• Electric fields (all components of the electric field are automatically exported together, even if
only one component is selected).
Note that touch voltages, step voltages and earth potentials must be exported separately. Note also that
both the magnitude and angle of all quantities are automatically exported together, even if only the
magnitude or angle is requested for the plot.
5- Inverse FFT Operation: Response of the Conductor System to a Transient Excitation
Once the system response data has been extracted from HIFREQ or MALZ, the inverse FFT operation
can be performed with FFTSES.
If the data has been extracted manually, then a series of DATA-POINT commands in the FFTSES input
file are used to enter the system response data for one observation point in space or one conductor
segment. In this way, one inverse FFT operation is performed per FFTSES run, when DATA-POINT is
used to specify the system response data.
If the data has been extracted using SIRPS, then the EXTRACT command specifies what physical
quantity to read from the database files as well as the zone of interest (and, optionally, a restricted
frequency range for the inverse FFT operation). Each EXTRACT command represents a distinct inverse
FFT operation to be performed for a series of observation points or conductor segments for a given
physical quantity. Several EXTRACT commands can be entered to obtain the time evolution of the
desired physical quantities at any number of zones of interest.
6- Further Iteration for “Resonance” in Frequency Spectrum.
After the completion of Step 5, one obtains the time-domain response of a conductor system subjected to
a transient excitation. The user should watch for any “resonance” in the unmodulated spectrum curves,
i.e., any sharp rising peaks or valleys in these curves. These plots are automatically generated by
FFTSES along with the time-domain plots. If resonance exists, then the frequency-domain software (i.e.,
HIFREQ or MALZ) should be run at some additional frequencies near these resonance peaks.
Otherwise, the time-domain response may be distorted due to a lack of accuracy in the spectrum curve
FFTSES Page 2-5

modeling near these resonance frequencies. In order to assist the user in this, the program scans through
the spectrum curves during the inverse FFT operation, issues messages warning of the presence of such
resonance peaks and suggests some additional frequencies to be run. This information is provided in the
output file (Unit 9, file FT_JobID.F09). These frequencies are also written to the “frequency
recommendation” file (Unit 27, file FT_JobID.F27) so that they can be imported by the Input Toolbox
for HIFREQ or MALZ or cut and pasted into HIFREQ or MALZ input files.
In some cases, the resonance peaks are so sharp that FFTSES will continue to suggest more frequencies,
even after the user has re-run HIFREQ or MALZ at the additional resonance frequencies suggested by
the previous FFTSES run. In this case, the user should continue to iterate through Steps 3 through 6 until
no more warnings about resonance appear in the FFTSES output or the time-domain curves do not
change appreciably from one step to the next.
2.3 ADVANCED FEATURES IN AUTOMATED DATA

EXTRACTION
For the automated data transfer techniques between SIRPS and FFTSES described above, the following
time-saving advanced features are available:
1. Group Data Extraction
When one component of an electromagnetic field or one electromagnetic quantity related to a segment is
requested during the system-response extraction process with SIRPS or Output Toolbox, all of the
information about the same group is extracted and stored in the FFTSES database input files
automatically. The group definitions are given in Table 2.1. For example, when the GPR on the metallic
surface of a conductor segment is extracted, the GPR on its coating, the longitudinal currents, and the
leakage current associated with this segment are extracted and stored in an FFTSES database input file,
automatically. Likewise, for the electric and magnetic fields, extraction of the X component of the
electric field in any zone automatically triggers extraction of the Y and Z components plus the total field
in this zone.
Group Name Elements Within Group
Electric Field Group X, Y, Z components and total electric field.
Magnetic Field Group X, Y, Z components and total magnetic field.
Segment Group Longitudinal current, leakage current, GPR on metallic surface,

GPR on outer coating surface of conductor segment.
Table 2.1 Date Entities Grouped Together for the Purpose of Simplifying SIRPS Data
Extraction.
FFTSES Page 2-6

2. Appending Results From Multiple Runs
System response data from different HIFREQ or MALZ runs can be appended into the same set of
FFTSES database input files by SIRPS. This can be convenient when, for instance, you learn from your
first inverse FFTSES operation that you require further frequencies near a resonance peak. Instead of
having to rerun HIFREQ or MALZ for the initial frequencies all over again (plus the new frequencies),
you need only run HIFREQ or MALZ for the new resonance frequencies and then append the results to
your FFTSES database using SIRPS.
This appending feature can also be desirable for many practical studies which require considerable
computation time, especially when a large number of “critical frequencies” are involved. You may then
wish to have the flexibility of splitting one HIFREQ or MALZ run, which would otherwise contain all
frequencies of interest, into a series of smaller runs, each containing a subset of the frequencies required
for the transient analysis. In this way, intermediate results (which could correspond to key frequencies)
can first be examined without having to run the whole analysis.
To do this with Input Toolbox, simply add the newly produced HIFREQ or MALZ computation database
to the list of managed databases and regenerate the FFTSES input databases. When using Output
Toolbox or SIRPS, simply run the program for each HIFREQ or MALZ run of interest, always
specifying the same JobID, in order to direct the extracted data to the same database files. Of course, you
must rename each HIFREQ or MALZ database results file (HI_JobID.F21 or MZ_JobID.F21,
respectively) in turn to match this JobID, before running the program. Be careful, when renaming, not to
overwrite a database results file which required a long time to compute! The first example in Chapter 4
of this manual shows how to use this appending operation.
It is important to note that the appending operation described above is designed for multiple HIFREQ or
MALZ runs that are identical except for the frequency. The merging of HIFREQ or MALZ runs with
different conductor configurations, energizations, or profile arrangements may lead to unexpected
results. Similarly, during the SIRPS extraction of data for the first frequency, you can request any
profiles and segments computed by HIFREQ or MALZ; however, you should specify the same set of
profiles and segments for all remaining frequencies. It should also be noted that if a SIRPS session is
interrupted while constructing the FFTSES databases, the databases may be incomplete and lead to
incorrect results or program crashes when you attempt to further update them. In such cases, you should
delete all the database files and start SIRPS again. The names of these database files are as follows:
FT_JobID.F80, FT_JobID.F81, FT_JobID.F82, FT_JobID.F83, and FT_JobID.F84.
3. Combination of HIFREQ and MALZ to Speed up Computations
The appending feature described in the previous section can also be used to speed up the analysis of
buried structures. When only buried structures are involved, one can use MALZ for the low frequency
runs since, for the same conductor network and profile configuration, MALZ requires less CPU time
than HIFREQ. Use HIFREQ only for runs at higher frequency, for which MALZ is not applicable.
Finally, the hybrid results from HIFREQ and MALZ can be combined into a single database by SIRPS.
This operation can significantly speed up the transient analysis of buried structures.
FFTSES Page 2-7

2.4 PRECAUTIONS REGARDING THE BUILDING OF FFTSES

DATABASE INPUT FILES USING SIRPS
In order for FFTSES to generate accurate results, the following precautions should be taken when
extracting the computation results from the HIFREQ or MALZ databases using Output Toolbox or
SIRPS. (Input Toolbox for FFTSES automatically takes care of most of these problems.)
1. If the database files are corrupted for any reason (for example, a SIRPS session is interrupted
while constructing the FFTSES databases), the database files may be incomplete and this may
lead to incorrect results or result in program crashes when subsequently updated. In such cases,
the user should delete all the database files with the current JobID and re-start the process of
SIRPS data extraction.
2. The appending operation described in the previous section is designed for multiple HIFREQ or
MALZ runs at different frequencies, but with identical conductor configurations and profile
arrangements. The merging of HIFREQ or MALZ runs with different conductor configurations
or profile arrangements may lead to unpredictable results. Similarly, during the SIRPS session for
the first frequency, the user can request any observation point profiles and segments computed by
HIFREQ or MALZ; but the same set of profiles and segments as for the first frequency (or a
subset of those profiles and segments) should be specified while extracting all the remaining
frequencies.
3. SIRPS extracts and stores whatever data is being plotted by SIRPS by capturing the numerical
values transmitted to the plotting routines. For example, if the user chooses to plot the earth
potential as a percentage of the reference GPR, then the percentage value of the earth potential,
not the real value of the earth potential is stored in the FFTSES input database files. As a rule, it
is recommended that the real values of the electromagnetic quantities, not the percentage values,
be extracted for FFTSES input database construction.
If a user insists on plotting in percentage values, he or she should specify the same reference
GPR in all SIRPS runs, since the reference GPR values are not stored in the database. Otherwise,
distorted time-domain plots can result.
4. In FFTSES, one can use the command EXTRACT to specify the range of frequencies, profiles
and points, or conductor segments. The profile numbers to be used in specifying ranges are the
same numbers used in the printout files of the frequency domain software (e.g., MALZ or
HIFREQ) to identify them. They are also the same numbers used to refer to them in SIRPS.
The reference numbers to be used in specifying ranges of points, segments or frequencies are not
necessarily the same identification numbers used during the SIRPS session to export them to the
FFTSES database file, although they normally are the same. The reference numbers to be used in
FFTSES for the frequencies are defined by the order in which the frequencies are exported by
SIRPS to the database file. For example, if you first export Frequencies 4 through 6 using SIRPS,
where these frequency identification numbers designate the fourth, fifth and sixth frequencies run
by HIFREQ and found in the HIFREQ results database, then they will become Frequencies 1
through 3 in the FFTSES database and you must refer to them as such in FFTSES. This also
FFTSES Page 2-8

