© unacademy Minerals of India | Metallic ( Pen Non Other Non ferrous metallic © inacademy Metallic Minerals » Reserved in the Archaean rocks + India's important metallic minerals include — iron ore, Manganese, Chromite, Copper, Bauxite, Nickel, Lead, Zinc, Gold and Silver + Contribute 7% to the total mineral value F unacademy Metallic Minerals soe IRON ORE DESCRIPTION : Four varieties of iron ore: ES 2. Magnetite - Best- 72% iron ¥ magnetic property —AP,Jharkhand,Goa,TN, Karnataka »._ Haematite - 60-70% iron AP, Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra Rajasthany 2. Limonite - 40-60% -Yellow/ Light brown colour = 3. Siderite - 40-50% iron — due to presence of lime it is self -fluxingMetallic Minerals SIGNIFICANCE/USES: F unacademy + Standard of living of people in a country is judged by consumption of iron = Universal Use ~ Backbone of modem civilization ~ foundation of basic industry ~ RESERVES & DISTRIBUTION: + High grade ore confined to Bailadila sector of Chhattisgarh and lesser extent in Bellary Hospet area, Jharkhand and Orissa + 6 states account for 95% of total reserves ( Jharkhand, Orissa, MP, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and Goa) + Remaining 5% ( Maharashtra, Assam, AP, Rajasthan) Metallic Minerals IMPORTANT MINING CENTRES. +» Karnal + Kemmangundi / Bababudan hills of Chikmagalur, + Sandur and Hospet in Bellary district — + Most are high grade haematite and magnetite ; + Other - Chitradurga, Uttar Kannad, Shimoga, Dharwar,Tumk| Metallic Minerals IMPORTANT MINING CENTRES. + Karnal + Kemmangundi / Bababudan hills of Chikmagalur, + Sandur and Hospet in Bellary district — + Most are high grade haematite and magnetite ; + Other - Chitradurga, Uttar Kannad, Shimoga, Dharwar,Tumk| Funacademy FunacademyOrissa + Orissa ~Sundargarh, + Mayurbhani, + Cuttack, + Sambalpur, + Keonjhar, + Koraput Chhattisgarh + Chhattisgarh ~ Prominent deposits include ~ + Bailadila in Bastar district + Dalli Rajhara in Durg district Goa + Goa—North Goa, Central and South Goa — + Most of Goa's iron ore is exported to Japan. Ee academyJharkhand + Jharkhand ~ Singhbhum district, + Iron bearing belt extends from near Gua to near Pantha in Bonai (Orissa) ; Noamundi mines ; + Magnetite occur near Daltenganj in Palamu district + Others - Maharashtra, TN, AP, Rajasthan ete Metallic Minerals EXPORTS » Export to Japan, Korea and European countries, Gulf » Japan is the biggest buyer + Major ports handling exports - » Vishakapatnam, » Paradip, » Marmagao » Mangalore fabonhaptarn Siaabspatnan dpnew Sanna tech deapaital papper naj npr ratte opel© unacademy Metallic Minerals India’s iron mining faces problems +. Lacks adequate mechanization 2 Export oriented 1. Many of them are only found in a few states © unacademy Metallic Minerals BAUXITE DESCRIPTION — Rock consisting mainly of hydrated aluminium oxides RESERVES/DISTRIBUTION — Occur as blankets or cappings on hills and plateaus except in coastal areas of Gujarat and Goa. CE PNT TUEY NTS att Te arin PeisIMPORTANT MINING CENTRES/AREAS IMPORTANT MINING CENTRES/AREAS » Orissa - » Kalahandi and Koraput districts, + largest bauxite bearing region - KBK, » Sundargarh, + Sambalpur districts » Gujarat - Gulf of Kachchh » Bhavnagar, + Junagadh and + Amreli districtsMetallic Minerals « Jharkhand — Ranchi, + Lohardaga, » Palamu, » Gumta. + Lohardaga has high grade ore » Others - Maharashtra, « Chhattisgarh, «TN, MP, AP, » Kerala, Rajasthan, + UP, J&K, Goa EXPORTS - Italy, UK, Germany, Japan© unacademy Aluminium Smelting plants in India Bharat Aluminum Co (Balco) Hindustan Aluminum Co. (Hindalco) Hindustan Aluminum Co, (Hindalco) ‘Madras Aluminum (MALCO) Hindustan Aluminum Co. (Hindalco) "National Aluminum Co, (NALCO) Vedanta Aluminum Co. (VAL) © unacademy COPPER DESCRIPTION Mining of copper i costly and tedious affair as most ores contain only a small of metal International average ~ 2.5% Indian ore averages less than aM uses. Conductor and ductile, hence used in electrical machinery, wives cables Used in automobile and defence industry Also used for making many alloys (@ with eon and nickel to make stainless tee, (i) copper + nickel ~monel metal, Gin Al dural, (with zinc-rass, (with in-beonze © unacademy Metallic Minerals RESERVES & DISTRIBUTION + Major deposits are located in Singhbhum (sh), + Balghat (MP) and + Jhunjhunu and Alwar districts (Raj) IMPORTANT MINING CENTRES « Madhya