applies to the point and segment numbers, which can change, for example, where they are
exported by SIRPS using the zoom-in feature.
5. For the modelling of large systems, the HIFREQ or MALZ runs can be fairly time-consuming.
Even for the “recommended frequencies”, which represent only a small fraction of the whole
spectrum, the HIFREQ or MALZ runs can still take a long time. In such cases, if the user just
wishes to have a rough idea of the time-domain response, some “recommended frequencies” can
be omitted in order to speed up the computations. However, one should be aware that the
skipping of recommended frequencies may lead to some distortion in the time domain transient
response. Further, it is preferable not to skip the lowest and the highest “recommended
frequencies” from the first set of recommended frequencies (i.e. those generated in the forward
FFT operation).
2.5 OUTLINE OF OTHER INPUT DATA REQUIREMENTS

The input data required by FFTSES and not yet discussed in this chapter is described in this section.
1. Starting Time
In the present version of FFTSES, the starting time of the time-domain transient in the forward
FFT should always be zero. In addition, in order to avoid undesirable aliasing effects, it is
important that the magnitude of the surge at the beginning of the time span in which the
waveform is defined be significantly smaller than the peak value, although it may rise steeply
thereafter. In fact, FFTSES will automatically check the input data for this condition and will
issue a warning message if it is not satisfied.
2. Ending Time
In the vicinity of the end of the time span in which the waveform is defined, the waveform’s
magnitude must be small compared to the peak value.
3. Digitized Time-Domain Transient Surge
When the transient surge waveform for the input of FFTSES is a user-specified surge in the form
of digitized data, the time intervals between adjacent sample points can either be equally or non-
equally spaced. If the interpolation option is selected, the program will interpolate the input data
so as to generate equally spaced points. The total number of points generated will be a power of
2. If the non-interpolation option is chosen, the program will scan the input data and determine if
it is appropriate to continue without interpolation. If the number of input points N specified by
the user is not a power of 2, or if the time increments of the input transient are not equally
spaced, the program will stop after advising the user to select the interpolation option in
FFTSES.
FFTSES Page 2-9

4. Parameter Specifications for Frequently-Used Transient Surges
For some frequently used transient surges such as lightning strikes and capacitive current
discharges, FFTSES can generate the corresponding waveforms from user-specified parameter
values for pre-defined functions. The default values for each function generator are given in
Appendix A of this manual and some typical lightning surges are described in Appendix D.
5. “Large Enough” Nyquist Frequency
In order to preserve all the time variation information in the input transient impulse, the number
of samples in the time interval studied should be sufficiently large. A necessary condition is that
the number of samples in the time interval studied be large enough so that the magnitudes of the
highest frequency components within the frequency window bounded by the sampling rate be
small compared to the overall signal strength. Numerically, if the ratio of the magnitude of any
component whose frequency is within 10% of the maximum sampling frequency to the
maximum magnitude of all components is greater than 5%, the program will issue a warning
message in the output file. When this message occurs, it is suggested that the user keep doubling
the number of samples and re-running FFTSES until the warning message disappears.
6. Number of “Critical Frequencies”
The number of “critical frequencies” to be recommended in the forward FFT operation can be
controlled in an approximate way by the Nb_Samp variable associated with the command
FORWARD-FFT. Nb_Samp is the number of “critical frequencies” one wishes FFTSES to
recommend for the given spectrum. This number will be used by FFTSES as an indication of the
accuracy desired and the amount of run time (of the frequency-domain software) you are
subsequently willing to invest. The actual number of “critical frequencies” recommended in the
user-readable output file will be determined by FFTSES after scanning through the shape of the
spectrum curves. If these shapes are very complex, FFTSES will recommend more frequencies
than Nb_Samp. If the shape is simple and smooth enough, the program will return less “critical
frequencies” than Nb_Samp.
7. System Response
The system responses computed by the frequency-domain software HIFREQ or MALZ should
always be based on a unit excitation (e.g., 1 ampere current injection or 1 volt voltage
excitation), with a zero phase angle, in order to be used by a subsequent inverse FFT.
8. Animation
Sometimes, the user may wish to control the sampling of the time-domain response written to the
output file. This can be achieved by specifying the values of Start_Time, End_Time and
Time_Samples with the command ANIMATION-Sampling. The starting time and ending time
for the sampling must be between zero and the total duration of the time-domain impulse
processed by the forward FFT operation. The maximum number of time samples that can be
requested for writing to the output file is the number of time samples used during the associated
FFTSES Page 2-10

forward FFT operation. The program will interpolate, if necessary, to generate the sampling of
the time-domain response.
FFTSES Page 2-11

Chapter 3 FFTSES Input Command Files
3 FFTSES INPUT COMMAND FILES
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The input data for FFTSES is contained in a command file. The command file is a plain-text file which
is composed of English-like commands which suggest their function. The command file is processed by
FFTSES, which extracts from it all necessary engineering data and run-control data. FFTSES then
calculates the required parameters based on the data contained in the command file. The FFTSES
Command Language is explained in Section 3.2 of this chapter, while Section 3.3 explains the hierarchy
of FFTSES commands. Section 3.4 shows a template command input file which can be used as a model
for all FFTSES command input files.
For best results, use the SICL input data processor to enter the FFTSES commands presented in this
chapter. If you prefer to enter your data on menu-type screens, then use the Input Toolbox input data
processor. Refer to Section 1.4 of Chapter 1 for further details on the input data processors.
3.2 THE FFTSES INPUT COMMAND LANGUAGE

All FFTSES commands are listed in the SICL/CSIRPS Mini Reference Guide.
Every FFTSES input file begins with the Program Command, which is the program name, i.e., FFTSES.
The body of an FFTSES command file consists of several groups of interrelated commands or modules.
Each group of commands is introduced by a Module Command. Each Module Command (or module
header) is followed by a series of commands which specify data and parameters for FFTSES. These are
called the Specification Commands. A command is made up of the command verb, optional qualifiers,
and optional or mandatory data variables. Variables and qualifiers specified on the same command line
are separated by commas. Real numbers can be entered with exponents, for example 2.1E-09 or 0.7E+11
(note that no spaces are allowed before or after the “E”). FFTSES commands can be abbreviated
according to rules set out in Appendix C. This appendix also gives information on the structure of the
FFTSES command language. An FFTSES input file also includes Standard Commands, which are
general-purpose commands that are unrelated to the engineering calculations of the program, such as
comment lines which are used to describe the input file.
3.3 FFTSES COMMAND HIERARCHY

The complete list of FFTSES commands presented in the SICL/CSIRPS Mini Reference Guide is
organized according to the hierarchy of FFTSES commands. The template in Figure 3.1 also illustrates
this hierarchy.
At the top of the FFTSES command hierarchy is the Program Command ("FFTSES"), which is unique.
Below this level are the Module Commands, then commands belonging to each module, and then the
subcommands belonging to each command.
FFTSES Page 3-1