Pradesh — Large belt in Taregaon area, in Malanjkhand belt of Balaghat district. + Rajasthan — Along the Aravalli range. Khetri-Singhana belt in the Jhunjhunu district is the most important. Others ~ Ajmer, Alwar, Jaipur etc + Jharkhand - Singhbhum. Hazaribagh, Santhal Parganas area‘© unacademy © unacademy © vnocademy > CET al© unacademy Atomic Minerals « Huge reserves of atomic minerals + India is using two kinds of atomic fuels (i) Uranium and (ii) Thorium. » Thorium is extracted from Monazite and Ilmenite Uranium ff Thorium ae maT Atomic Minerals + India’s Uranium reserves are found in crystalline rocks + Largest reserve and production is in Jharkhand(70%) ‘CoastalSands Kerala Domiasiat Khasi ils Meghalaya Dilwara-Kirovali, Udaipur Rajasthan RohilSikar Rajasthan Jadugode,Turemdih, Narwapahar Jharkhand ‘Tumallapalle ‘Andhra pradesh LambapurPedagatty ‘AndhraPradesh ogi KarnatakaURANIUM OCCURANCE IN INDIA © unacademy Atomic Minerals (Other minerals having atomic content with economic viability : + Monazite ~ Coastal sands of Kerala; + llmenite - Jharkhand + Beryllium — Beryllium oxide is used as moderator in nuclear reactors Rajasthan, Jharkhand, AP andTamilNadu + Zirconium — Kerala coast + Lithium - Light metal found in Jharkhand,MPRRajasthan unacademy© enacademy Atomic Minerals Five centres of atomic energy + Tarapur (oldest) - Mumbai, Pune + Rana Pratap Sagar Plant (Rajasthan) Kota industrial complex and eastern Rajasthan * Narora(UP) + Kalpakkam (TN) -Chennai + Kakrapar (Gujarat) + By 2020, India has planned to increase nuclear power production to 20,000MW. © vnacademy Metallic Minerals IMPORTS. + India has to meet domestic requirements and imports from USA, Canada, Zimbabwe, Japan, Mexico ZINC DESCRIPTION — Mixed ore containing lead and zinc is found in veins in association with galena, chalcopyrites, iron pyrites etc USES - Used for alloying and for manufacturing galvanized sheets; Also dry batteries, white pigments, electrodes, textiles, rubber industry and for making collapsible tubes containing drugs, pastes etc RESERVES - Limited in Rajasthan, Sikkim'Y unacademy NUCLEAR POWER GENERATORS ) Gajaashane) Noxmat ve) wo Bera yp >vepnawy fw axmcones, Caateatass) \ skaaont * (tepaticnan (aid aac) Ate Fast wail. Nod) . Tale tas Y unacademy Metallic Minerals IMPORTS + Insufficient production - 75% imports, Zaire, Canada, Australia, Russia LEAD DESCRIPTION — Does not occur free in nature USES - Constituentin alloys; Lead oxide used in lead sheeting, cable covers, ammunition, paints, glass making and rubber industry RESERVES ~ Ores occur at a number of places in Himalayas, TN, Raj, Andhra MINES - Rajasthan - Udaipur(Zawar), Dubgarpur, Banswara, Alwar; AP Kurnool, Nalgondaetc© unacademy IMPORTANT LEAD MINES & LEAD- ZINC DEPOSITS | kK tayerahugna Pomepn dgtcha 0 Lend sinus Depasit © unacademy Metallic Minerals IMPORTS + Insufficient production to meet requirements 5% imported from Australia, Canada, Canada, Myanmar GOLD » Valuable metal + Found as Alluvial Gold - sands and gravels of several rivers— gold is often liberated from the rocks by weathering + Deposits are called placer deposits from which gold is recovered USES - Ornamental and also known as international currency due to its universal use © vnacademy Metallic Minerals MINING CENTRES -There are 3 gold fields in the country - Kolar, Hutti, Ramgiri + Karnataka ~ Most important — Kolar Gold Field in Kolar district, + Hutti mines in Raichur district far below Kolar production—low grade ore - operates irregularly due to variable production + Andhra Pradesh - Main deposits are found in Ramgirifield in Anantapur district — almost exhausted « Jharkhand ~ Native and alluvial gold (Subanarekha river© unacademy Y unacademy Metallic Minerals SILVER + Precious metal, valued next to gold for making ornaments + Found mixed with several other metals like copper, lead, gold, zinc, ete + Widely used in ornaments + Manufacture of chemicals, electroplating, photography and for colouring glass + India is not a major producer— major production comes from Zawar mines in Rajasthan where silver is obtained as by-product + Some silver is also produced by Kolar Gold Fields and Hutti gold mine: Karnataka during the refining of Gold « Traces of silver — Jharkhand, AP, Gujarat, Karnataka, J&K, Uttarkhand P unacademy Soil + The topmost layer of the continental crust having weathered particles of cocks. + Soils of India are product of the physical factors as well as the aeronomical and the human factors© unacademy Classification of soil + ICAR has classified Indian soils into 8 major types + This classification scheme is based on constitutional characteristics the resource significance of the soils, © unacademyAlluvial Soils : largest soil group +Formation : Developed in the river basins by aggradation processes + Characteristics: s been derived from various rock ws rich in minerals. have develope regions ofr to high rainfallI unacademy hey vary from loamy to sandy-loam in drier regions and clayey loam towards the delta. + They are rich in potash and average in phosphorus but poor in humus and nitrogen. + Lime content is variable Tarai is the only region which has nitrogen and humus rich soil + Khadar- It's the new alluvium dominated by clay + It is very fertile and fertility is renewed every year + Bangar- It is the old alluvium, itis a loamy soil - mixture of sand and silt + Itis sol of doab land in Punjab Distribution Northern plain + Coastal Plain area + Inter mountain basin — Doon valley + Inter plateau river basinSignificance + Alluvial regions are suitable for all types of crops although suitability varies with reference to climatic conditions +This soll has highest carrying capacity and supports % population of India, Red Soil + Extent- around 109% + Their colour is mainly due to ferric oxides occurring as thin coatings on the soil particles Characteristics + Rainfall is highly variable. Thus, the soil has developed 3 sub types + Red & Yellow soil ~ rainfall is 200cm — NE India — Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur Hills, parts of Malabar coast, quick drainage is needed Alluvial regions with rainfall + Above 100cm — Suitable for paddy 50-100cm Suitable for wheat,sugarcane,tobacco and cotton + Below socm- Course grains (millets)+ Red Sandy Soil rainfall from 40-6ocm Drier plateaus like Karnataka, TN, Telangana,Rayalseema + Red Alluvial Soil — Along river valleys — has good fertility + Well drained soil and structure is sandy + Rich in iron and potash but deficient in other minerals. Significance irrigated and added with humus, it gives high yield because the mineral +t supports rice, sugarcane, cotton cultivation + Millets and pulses are grown in drier Black Soil + Extent - 15 % of area + Kaveri and Vaigai basins are famous for red alluvium and if irigated well, are suitable for paddy + Large regions of Karnataka and Kerala have developed Red soil regions for rubber and coffee plantation farming + Formation ~formed due to weathering of these basaltic rocks which emerged during fissure eruption of the Cretaceous period. + Black colour is ordained by titani-ferrous magnetic compounds found in basaltCharacteristics + Lacks humus, + Itis characterized by fine clay and lower part by course clay + It has highest water retention capacity because it is a fine grained soil and absorbs water and becomes sticky. Characteristics + When dry, it develops cracks and has blocky structure. (Self Ploughing Capacity) + Rich in iron and lime but deficient in humus, nitrogenous and phosphorous content + tt has been used for subsistence farming and is known as black cotton soil of india or Regur Distribution + It is found in the Deccan lava plateau region of India + Vast areas of Maharashtra (80%); Gujarat (mainly black alluvium)Significance iry farming and for those crops w COURSE: OVERVIEW ON THE RESOURCES OF INDIA LESSON: SOIL ey© inacademy © inacademy Laterite Soil - Formation This soil has emerged in those regions where the following conditions are fulfilled + There must be laterite rock or structure (Laterites are rich in iron and aluminium content) + Alternating dry and wet periods is more suitable for development of laterite soils © inacademy Laterite Soil - Characteristics + Brown in c tially of a mixture of hydrated oxides of aluminium and iron. nodules formLaterite Soil - Characteristics + Its rich in iron and aluminium but poor in Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potash, Lime and Magnesia + Its humus and water retaining capacities are moderate + Bacterial activities have been very high and heavy precipitation develops leaching of humus as a result humus content is moderate to low Distribution ‘It is found in patches in Western Ghats (Goa and Maharashtra) + In Belgam district of Karnataka