It is important to note that if an input file is created interactively using the SICL input preprocessor, or if
a manually prepared input file is to be read by SICL, it is possible to skip certain command levels in the
hierarchy. In SICL, any command which takes no qualifiers or variables, and which only serves to
introduce subcommands can be omitted in the input file and SICL will supply these missing commands
in the FFTSES input file it creates. SICL will prompt the user to resolve any ambiguities, or SICL will
fill in the command itself, if the default SICL setting is used. If the input file is to be read directly by
FFTSES (or any other engineering program), it must include all commands in the hierarchy. Otherwise
some ambiguity might result.
If the input file is prepared using the Toolbox (SWIMS) input processor, it is not necessary to specify all
parameters. Like SICL, Toolbox will fill in missing parameters and supply default input values.
Likewise, if an input file is read by these processors, many parameters can be omitted from the input file,
and the processors will fill them in as necessary.
Note also that it is possible to specify the different modules of an FFTSES input file in any order, but
certain error and warning messages may be adversely affected if a logical order is not respected for
certain commands. Consider, for example, the command UNITS of the OPTIONS module; any data
specified before the UNITS command will be assumed to be in METRIC units for the purposes of error-
checking, whether metric or British units are specified by the UNITS command. Within a given module,
commands which are logically independent: for example the commands RUN-IDENTIFI and UNITS of
the OPTIONS module can be specified in any order. In general, however, you should follow the order set
out in the SICL/CSIRPS Reference Guide and the sample input files of this chapter when specifying
most types of data, since many commands within a module must follow each other in a specific order.
Note that if a non-cumulative command such as UNITS is specified more than once, then the setting
specified by the last appearance of the command in the input file is retained.
3.4 TEMPLATE FFTSES COMMAND INPUT FILE

A template command input file is shown in Figure 3.1. This template file shows the modules and
commands which make up every FFTSES command input file. The annotations alongside the main text
explain the functions of each part of the file. The template file does not show any specific data; to
represent any particular problem, data values must be used in place of the variable names used in the
template command file. Certain commands, for instance the DATA-POINTS command, must be
repeated for every new line of data entry. For further details, consult the CDEGS Structured Help
Reference, which provides detailed descriptions of each command, with the commands organized in
essentially the same order as they are in the template field (except for the GRAPHICS commands).
FFTSES Page 3-2

FFTSES Program Command
TEXT, Comment Line I OPTIONS

TEXT, Comment Line 2 RUN-IDENTIFI , Any-ID OPTIONAL
. UNITS, Metric or British USER DATA
. ENDMODULE
COMPUTATIONS, ON/OFF
DIRECTION, FORWARD/INVERSE
FORWARD
SAMPLING-EXP, Exponent for number of samples
Built-in Function Generation Read-in Digitized Surge Data
Double Exponential or
LIGHTNING-SUrge, DOUBLE-EXPONential/HEIDLER COMPUTATION
TIME-DURATIO,Unit,Start-time,End-time
Heidler Lightning Surge
MODULE:
SURGE-COEFFI,.... Specify transient
characteristics for
Repetition of A Simple forward FFT.
WAVE-TRAIN, SINUSOIDAL/SQUARE/TRIANGULAR Wave Shape For inverse FFT
TIME-DURATIO,Unit,Start-time,End-time specify
SOURCE-DATA,..... electromagnetic
SPECIFIED-SU, Interpolation option quantity of interest;
Single Capacitor TIME,Unit also specify range
SINGLE-RLC-S Discharge Surge DATA-POINTS,Time,Current of frequencies and
TIME-DURATIO,Unit,Start-time,End-time . zone of interest if
SOURCE-DATA,..... . data from
CIRCUIT-IMPE,.... . database.
Double Capacitor Otherwise, specify
DOUBLE-RLC-S Discharge Surge individual frequency
TIME-DURATIO,Unit,Start-time,End-time Digitized Surge Data response data.
or SOURCE-DATA,.....
CIRCUIT-IMPE,....
INVERSE
SPECIFIED-SU, Interpolation Option
DATA-POINTS,Freq,Real,Imaginary (Manual Data Specification)
EXTRACT, Data Type, Range of frequency, point/segment, profile (Automated Data Specification)
ANIMATION-SA,Time-domain response storageoptions
GRAPHICS, ON/OFF
DETERMINE, CURRENT
POTENTIAL
.
. GRAPHICS OPTION
SELECT, Specify how frequency and time domain
UNMODULATED-spectrum, Real-Part/Imaginary-Part/Both-Real-Imaginary/Magnitude quantities will be plotted on screen or in file.
MODULATED-spectrum, Real-Part/Imaginary-Part/Both-Real-Imaginary/Magnitude
TIME-DOMAIN, Real-Part/Imaginary-Part/Both-Real-Imaginary/Magnitude
WHERE,Device-name
PLOT-IDENTIF,Plot-ID
AXES
TIME, Automatic or manual,Xmin,Ymin,Xmax,Ymax
REAL-PART,Automatic or manual,Xmin,Ymin,Xmax,Ymax
IMAGINARY-PART,Automatic or manual,Xmin,Ymin,Xmax,Ymax
MAGNITUDE, Automatic or manual,Xmin,Ymin,Xmax,Ymax
REPRESENTATION
FONT, Font-name
ENDMODULE
ENDPROGRAM
Figure 3.1 Template FFTSES Command Input File
FFTSES Page 3-3

Chapter 4 Practical Example
4 PRACTICAL EXAMPLES
This chapter illustrates the main steps discussed in Chapter 2 for analyzing a transient problem, using the
SICL and CSIRPS command languages.
4.1 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS WITH HIFREQ, SIRPS AND

FFTSES
The system we are going to analyze represents a simple conductor network energized at a point in the air
(see Figure 4.1). The time domain surge excitation is a typical double exponential lightning surge (see
Error! Reference source not found.).
4.1.1 Spectrum Analysis of the Lightning Surge Using Forward FFT
In the first step, the forward FFT option of FFTSES is used to decompose the time domain excitation
surge into its frequency spectrum. The input file for this operation is shown in Printout 4.1. In this
example, the time sequence of the excitation surge is generated by invoking a built-in surge generator in
FFTSES (this is accomplished with the LIGHTNING-SU command and its two subcommands). Upon its
completion, the forward FFT run generates three main output files. If the Jobid specified when launching
the run is “COMBI”, then these files are named (on the PC) FT_COMBI.F09, the numerical output file;
FT_COMBI.F30, the plot output file; and FT_COMBI.F07, the machine-readable computation results
storage file (used by the subsequent inverse FFT operation). The file names for UNIX and VMS
platforms are listed in Appendix B of this manual.
Figure 4.1 Conductor Network and Layout of Observation Point Profiles
FFTSES Page 4-1

In the forward FFT operation, FFTSES recommends, based on the shapes of the spectrum curves, a set
of critical frequencies at which the frequency domain software such as MALZ or HIFREQ should be
run. This recommendation is located near the end of the output file FT_COMBI.F09 (see Printout
4.2(a)). These frequencies are listed not only in the .F09 file, but also in an auxiliary output file named
FT_COMBI.F27, (see Printout 4.2(b)) which can be cut and pasted into HIFREQ or MALZ input files or
imported directly by the PC Toolbox.
Figure 4.2 Lightning Transient Excitation of the Network: Double Exponential Function
FFTSES Page 4-2

FFTSES
TEXT, FFTSES Input file for Forward and Inverse FFT
TEXT, Illustration of combination of results from two HIFREQ runs
TEXT, (HI_KEN1.f05 and HI_KEN2.F05)
OPTIONS
RUN-IDENTIFI,COMBI
ENDMODULE
COMPUTATIONS,ON
DIRECTION,FORWARD
FORWARD_FFT,30
SAMPLING_EXP,10
LIGHTNING-SU,DOUBLE-EXP
TIME-DURATION,MICRO,0.0,150.0
SURGE-COEFFI,1299.56,40000.0,300000.,1.15,100000.,22200.
INVERSE-FFT
SPECIFIED-SU,INTERPOLATIO
EXTRACT,POTENTIAL,1,38,1,10,3,4
ANIMATION,NO
ENDMODULE
GRAPHICS,ON
DETERMINE,POTENTIAL,1,10,3,4
VIEW,3D-PERS
PLOT-ID,COMBI
SELECT,REAL
WHERE,PC-VIDEO
ENDMODULE
ENDPROGRAM
Printout 4.1 FFTSES Input File for the Forward FFT Operation
IMPORTANT MESSAGE
=================
It is necessary to run the frequency domain software at all the recommended

frequencies listed below. You must run the frequency domain software at the
lowest and the highest frequencies in the following list.
NUMBER OF RECOMMENDED FREQUENCIES: 37
NUM- FREQUENCY NUM- FREQUENCY NUM- FREQUENCY NUM- FREQUENCY