and in laterite plateau of Kerala +ln the state of Orissa, in Eastern Ghats, + Amarkantak plateau region of MP. Distribution + Panchmahal district of Gujarat +Santhal Pangana divisions of Jharkhand Significance - It is famous for crops like groundnut, cashewnut, etc Laterite soil of Karnataka is given to coffee, rubber, and spices farming,Forest Soil/ Mountain Soil + Formation — tt is principally found on mountains with steeper slopes, high relief, shallow profiles Forest Soil/ Mountain Soil + Itis thin layered and the profiles and horizons are poorly developed + Due to fast drainage, it has been vulnerable to soil erosion + Itis rich in organic content - humus content is also adequate but other nutrients are deficient + Itisa loamy soil when sand, sift and clay are in mixed form Distribution + These are generally found over goom altitude + Himalayas, Himalayan foothills, + mountain slopes of Western Ghats, Nilgiri, Annamalai and Cardamom hillsSignificance + Itis very helpful to those crops which need favourable air and water drainage which is provided by this sol by virtue of being on slopes + Generally used for rubber plantation, bamboo plantation and also tea, coffee and fruits farming Significance + Large area also given to shifting agriculture where the soil fertility deteriorates after 2-3 years + Due to less scope of agriculture, silvi pastoral farming (forest+grasses) can be sustained Saline/Alkaline Soil + Alkali soil contains large content of Nac! he soils infertile + Formation and distribution ~ It is both natural and anthropogenic + Natural ~ Includes dried up lakes of Rajasthan and Rann of KuchchhSaline/Alkaline Soil has emergé Palaya basin ( 2 + Anthropogenic -it is developed in western UP and Punjab due to faulty + Characterisites - Lack of moisture, humus and living micro organisms as a numus formation is almost absent Desert Soil + Characteristics + Itlacks in moisture content + Living micro organisms are low in content + Humus content is less also nitrogen is deficient + Phosphorous content is nearly adequate rich in lime and bases + In Northern part of Rajasthan desert, there has also been adequate clay content as a result they are relatively fertile but there is watering problem + Itis also vulnerable to wind erosion + Itisrichin iron contents + Distribution -western Rajasthan, + Rann of Kachchh, + in patches in south Haryana and south PunjabSignificance + Itis not a fertile group of soil + There isno agriculture except in the irrigated districts + They are used for millets, pulses and oil seeds, where rainfall is 6ocm + It becomes fertile once irrigated and hence there is every prospect of suitable agricultural development programsin India Peat/Organic Soil - Characterisitcs + Dominance of clay and mud which make it heavy + Rich in moisture content but at the same time, greater content of salt and every day inundation by high tide has made it infertile soil + It is characteristic of delta region of India + Besides the delta region, it is also found in + Alleppey(Kerala) (known as Karri along the backwaters or Kayals of Kerala) + Almora (Uttaranchal)+ Over Bengal delta, it is suitable for jute and rice and over Malabar, itis suitable for spices, rubber, big sized rice sit has to some extent been favourable to the Mangrove forests of india P unacademy Coal + Coal constitutes about 70% of total commercial energy consumed in India. + Found in the form of sedimentary rocks. Varieties of coal + Anthracite — Best quality — 80-95% carbon — ignites slowly with a small blue flame — highest heating value found only in J&K in small quantities + Bituminous — widely used — (60-80% carbon) — low moisture content — does not have traces of original vegetation from which it is formed — high calorific value — found in Jharkhand, Orissa, WB, Chattisgarh, MPVarieties of coal + Lignite —brown coal 40-55% carbon intermediate stage in the alteration of woody matter into coal — dark to black brown — high moisture and hence gives smoke found in Palna(Raj), Neyveli(TN), Lakhimpur(Assam) + Peat — first stage of transformation of wood into coal an 40% carbon — low calorific value — burns ood Occurrence of coal + Two categories — Gondwana coal fields and tertiary coal fields. + Gondwana Coal + 98% of total reserves and 99% of production Occurrence of coal + Formed about 250 million years ago + Tertiary coal + Coals of younger age - forms 