BER (Hz) BER (Hz) BER (Hz) BER (Hz)
=============== =============== =============== ===============
1 .0000 2 6667. 3 .1333E+05 4 .2000E+05
5 26666.7 6 33333.3 7 40000.0 8 46666.7
9 53333.3 10 60000.0 11 66666.7 12 73333.3
13 80000.0 14 86666.7 15 93333.3 16 100000.
17 106667. 18 113333. 19 120000. 20 126667.
21 133333. 22 140000. 23 146667. 24 153333.
25 166667. 26 173333. 27 186667. 28 213333.
29 486667. 30 973333. 31 .134000E+07 32 .146000E+07
33 .194667E+07 34 .243333E+07 35 .292000E+07 36 .340667E+07
37 .341333E+07
Printout 4.2 (a) Recommended “Critical Frequencies” Listed Near End of FT_JobID.F09 Output File
FFTSES Page 4-3

==================================================
==============================================
SUMMARY OF INDEPENDENT FREQUENCIES RECOMMENDED
==============================================
FREQUENCY
INDIVIDUAL, .00000000
INDIVIDUAL, 6666.6670
...
Printout 4.2 (b) Part of Frequency Recommendation File (FT_JobID.F27)
4.1.2 Frequency-Domain Computations at Recommended Frequencies

The next step is to compute the scalar potentials and the electromagnetic fields with HIFREQ at the 37
recommended frequencies. As an illustration of the database appending feature, these computations will
be carried out in two separate HIFREQ runs. The first run contains 14 frequencies (see HIFREQ input
file HI_KEN1.F05, listed in Printout 4.3) and the second one contains 23 frequencies (see file
HI_KEN2.F05 in Printout 4.4). Note that the two input files are virtually identical in all respects other
than the frequencies listed, as required (of course comment lines and run-identifiers may be different).
4.1.3 Extraction of System Responses
Once these HIFREQ runs have been completed, the system responses at the user-specified frequencies
are stored in machine-readable form in one file per HIFREQ run, i.e., file HI_KEN1.F21 for the first
HIFREQ run, assuming a JobID of KEN1 and file HI_KEN2.F21 for the second HIFREQ run, assuming
a JobID of KEN2. In this example, the system responses have been computed in terms of the
electromagnetic fields and the scalar potential for a unit current injection, with zero phase angle, as
required. This data can now be extracted and stored in the FFTSES database input files, which
subsequently can be read by the FFTSES program for the inverse FFT operation. The simplest way to do
this is to use the Input Toolbox database management features.
Start Input Toolbox (using the JobID “COMBI”) and load FFTSES. Click on Computations. In the
Computations screen, make sure that Inverse-FFT is selected under Computation Type, then click on
Database Management. In the resulting screen, click on Add and load the files HI_KEN1.F21 and
HI_KEN2.F21 (they can be loaded simultaneously). Make sure that all options are checked in the
Desired Computation Results frame. Once this is done, click on Create New Databases; this will
create the necessary FFTSES database input files.
FFTSES Page 4-4

An alternative way to extract the HIFREQ results and construct the FFTSES database input files is to use
Output Toolbox (or CSIRPS). During the data-extraction process, these programs can simultaneously
generate plots of frequency-domain results.Following the first HIFREQ run, the next step is to make a
copy of HI_KEN1.F21 under the name HI_COMBI.F21 and start a CSIRPS session using the JobID
“COMBI” (so that CSIRPS creates FFTSES database input files with this JobID). Next, the commands
listed in Printout 4.5 are typed at the CSIRPS prompt to extract the scalar potentials along the first 4
profiles for the 14 frequencies for which computations have been carried out in the first HIFREQ run.
HIFREQ
OPTIONS
RUN-IDENTIFI, TRUN1
UNITS,METRIC
ENDMODULE
SOIL-TYPE,LIMITED-LAYE
UNIFORM,EARTH,100.0, 1.0, 1.0
ENDMODULE
COMPUTATIONS
FREQUENCY
INDIVIDUAL,.0000
INDIVIDUAL,6667.
INDIVIDUAL,.1333E+05
INDIVIDUAL,26666.7
INDIVIDUAL,33333.3
INDIVIDUAL,40000.0
INDIVIDUAL,46666.7
INDIVIDUAL,53333.3
INDIVIDUAL,60000.0
INDIVIDUAL,66666.7
INDIVIDUAL,73333.3
INDIVIDUAL,80000.0
INDIVIDUAL,86666.7
DETERMINE
POTENTIAL-SC,YES
ELECTRIC,YES
MAGNETIC,YES
PROFILES,10,-5.,-30.,0,10.0, 0.0, 0.0
SURFACE,10,0.0,3.0,0.0
ENDMODULE
METHOD
SOURCE,AIR
OBSERV,AIR
ALGORITH,DOUBLE
SOURCE,AIR
OBSERV,SOIL
ALGORITH,DOUBLE
SOURCE,SOIL
OBSERV,AIR
ALGORITH,DOUBLE
SOURCE,SOIL
OBSERV,SOIL
ALGORITH,DOUBLE
ENDMODULE
SYSTEM
ENERGIZATION,LEAD,1.0, 0.0
CHARACTERIST
CONDUCTOR,17.0,300.0,0.0,0.0
NETWORK
MAIN-GROUND
CONDUCTOR, 0,1,0,1, 52.8, 0.0,-10.5, 52.8, 0.0,-10.0, .01, 1
CONDUCTOR,-1,1,0,0, 52.8, 0.0,-10.0, 50.0,-5.0, 0.0, .01,5
CONDUCTOR,-1,1,0,0, 52.8, 0.0,-10.0, 50.0, 5.0, 0.0, .01,5
CONDUCTOR,-1,1,0,0, 52.8, 0.0,-10.0, 58.6, 0.0, 0.0, .01,5
CONDUCTOR,-1,1,0,0,50.0,-5.0,0.0, 50.0,-5.0,3.0,.006, 1
CONDUCTOR,-1,1,0,0,50.0, 5.0,0.0, 50.0, 5.0,3.0,.006, 1
CONDUCTOR,-1,1,0,0,58.6, 0.0,0.0, 58.6, 0.0,3.0,.006, 1
CONDUCTOR,-1,0,0,0, 0.0,-20.0,0.5, 0.0, 20.0,0.5,0.006,15
CONDUCTOR,-1,0,0,0, 0.0, 20.0,0.5, 65.0, 20.0,0.5,0.006,15
CONDUCTOR,-1,0,0,0, 65.0, 20.0,0.5, 65.0,-20.0,0.5,0.006,15
CONDUCTOR,-1,0,0,0, 65.0,-20.0,0.5, 0.0,-20.0,0.5,0.006,15
CONDUCTOR,-1,1,0,0, 65.0, 20.0,0.5, 50.0,-5.0, 0.0, .01,15
ENDPROGRAM
Printout 4.3 First HIFREQ Input File, HI_KEN1.F05
FFTSES Page 4-5

HIFREQ
OPTIONS
RUN-IDENTIFI, TRUN2
UNITS,METRIC
ENDMODULE
SOIL-TYPE,LIMITED-LAYE
UNIFORM,EARTH,100.0, 1.0, 1.0
ENDMODULE
COMPUTATIONS
FREQUENCY
INDIVIDUAL,93333.3
INDIVIDUAL,100000.
INDIVIDUAL,106667.
INDIVIDUAL,113333.
INDIVIDUAL,120000.
INDIVIDUAL,126667.
INDIVIDUAL,133333.
INDIVIDUAL,140000.
INDIVIDUAL,146667.
INDIVIDUAL,153333.
INDIVIDUAL,166667.
INDIVIDUAL,173333.
INDIVIDUAL,186667.
INDIVIDUAL,213333.
INDIVIDUAL,486667.
INDIVIDUAL,973333.
DETERMINE
POTENTIAL-SC,YES
ELECTRIC,YES
MAGNETIC,YES
PROFILES,10,-5.,-30.,0,10.0, 0.0, 0.0
SURFACE,10,0.0,3.0,0.0
ENDMODULE
METHOD
SOURCE,AIR
OBSERV,AIR
ALGORITH,DOUBLE
SOURCE,AIR
OBSERV,SOIL
ALGORITH,DOUBLE
SOURCE,SOIL
OBSERV,AIR
ALGORITH,DOUBLE
SOURCE,SOIL
OBSERV,SOIL
ALGORITH,DOUBLE
ENDMODULE
SYSTEM
ENERGIZATION,LEAD,1.0, 0.0
CHARACTERIST
CONDUCTOR,17.0,300.0,0.0,0.0
NETWORK
MAIN-GROUND
CONDUCTOR, 0,1,0,1, 52.8, 0.0,-10.5, 52.8, 0.0,-10.0, .01, 1
CONDUCTOR,-1,1,0,0, 52.8, 0.0,-10.0, 50.0,-5.0, 0.0, .01,5
CONDUCTOR,-1,1,0,0, 52.8, 0.0,-10.0, 50.0, 5.0, 0.0, .01,5
CONDUCTOR,-1,1,0,0, 52.8, 0.0,-10.0, 58.6, 0.0, 0.0, .01,5
CONDUCTOR,-1,1,0,0,50.0,-5.0,0.0, 50.0,-5.0,3.0,.006, 1
CONDUCTOR,-1,1,0,0,50.0, 5.0,0.0, 50.0, 5.0,3.0,.006, 1
CONDUCTOR,-1,1,0,0,58.6, 0.0,0.0, 58.6, 0.0,3.0,.006, 1
CONDUCTOR,-1,0,0,0, 0.0,-20.0,0.5, 0.0, 20.0,0.5,0.006,15
CONDUCTOR,-1,0,0,0, 0.0, 20.0,0.5, 65.0, 20.0,0.5,0.006,15
CONDUCTOR,-1,0,0,0, 65.0, 20.0,0.5, 65.0,-20.0,0.5,0.006,15
CONDUCTOR,-1,0,0,0, 65.0,-20.0,0.5, 0.0,-20.0,0.5,0.006,15
CONDUCTOR,-1,1,0,0, 65.0, 20.0,0.5, 50.0,-5.0, 0.0, .01,15
ENDPROGRAM
Printout 4.4 Second HIFREQ Input File, HI_KEN2.F05
FFTSES Page 4-6

Following the second HIFREQ run, a similar procedure is followed: HI_KEN2.F21 is copied under the
name HI_COMBI.F21, CSIRPS is run with the JobID ”COMBI”, and the commands listed in the
Printout 4.5 are entered. As a result, CSIRPS appends these additional system responses to those already
in the FFTSES database input files created in the first CSIRPS run, since the JobID ”COMBI” has again
been used.
HIFREQ
GRAPHICS
EXPORT
COMPUTATIONS
POTENTIAL
DETERMINE,POTENTIAL
PROFILE,1,4
FREQUENCY,ALL
PROCEED
EXIT
Printout 4.5 CSIRPS Input for FFTSES Database Input File Construction
Detailed descriptions of commands EXPORT and PROCEED, which appear in Printout 4.5, can be
found in the on-line help. Note that both commands must be specified in the CSIRPS session to create
FFTSES database input files.
HIFREQ
GRAPHICS
EXPORT
CONFIGURATION
ELECTRODE,GPR,5,20
FREQUENCY,1,3
PROCEED
EXIT
Printout 4.6 CSIRPS Input for Segment GPR Extraction
Besides scalar potentials and electromagnetic fields along profiles, one can extract the system response
for in-flow, out-flow and leakage currents for any conductor segment. One can also extract the GPRs of
conductor segments, both on the metal surface and on the outer surface of the coating (if any). For
example, the CSIRPS commands listed in Printout 4.6 extract the GPR on the fifth to twentieth
conductor segments, for the first three frequencies.
4.1.4 Inverse FFT

After the system responses at all pertinent frequencies have been extracted by SIRPS and stored in the
FFTSES database input files, FFTSES is run to generate the time-domain response of the conductor
system. For example, to obtain the temporal evolutions of the scalar potentials and the corresponding
spectra at points numbered 1 to 10 located on profiles numbered 3 to 4, for all 38 frequencies, the
commands listed in Printout 4.7 could be entered, where the command
EXTRACT,POTENTIAL,1,38,1,10,3,4 makes the key specification. The plots showing the real part of
the time-domain responses of the scalar potentials along Profiles 3 and 4 are shown in Figure 4.3 and
Figure 4.4 respectively.
FFTSES Page 4-7

Detailed descriptions of the commands appearing in Printout 4.7 are provided in the CDEGS
Structured Help Reference (SICL/FFTSES part).
Figure 4.3 Scalar Potential along Profile 3: Time-Domain Response
Figure 4.4 Scalar Potential along Profile 4: Time-Domain Response
FFTSES Page 4-8

FFTSES
OPTIONS
RUN-IDENTIFI,COMBI
UNITS,METRIC
COMPUTATIONS,ON
DIRECTION,INVERSE
FORWARD_FFT,30
SAMPLING_EXP,10
LIGHTNING-SU,DOUBLE-EXP
TIME-DURATION,MICRO,0.0,150.0
SURGE-COEFFI,1299.56,40000.0,300000.,1.15,100000.,22200.
INVERSE-FFT
SPECIFIED-SU,INTERPOLATIO
EXTRACT,POTENTIAL,1,38,1,10,3,4
ANIMATION,NO
GRAPHICS
DETERMINE,POTENTIAL,1,10,3,4
VIEW,3D-PERS
SELECT
MODULATED,BOTH-REAL-IMAGINARY
UNMODULATED,BOTH-REAL-IMAGINARY
TIME,REAL
WHERE,PC-VIDEO
ENDPROGRAM
Printout 4.7 Input File for Inverse FFT Operation: Scalar Potentials at Points 1-10, Profiles 3-
4
4.1.5 Numerical Results from Inverse FFT

The ANIMATION command controls to what extent numerical data is generated in file
FT_COMBI.F85, the time-domain numerical output file. For example, to obtain 100 equally spaced
(along the time axis) numerical values of each time domain response between 20 microseconds and 100
microseconds, the command ANIMATION,REGU,100,20e-6,100e-6 can be entered instead of
ANIMATION, NO in the FFTSES input file (see Printout 4.7).
Parts of this output file are shown in Printout 4.8. ANIMATION, NO cancels this function.
4.2 INVERSE FFT WITH MANUAL DATA EXTRACTION

As mentioned in Chapter 2, even with frequency-domain software such as SPLITS which does not
support the automated data extraction provided by SIRPS, one can still obtain the time-domain response
using FFTSES. As illustrated in the following example, this can be achieved by extracting the system
responses directly from the output of the frequency domain software and entering them into the FFTSES
input file for an inverse FFT operation.
As was described in Chapter 2, once the system responses to all the single-frequency sources have been
determined, an inverse FFT operation on the product of this frequency-domain system response with the
frequency spectrum of the input transient yields the time-domain response of the grounding system to the
transient excitation. Note that the multiplication (or “modulation”) of the system responses by the
frequency spectrum of the transient excitation is carried out internally by FFTSES, which reads the
frequency spectrum data from the FT_JobID.F07 file it creates during the forward FFT operation; the
FFTSES Page 4-9

user just has to enter the system responses computed for a unit excitation into the FFTSES input file,
with DATA-POINTS commands.
For example, assume that the FFTSES and HIFREQ runs described in Sections 4.1.1 and 4.1.2 of this
chapter have been completed. To determine the scalar potential at the point (85,-21,0) as a function of
time, first extract (from files HI_KEN1.F09 and HI_KEN2.F09) the potentials at Point (85,-21,0)
computed at all the “critical frequencies”. Next, enter these potentials and frequencies in a Command
Language input file for the inverse FFT operation, as shown in Printout 4.9. Finally, an inverse FFT
yields the temporal profile of the scalar potential at Point (85,-21,0), as plotted in Figure 4.5.
FFTSES Page 4-10

Points and Profiles for Animation:
Quantity Starting Profile End Profile Starting Point End Point

================ ================ =========== ============== =========
Potential 3 4 1 10
The profiles will be labeled from 1 to 2 and the points from 1 to 10

in the tables below, for a total of 20 data points.
Origin of Surface defined by the above Profiles and Points:

X Y Z
============ ============ ============
-5.00000 -24.00000 .00000
Distance between two Points along any Profile:

X Y Z
============ ============ ============
10.00000 .00000 .00000
Distance between two successive profiles:

X Y Z
============ ============ ============
.00000 3.00000 .00000
!
Number of Number of Data Lines
Time Samples Starting Time Ending Time at every instant
============ =============== =============== ====================
100 .2000000E-04 .1000000E-03 20
Time Profile# Point# Potential
=============== ======== ====== ================
.2000000E-04 1 1 226.7260
.2000000E-04 1 2 289.1884
.2000000E-04 1 3 308.5500
.2000000E-04 1 4 324.1123
.2000000E-04 1 5 341.1449
.2000000E-04 1 6 359.0496
.2000000E-04 1 7 370.6741
.2000000E-04 1 8 339.4760
.2000000E-04 1 9 247.6230
.2000000E-04 1 10 197.4837
.2000000E-04 2 1 245.1391
.2000000E-04 2 2 368.8364
.... ....
.1000000E-03 1 10 2.464210
.1000000E-03 2 1 24.29274
.1000000E-03 2 2 46.82552
.1000000E-03 2 3 44.77324
.1000000E-03 2 4 40.94244
.1000000E-03 2 5 35.49458
.1000000E-03 2 6 28.73468
.1000000E-03 2 7 22.66788
.1000000E-03 2 8 15.70244
.1000000E-03 2 9 4.178580
.1000000E-03 2 10 2.287900
Printout 4.8 Time-Domain Responses in Numerical Form (file FT_COMBI.F85)
FFTSES Page 4-11