35 to 60 myaCoalfields - Jharkhand Most of the coal fields are located in a narrow belt running in east-west direction almost along the 24 degree N latitude. i, Jharia coalfield — south of Dhanbad — storehouse of best metallurgical coal in India — one of the oldest and richest coal fields. ii. Bokaro coalfield — Hazaribagh district iii. Other coalfields —Girdih, Karanpura, Coalfields - Chattisgarh Most of the coal fields are in the northern part of the state. i. Korba coalfield — lies in the valley of river Hasdo (tributary of Mahanadi) ji, Other coalfields — Hasdo-Arand, Chirmiri, Jhilmili, JohillaGondwana Coal Deposits in India Coalfields - Orissa the deposits are found in Sambalpur and Sundargarh districts. iTTalcher coalfield — utilised in thermal power and fertiliser plants at Talcher. ii, Other coalfields —Rampur-Himgir, Ib river coalfieldCoalfields - Madhya Pradesh +1, Singrauli coalfield ~ largest coalfield of MP supplies coal to thermal power plants at Singrauli and Obra + i, Other coalfields ~ Pench-Kanhan-Tawa, Coalfields - Andhra Pradesh + In the Godavari valley, in Adilabad, Karimnagar, Warrangal, Khammam, East Godavari and West Godavari districts, Coalfields - Maharashtra + Most of the coal deposits are found in the + Kamptee coalfields in Nagpur District; + Wardha Valley.Coalfields - West Bengal + Chief producing districts include Burdwan, Bankura, Purulia, Birbhum, Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri + Raniganj isthe largest coalfield© unacademy itutes about 70% of total commercial energy consumed in India. + Found in the form of sedimentary rocks. © tnacademy Occurrence of coal categories — Gondwana coal fields and tertiary coal fields. + Gondwana Coal of total reserves and 99% of production © inacademy Rift valleys with coal seams eau rere rae Pea rau) Damodar valley with tributary valleys Konar, Barakar, Bokaro valley Son valley Chattisgarh (Korba mine) Mahanadi valley Chattisgarh Orissa Brahmanivalley Orissa Godavari valley with ts tributaries Maharashtra; Andhra Pradesh ‘Narmada valley ‘Madhya Pradesh Jharkhand, WBUari, Ranigang)Tertiary coal Coals of younger age — forms a5 to 60 mya + Mainly confined to extra-Peninsula © vnacademy Coalfields ‘Assam: The major coalfields are Maku, Nazira etc Makum coalfield in Sibsagar district is the most developed. ‘Assam coals contain very low ash and high coking qualities but Sulphur content ishigh Meghalaya- Garo, Khasi and Jaintia hils have deposits of tertiary Arunachal Pradesh ~ The upper Assam coat belt extends eastwards as Namchik-Namrup coalfield in the Tirap district of Arunachal Pradesh Other coalfields are in J & K and Himachal Pradeshunacademy. Lignite Post independence ~ phenomenal increase in the production of lignite Tamil Nadu ~ Accounts for 90 % reserves and 72 9% of production Neyveli Lignite fields of Cuddalore district most important. Lignite Also found Jayamkondacholapuram of Trichy District, Veeranam Gujarat — Kucheh district and Bharuch district Lignite + J& K- Lignite deposits belonging to newer lignite fields found in Shaliganga river extending up to Baramula district Kerala, Rajasthan, West Bengal and Pondicherry also produce some amounts of LignitePeat + Peat is confined to a few areas only. + Itoccurs in Nilgir hills, in Kashmir valley and in West Bengal Problems of coal mining Distribution of coal is uneven — high transportations cost Indian coal has high ash content and low calorific value ~ low energy and problem of ash disposal the productivity of labour and machinery is very low Heavy losses dies to fires in the mines and pit heads. Pilferage at several stages also adds to losses Problems of coal mining Mining and utilization leads of coal leads to environmental pollution. Open cast mines - destroy the entire area Coal dust leads to health hazards to mine workers and their families, Safety measures are costly and beyond the reach of small entrepreneursConservation of coal Coking coal should be used for metallurgical industry only Low grade coal should be washed, blended with superior quality coal in requisite proportion and used in industries Selective mining should be discouraged and all possible coal from the mines should be take out Conservation of coal New reserves should be discovered and new techniques should be adopted ‘Small and uneconomic collieries should be amalgamated and be made economically viable units.