FFTSES
OPTIONS
RUN-IDENTIFI,MANEX1_TIMRESP
ENDMODULE
COMPUTATIONS,ON
DIRECTION,INVERSE
FORWARD-FFT,30
SAMPLING-EXPONENT,10
LIGHTNING-SURGE,DOUBLE-EXPONENTIAL
SURGE-COEFFICIENTS,9000,40000,3000000,115,100000,22200
TIME-DURATION,MICROSECOND,0.0,150.0
INVERSE_FFT
SPECIFIED_SU,INTERPOLATION
DATA-POINTS, .0000, .3326, .00
DATA-POINTS, 6667., .3909, .9594E-01
DATA-POINTS, .1333E+05, .4410, .1255
DATA-POINTS, .2000E+05, .4723, .1391
DATA-POINTS, .2667E+05, .4938, .1497
DATA-POINTS, .3333E+05, .5107, .1600
DATA-POINTS, .4000E+05, .5255, .1698
DATA-POINTS, .4667E+05, .5392, .1791
DATA-POINTS, .5333E+05, .5523, .1876
DATA-POINTS, .6000E+05, .5649, .1953
DATA-POINTS, .6667E+05, .5770, .2022
DATA-POINTS, .7333E+05, .5887, .2084
DATA-POINTS, .8000E+05, .6001, .2138
DATA-POINTS, .8667E+05, .6110, .2186
DATA-POINTS, .9333E+05, .6216, .2228
DATA-POINTS, .1000E+06, .6318, .2265
DATA-POINTS, .1067E+06, .6418, .2298
DATA-POINTS, .1133E+06, .6514, .2326
DATA-POINTS, .1200E+06, .6607, .2350
DATA-POINTS, .1267E+06, .6699, .2371
DATA-POINTS, .1333E+06, .6787, .2388
DATA-POINTS, .1400E+06, .6874, .2403
DATA-POINTS, .1467E+06, .6958, .2417
DATA-POINTS, .1533E+06, .7040, .2424
DATA-POINTS, .1667E+06, .7200, .2436
DATA-POINTS, .1733E+06, .7277, .2439
DATA-POINTS, .1867E+06, .7710, .2421
DATA-POINTS, .4867E+06, .9953, .1241
DATA-POINTS, .9733E+06, 1.196, -.3463
DATA-POINTS, .1340E+07, 1.167, -.8241
DATA-POINTS, .1460E+07, 1.120, -.9917
DATA-POINTS, .1947E+07, .7168, -1.667
DATA-POINTS, .2433E+07,-.3824E-01, -2.213
DATA-POINTS, .2920E+07, -1.115, -2.437
DATA-POINTS, .3407E+07, -2.396, -2.125
DATA-POINTS, .3413E+07, -2.414, -2.116
ENDMODULE
GRAPHICS,ON
PLOT-ID,MANEX1_TIMRESP
SELECT,REAL-IMAG
WHERE,PC-VIDEO
ENDMODULE
ENDFILE
Printout 4.9 FFTSES Command Language Input File for Inverse FFT on Potentials at Point
(85,-21,0): Manual Specification of Frequency Spectrum
FFTSES Page 4-12

Figure 4.5 Time-Domain Response of Scalar Potential at Point (85,-21,0)
FFTSES Page 4-13

Appendix A Default Settings
APPENDIX A
DEFAULT SETTINGS
The default setting is the value used by the program when the command specifying a given parameter is
not entered by the user. Refer to the CDEGS Help Reference for a detailed description of each
command. The default parameter values are as follows.
OPTION COMMAND
General Computation
Number of frequency samples (Numsam): 30 FORWARD-FFT
Sampling-exponential (Mindx) 9 SAMPLING-EXPonent
Lightning Surge (Double exponential)

Starting-time: 0 TIME-DURATION
Ending-time: 150 (µs) "
Cofan: 9000 SURGE-COEFFICIENTS
Excoa: 40000 "
Excob: 3000000 "
Cofbb: 115 "
Excoc: 100000 "
Excod: 22200 "
Lightning Surge (Heidler)

A: 10700 SURGE-COEFFICIENTS
τ1A (s): 2.5E-07 "
τ2A (s): 2.5E-06 "
B: 6500 "
τ1B (s): 2.1E-06 "
τ2B (s): 2.3E-04 "
Single Capacitor Discharge

Starting-time: 0 (µs) TIME-DURATION
Voltage: 133.0 (kV) SOURCE-DATA
Angle: 0.0 (degree) "
Frequency: 60 (Hz) "
Resistance: 0.185 (Ω) "
Inductance: 8148 (µH) "
Capacitance: 4.42 (µF) CIRCUIT-IMPEDANCE
Double Capacitor Discharge

Starting-time: 0 (µs) TIME-DURATION
Ending-time: 500000.0 (µs) "
Voltage: 133.0 (kV) SOURCE-DATA
FFTSES Page A-1

Appendix A Default Settings
Angle: 0.0 (degree) "

Frequency: 60.0 (Hz) "
Resistance (source): 0.185 (Ω) "
Inductance (source): 8148.0 (µH) "
Capac-1: 4.42 (µF) CIRCUIT-IMPEDANCE
Resistance (circuit): 0.01 (Ω) "
Inductance (circuit): 57.0 (µH) "
Capac-2: 4.11 (µF) “
Wave Train
Ending-time: 0.1 (s) "
Wave Type: Sine SURGE-COEFFICIENTS
Signal Amplitude: 1000 "
Signal Period: 0.01666 (s) "
Number of Signal Cycles: 1 "
Number of Zero Cycles: 0 "
Signal Initial Phase: 0 CIRCUIT-IMPEDANCE
FFTSES Page A-2

Appendix B Default File Names and Logical Unit Assignments
APPENDIX B
DEFAULT FILES NAMES AND LOGICAL UNIT ASSIGNMENTS

File Description Unit # Type PC Filename VMS & UNIX Filename
- Command Input File 05 Input FT_jobid.F05 FFFTSES_jobid.DAT

- Spectrum Storage 07 Input/Output FT_jobid.F07 FFFTSES_jobid.STO
- Program Messages 06 Output (Screen) (Screen)
- Main Output File 09 Output FT_jobid.F09 FFFTSES_jobid.OUT
- Database Save File 21 Output FT_jobid.F21 FFT021_jobid.
- Freq Recommendation File 27 Output FT_jobid.F27 FFFTSES_jobid.FREQ
- Plot File 30 Output FT_jobid.F30 FFFTSES_jobid.PLOT
- Profile Control Database 80 Input FT_jobid.F80 CTRLPRF_jobid.DBS
- Potential Database 81 Input FT_jobid.F81 UDBS_jobid.DBS
- Electrical Field Database 82 Input FT_jobid.F82 EDBS_jobid.DBS
- Magnetic Field Database 83 Input FT_jobid.F83 HDBS_jobid.DBS
- Segment Control Database 84 Input FT_jobid.F84 CTRLSEG_jobid.DBS
- Time Domain Printout 85 Output FT_jobid.F85 PLOTDBS_jobid.DBS
For DOS and MS-Windows systems, the JobID is a text string of at most five characters. For VMS and
UNIX, the file-naming conventions are similar, but take advantage of the longer file names available
under these operating systems.
FFTSES Page B-1

Appendix C Structure and Organization of Commands
APPENDIX C
STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF COMMANDS
C.1 FOREWORD
The FFTSES command structure has two principal command types, i.e., Standard (or utility) commands,
and Specification (or engineering specification) commands. The Standard commands along with the
Specification commands constitute the FFTSES Command Language, which is used to communicate
with the FFTSES program. The Specification commands are occasionally referred to as "nonstandard
commands" or simply, “commands”, when no confusion is possible.
Each program option is invoked using commands (English-like words, verbs and composites) consisting
of a string of ASCII characters. It is important that the syntactic rules and conventions governing the
FFTSES command language be well understood.
C.2 COMMAND FORMAT AND SYNTAX

Each data line expected by FFTSES has the following format:
Command, qualifier_1, ..., qualifier_n, variable_1, ..., variable_m
“Command” and “qualifier_I” are strings of characters, while “variable_I” can be a string of characters,
an integer or a real value. There may be zero, one or several qualifiers and/or variables associated with
the command.
A blank data line is recognized as a “null” command. The following typical data lines are equivalent to a
"null" command:
,b,,bbb,,,bbb (b is a blank)
,,,,b,bb
The comma “,” is the data delimiter. Leading blanks are ignored. Note that blanks embedded between
two strings of nonblank characters are significant. However, such blanks are interchangeable with the
dash “-” and underline “_” characters. For example, the command “RUN-IDENTIFI” may also be
entered as “RUN IDENTIFI” or “RUN_IDENTIFI” because FFTSES considers the underline and dash
characters inside of a command to be equivalent to the blank character.
FFTSES Page C-1

Command qualifiers and variables are optional in the sense that if no qualifier or value is given then
default qualifiers and values will automatically be selected.
C.3 SHORTHAND FORMS

In the FFTSES command language, you may use the full names, or abbreviations of them. Acceptable
abbreviations must use at least the first four characters in the corresponding FFTSES command. Any
abbreviation with 4 to 12 characters must match the first, or leading, portion of a command. Characters
in the 13th position onward, if any, in a command name are cosmetic and are ignored.
C.4 HIERARCHY OF COMMANDS

FFTSES recognizes Standard and Specification commands. Specification commands are structured in a
hierarchy of five layers. The top or first layer of commands consists of the program name. The five
layers (or levels) of Specification commands, in descending order, are as follows:
I-Program command (Main Command)
II-Module commands (Access commands)
III-Option commands (Key commands)
IV-Group commands (Block commands)
V-Data commands Hierarchy
The SICL/CSIRPS Reference Guide shows the commands and their structure as supported by the
FFTSES software package. Two commands at adjacent layers are said to be connected (or linked) if one
must be given or specified before the other. Specification of a lower level command requires the
specification of a command in the command level immediately above it. Command levels cannot be
skipped. Commands on different branches of the hierarchy can share the same names while their
function and syntax as a rule will differ.
C.5 STANDARD COMMANDS

Standard commands are used by FFTSES to carry out actions which are usually common to all CDEGS
modules.
Standard commands are those which govern the general operation of FFTSES. They may be issued at
any time during the input session. The syntax of a Standard command is:
Keyword, Qualifier_1, Qualifier_2,..., Qualifier_n, value_1, Value_2,...
FFTSES Page C-2

where the keyword is the actual name of the command, and the qualifiers (of which there may be none,
one, or many) describe which of the command's options are desired. Commas are used to separate
qualifiers from the keyword and from each other. If a command which has qualifiers is entered without a
qualifier, then FFTSES makes a default choice of its own; i.e., the specification of qualifiers is optional.
In some cases, numerical values may be required to fully specify a standard command.
Standard commands and their synonyms may be abbreviated according to the same rules as Specification
commands.
C.6 SPECIFICATION COMMANDS

Specification commands are used to enter engineering data, and data about the run and output options
available in FFTSES. Specification commands follow a 5-level hierarchy which is explained in Section
C.4 of this appendix. As soon as a module-level command (Layer 2) is specified, all subsequent lower-
level (Specification) commands issued are assumed to belong to that module.
The user may specify some commands as many times as necessary. Depending on the command,
repetitions will have either a "cumulative" or a "substitutive" effect. Cumulative means that new data
associated with that command is added to the existing set.
Detailed information on each command and related topics can be found in the CDEGS Structured Help
Reference which gives a list of all FFTSES commands along with pertinent explanations. This
information is also available on-line via the SICL and SMILS Help facility.
FFTSES Page C-3

Appendix D Lightning Surge Parameters
APPENDIX D
LIGHTNING SURGE PARAMETERS

The built-in lightning surge generator in FFTSES can be used to simulate a lightning pulse. The general
form of the signal as a function of time is of the so-called “double exponential” type,
bg c h c
I t = A e− a1t − e − b1t + B e − a2 t − e− b2t h (D.1)
where A, B , a1 , b1 , a2 , and b2 are parameters which are either specified by the user or defaults provided
by FFTSES to adjust the shape of the lightning pulse. In this appendix, these parameters will first be
related to some measurable physical quantities (pulse duration, time to peak, etc.). Then, Section D.2
gives some typical values for these parameters for low, medium, and high-amplitude lightning strokes.
D.1 DETERMINATION OF THE PARAMETERS

Besides the parameters appearing in Eq. (D.1), several measurable physical quantities can be used to
characterize lightning pulses. With reference to Figure D.1, these include:
• The peak current I max
• The rising time to peak tmax
• The time to half peak value on the decay side t1 2
• b
The rate of rise of the current I ≈ I max t max g
• The duration of the pulse td (arbitrarily defined as the time needed for the signal to drop to 1
Amp)
• The total energy E in the pulse
Typical values for the first five of these quantities are given in Table D.1.
Parameter 10% of Strokes 50% of Strokes 90% of Strokes Maximum

Observed
a f
Peak Current I max kA ≤8 ≤ 25 ≤ 60 230
Time to Peak t a ms f
max
≤2 ≤4 ≤7 10
Decay Time t a ms f
12
≤ 25 ≤ 42 ≤ 100 ≥120
Rate of Rise Ib kA msg ≤2 ≤8 ≤ 25 50
Pulse Duration td b sg
m ≤ 0.6 ≤3 ≤ 100 400
Table D.1 Parameters Characterizing A Typical Lightning Pulse
FFTSES Page D-1

Figure D.1 A Typical Lightning Pulse
In practical cases, the following conditions are often satisfied:
b
a1 << b1 i = 1, 2 g
B << A
a2 << a1
and the measurable parameters can be expressed in terms of the parameters of Equation (D.1).
FFTSES Page D-2

I max = A
tmax =
b
ln b1 a1
≈
g b
ln b1 a1 g
b
b1 − a1 b1g
t1 2 = ln 2 a1
I = A × b1 ln b1 a1 b g
td b g
= lnB a2 b B in Ampsg
A bb − a g
2
B bb − a g
2
F 1 − 1 − 1 + 1 I
+ 2ABG
2 2
H ba + a g bb + a g ba + b g bb + b gJK
1 1 2 2
E R = +
a b bb + a g a b ba + b g
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2
≈ A a1
where R is the resistance of the object hit by the stroke.
A simpler form of the above equations is built into the program; it is known as the “Standard Surge”. For
this surge, the B coefficient is taken to be zero and the parameters A, a1 and a2 are computed rigorously
from the knowledge of the peak value of the surge (and the time to peak) as well as the value of the
surge at another time (and the value of that time, often taken to be the decay time defined above). These
values must be provided by the user.
D.2 TYPICAL VALUES FOR THE DOUBLE EXPONENTIAL

PARAMETERS
In the previous section, we have seen how to relate the parameters A, B , a1 , b1 , a2 , and b2 of Eq. (D.1)
to physical properties of lightning strokes. In this section, representative values for these parameters will
be given for low, medium, high, and extreme amplitude lightning strokes. (These correspond
approximately to the 10%, 50%, 90%, and Maximum Observed columns of Table D.1, respectively.)
D.2.1 Low-Amplitude Stroke

The following values of the parameters can be used:
a1 4 u 10 4 sec 1 b1 3 u 106 sec 1

a2 10 4 sec 1 b2 2.2 u 105 sec 1
A = 9000 Amps B = 115 Amps
The corresponding lightning properties are:
Peak Current I max 9 kA

Time to Peak t max 1.4Ps
Decay Time t1 2 17Ps
FFTSES Page D-3

Rate of Rise I 6.4 kA Ps

Pulse Duration t d 0.47ms
Energy per Unit Resistance E R 2000 J :
D.2.2 Medium-Amplitude Stroke

a1 = 13862.94 sec −1 b1 = 4904424.3 sec −1

a2 = 0 b2 = 0
A = 31700 Amps B=0
Peak Current I max = 31 kA

Time to Peak t max = 1.2 µs
Decay Time t1 2 = 50 µs
Rate of Rise I = 25.83 kA / µs
Pulse Duration t d = 748 µs
Energy per Unit Resistance E R = 72488 J Ω
a1 2 u 10 4 sec 1 b1 106 sec 1

a2 2.3 u 10 3 sec 1 b2 2.2 u 105 sec 1
A = 28000 Amps B = 115 Amps

Rate of Rise I 7.2 kA Ps
Pulse Duration t d 2.0 ms
Energy per Unit Resistance E R 39200 J :
D.2.3 High-Amplitude Stroke

a1 10 4 sec 1 b1 8 u 10 5 sec 1
a2 10 2 sec 1 b2 2.2 u 105 sec 1
FFTSES Page D-4

A = 64000 Amps B = 115 Amps

Rate of Rise I 12 kA Ps
Pulse Duration t d 47ms
Energy per Unit Resistance E R 410 kJ :
D.2.4 Extreme-Amplitude Stroke

a1 7 u 10 3 sec 1 b1 6 u 10 5 sec 1
a2 10 sec 1 b2 2.2 u 105 sec 1
A = 210000 Amps B = 115 Amps

Rate of Rise I 28 kA Ps
Pulse Duration t d 470 ms
Energy per Unit Resistance E R 6.3 MJ :
It can be seen that all these examples satisfy the conditions of Section D.1.
FFTSES Page D-5

Appendix E The Single Capacitor Discharge Transient
APPENDIX E
THE SINGLE CAPACITOR DISCHARGE TRANSIENT

The single capacitor surge function generator can simulate the transient surge created in a serial RLC
circuit (Figure E.1) subjected to a sinusoidal voltage excitation:
VS b
2 V0 cos Z St + TS g (E.1)
where V0 is the RMS magnitude of the excitation source voltage, Z S is the angular frequency and TS is
the initial phase angle.
Figure E.1 Serial Single Capacitor Discharge Circuit
When the switch S is closed at time t 0 , the circulating current within the circuit is given by:
af
it
RS b g b g FGH ZVL IJK cos T DZA cosbT
2 A M cos TS A P cos Z d t 0 M
g
AP
T 0 S
S
d
S
(E.2)
ZS
AM sinbT
U
A g sinbZ t gVe 2 A cosbZ t + T A g
- Dt
Zd
S P
W d M S S P
Where
V0
A M e jA P
b
R S j L SZ 1 Z SC1 g
RS 1
D , Zd Z 20 D 2 and Z 0
2L S L SC1
FFTSES Page E-1

Appendix E The Single Capacitor Discharge Transient
and R S is the internal resistance of the excitation source, L S is the internal inductance of the excitation
source and C1 is the capacitance of the discharge circuit.
The default settings of the parameters for the single capacitor discharge transient generator of FFTSES
af
are the following; the corresponding transient waveform, i t , over a time window of T = 0.5 sec is
shown in Figure E.2
VS = 133 kV
TS 0.0$
Z S 2 SfS , fS 60.0 Hz
R S 0.185:
C1 4.42PF
L S 8148PH
T = 0.5 sec
Figure E.2 Time-Domain Transient from a Single Capacitor Discharge Circuit
Note that FFTSES issues a warning message about possible aliasing effects when the magnitude of the
time-domain surge near its tail remains non-negligible compared to its peak value. In the present case,
a f
even near the tail of the surge T = 0.5 sec , the time domain signal is still oscillatory, with a constant
amplitude. Fortunately, this oscillatory signal is a periodic one for which FFTSES, after averaging over
many periods, can still generate a precise frequency spectrum and no significant aliasing effect is
therefore introduced.
FFTSES Page E-2

Appendix F The Double Capacitor Discharge Transient
APPENDIX F
THE DOUBLE CAPACITOR DISCHARGE TRANSIENT

The double capacitor surge function generator can simulate the transient surge created in a double
capacitor RLC circuit (Figure F.1) subjected to a sinusoidal voltage excitation:
VS b g
2 V0 cos Z St (F.1)
where V0 is the RMS magnitude of the excitation source voltage and Z S is the angular frequency.
Figure F.1 Double Capacitor Discharge Circuit
When the switch S is closed at time t = 0, the total current circulating through the capacitor C 2 can be
approximated by
af
it
FG b g
2 V0 Z SC2 sin Z St Z SC 2e
R
2LS t
b g
sin Z L t Z M
C1C 2 2LRMM t
e b gIJK
sin Z M t (F.2)
H
S
C1 C 2
where
L S is the source inductance.

R S is the source resistance.
C1 is the capacitance of the energized section in the circuit charged to “V0 ” at t = 0 +
C 2 is the capacitance of the section being energized after t = 0 +
R M is the total equivalent series loop resistance of the section being energized.
L M is the total equivalent series loop inductance of the section being energized.
CM b g
C1C2 C1 C 2 , Z L 1 b
L S C1 C 2 , Z Mg 1 L M C M and L M 1 Z 2M C M
FFTSES Page F-1

Appendix F The Double Capacitor Discharge Transient
The default settings of the parameters for the double capacitor discharge transient generator of FFTSES
af
are the following and the corresponding transient waveform, i t , over a time window of T = 0.5 second
is shown in Figure F.2.
V0 133 kV
Z S 2 SfS , fS 60.0 Hz
C1 4.42PF
C 2 4.41PF
R S 0.185:
L S 8148PH
R M 0.01:
L M 57PH
T = 0.5 sec
Figure F.2 Time-Domain Transient from a Double Capacitor Discharge Circuit
FFTSES Page F-2

USER COMMENT FORM
What is your general reaction to this manual (format, accuracy, organization, etc.)?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Does the publication satisfy your needs?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
What errors have you found?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
What is missing in this manual?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Additional comments:
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Name & Title ______________________________________________________________

Company ______________________________________________________________
Address ______________________________________________________________
City _____________ State/Province _____________
Zip _____________
Mail to:
Safe Engineering Services & technologies ltd
Software Products
1544 Viel
Montreal, Quebec
Canada, H3M 1G4
FFTSES Page U-1

Ses-Cdegs 2k - Fftses

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Ses-Cdegs 2k - Fftses

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

USER’S MANUAL

FFTSES USER’S MANUAL

Safe Engineering Services & technologies ltd.

 Safe Engineering Services & technologies ltd. 1993-2000

Address comments concerning this manual to:

Safe Engineering Services & technologies ltd.

1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1-1

FFTSES Page iii

4.1.4 INVERSE FFT ...............................................................................................................................4-7

Figure 2.1 Main Steps in Transient Analysis........................................................................................................................... 2-2

1.2.1 Forward FFT

FFTSES Page 1-1

1.2.2 Running Other Software With FFTSES

1.2.3 Inverse FFT

1.3 APPLICATIONS OF FFTSES TO POWER SYSTEM

FFTSES Page 1-2

1.4 SPECIAL FEATURES OF FFTSES

The features of FFTSES are summarized as follows:

1. Input Data Diagnosis Features in Forward and Inverse FFT

2. Smart Frequency Spectrum Sample Selection for Acceleration of Computation

FFTSES Page 1-3

3. Automated Data Transfer among Different CDEGS Modules

4. Resonance Detection Algorithm in Inverse FFTSES

5. Multiple Graphics Presentation Capabilities

1.5 PREPARING INPUT DATA

FFTSES Page 1-4

1.6 COMPUTATION RESULTS AND PLOT GENERATION

1.6.1 User-Readable Output

1.6.2 Graphics Output

FFTSES Page 1-5

1.6.3 Storage File, Computation Database File, and Frequency

1.6.4 Database Files Generated by SIRPS

1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THIS MANUAL

FFTSES Page 1-6

FFTSES Page 1-7

2 USING FFTSES FOR A TRANSIENT

2.1 THE FREQUENCY-DOMAIN APPROACH

2.2 MAIN STEPS IN A TRANSIENT STUDY

FFTSES Page 2-1

Figure 2.1 Main Steps in Transient Analysis

FFTSES Page 2-2

2- Sample Selection from Frequency Spectrum

4- Extraction of System Response Data

FFTSES Page 2-3

FFTSES Page 2-4

5- Inverse FFT Operation: Response of the Conductor System to a Transient Excitation

6- Further Iteration for “Resonance” in Frequency Spectrum.

FFTSES Page 2-5

2.3 ADVANCED FEATURES IN AUTOMATED DATA

1. Group Data Extraction

Group Name Elements Within Group

Electric Field Group X, Y, Z components and total electric field.

Magnetic Field Group X, Y, Z components and total magnetic field.

Segment Group Longitudinal current, leakage current, GPR on metallic surface,

FFTSES Page 2-6

2. Appending Results From Multiple Runs

3. Combination of HIFREQ and MALZ to Speed up Computations

FFTSES Page 2-7

2.4 PRECAUTIONS REGARDING THE BUILDING OF FFTSES

FFTSES Page 2-8

2.5 OUTLINE OF OTHER INPUT DATA REQUIREMENTS

3. Digitized Time-Domain Transient Surge

FFTSES Page 2-9