Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
net/publication/287596045
CITATIONS READS
21 400
4 authors, including:
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
"Strengthening of the Research and Educational Capacity in Advanced Technology of Assiut University" based on cooperation between
KOREATECH University (Korea) and Assiut University (Egypt), July 2016- June 2020 View project
“Rapid Planning – Sustainable Infrastructure, Environmental and Resource management for highly dynamic metropolises”, based on
cooperation between Assiut University, (UN-Habitat) and TU-Berline University in Germany, 2017 View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Fahd Diab on 09 October 2017.
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: The potential for using clean energy technologies in Egypt is good given the abundant solar insolation
Received 14 February 2015 and wind resources. In contrast, many factories have suffered significant losses due to frequent blackouts
Received in revised form in Egypt, especially at peak times of load demand. Moreover, the aim of this paper is to provide a detailed
2 July 2015
feasibility and a techno-economic evaluation of using hybrid photovoltaic/wind/diesel/battery system to
Accepted 2 July 2015
Available online 20 July 2015
satisfy the electrical energy needs for an environmentally friendly factory in New Borg El Arab city, Egypt
and the city surrounding the factory. Utilizing the well-known Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Electric
Renewables software to get the optimal configuration of a hybrid renewable energy system, based on the
Keywords:
Hybrid PV/wind/diesel/battery system
user inputs of loads, components costs, components technical details, solar and wind resources avail-
Feasibility study of the optimum system ability. The hybrid renewable energy system consisting of 60 kW of photovoltaic arrays, 100 kW of wind
Greenhouse gases (GHG) emission turbines, 40 kW of diesel generators, 50 kW of power converters and 600 batteries is found to be the
Cost of energy (COE) optimal hybrid configuration in accordance with the system net present cost and cost of energy. The net
Net present cost (NPC) present cost of this system is $1,684,118 and the cost of energy is $0.19/kWh. Additionally, the optimum
system is the most environmentally friendly system in comparison with the other systems configurations
specifically the diesel only system, because it is able to reduce a significant amount of greenhouse gases
emissions. Strive to achieve the plan to become New Borg El Arab city, the first environmentally friendly
Egyptian city in the near future by increasing the applications in this city that depend on the clean
energy. Additionally, the same work could be applied to any other site in the world. Finally, an accurate
separate techno-economic analysis of each component in the optimum hybrid renewable energy system
is carried out in this study.
© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1. Introduction concern among the workers, and threatens the future of their
families, on other hand, ongoing political and social unrest in Egypt
Egypt is the largest oil and natural gas consumer in Africa, ac- has slowed the government's plans to expand power generation
counting for more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than capacity by 30 GW by 2020 (EIA, 2015; MEES, 2015).
40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa in 2013 (EIA, New Borg El Arab city was established by Presidential decree
2015). Nevertheless, it experiences frequent electricity blackouts (506/1979); it is a residential and industrial city also one of the first
because of rising demand and natural gas supply shortages, generation cities in Egypt. It is located 60 km west of Alexandria,
particularly during the summer months. Moreover, many factories and 7 km from the North Coast. The city site is located on high
have suffered significant losses due to frequent blackouts in Egypt, ground; the elevation is 28 m, which makes its climate dry and not
especially at peak times of electrical load demand. This causes damp. It has been planned for the city to become the first envi-
ronmentally friendly Egyptian city in the near future, additionally,
it has 1179 producing factories and 428 factories under construc-
* Corresponding author. College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, tion (NUCA, 2015).
No. 145, Nantong Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, The potential for using clean energy technologies in Egypt is
China. Tel: þ86 (0)451 82519400, þ86 18204507035 (mobile); fax:þ86 (0)451 good given the abundant solar insolation and wind resources.
82589400.
However, so far, the use of renewable energy had been confined to
E-mail addresses: fahd.university@eng.au.edu.eg (F. Diab), lanhai@hrbeu.edu.cn
(H. Lan). demonstrating projects in which single renewable energy
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.008
0959-6526/© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
F. Diab et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 112 (2016) 3884e3894 3885
technologies were used. No large-scale attempts have been made to discussed renewable energy systems for the new cites in Egypt
use renewable energy. Additionally, the use of hybrid power sys- by evaluating PV systems, with different renewable energy sys-
tems, where more than one power generation technology is used, tems, to choose the most economical system; taking into consid-
has also not been applied (Kamel and Dahl, 2005). eration the environmental impact. The optimum combination was
Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) is composed of one PV and diesel with net present cost (NPC) of $107,255 and COE of
renewable and one conventional energy source or more than one $0.271/kWh.
renewable with or without conventional energy sources Rahman et al. (2014) suggested hybrid systems of biogas and
(Mohammad Rozali et al., 2014; Diab et al., 2015a, 2015b). HRES solar resources to work for the cooking and electrical loads,
works in stand-alone or in grid connected mode. It is becoming a replacing the conventional facilities in developing countries. They
common topology for stand-alone electrification systems in remote determined the techno-economic capability of hybrid systems of
areas due to the advancement in renewable energy technologies these two resources. The rural households with three cattle could
and electric converters, which are used to convert the unregulated potentially be served by a hybrid system consisting of 0.2 kW PV,
power, generated from renewable sources, into useful power for the 0.6 kW Digester Gas Engine (DGE), 0.3 kW power converter and
electrical load (Bajpai and Dash, 2012; Ma et al., 2014). three batteries each 360 Ah. Matching available resources,
Kusakana (2014) investigated the use of hydrokinetic-based hybrid
2. Literature review systems to supply electricity to isolated areas of South Africa with
adequate water resources. The hybrid system composed of 3 kW
The use of renewable energy offers environmental benefits in HKT, 1 kW DG, 12 batteries and 7 kW power converter is the best
the form of reduced CO2 pollution, combining several renewable supply option for the rural households. It has an initial cost of
energy sources to form hybrid systems, whether off-grid or grid- $28,988, a NPC of $43,599 and a COE produced of $0.265/kWh.
connected systems could provide more benefits by reducing CO2 Three scenarios of wind/diesel, wind/diesel/hydrogen and
emissions further and providing a reliable supply of electricity in all wind/hydrogen systems had been proposed to augment the
load conditions (Dursun, 2012; Jamel et al., 2013; Rezvani et al., Grimsey Island (Iceland) electrical grid (Chade et al., 2015). Each
2015). In addition, the use of renewable energy sources in remote system reduced the running costs during the lifetime of 20 years.
locations could help reduce operating costs through the reduction Yet, all of them required a substantial amount of initial investment.
in fuel consumption, an increase in system efficiency, and reduced Recently, Dawoud et al. (2015) investigated the possibility of using
noise and emissions (Wies et al., 2005; Kyung et al., 2015). For diesel generators with hybrid renewable energy systems and they
example, within the EU, the total demand of final energy input for compared the COE of this systems with diesel only system. Homer
buildings (e.g. houses, offices, and shops) is about 40%. Buildings software was used to carry out the COE, the NPC and the environ-
are responsible for about 36% of greenhouse gas emissions in the mental emissions calculations of the optimization model. The
EU. Moreover, to secure the future energy supply in Europe the simulation results showed that the optimized hybrid system is very
European Union (EU) defined the ‘‘20/20/20-goal’’: to reduce the economical and environmentally friendly.
greenhouse gases emissions by 20% (based on 1990 values), to in- Furthermore, the literature review mentioned above shows
crease energy efficiency by 20%, and to increase the share of green that several approaches have been discussed regarding renewable
energy to 20% (Stadler et al., 2014). energy systems around the world. However, few researchers have
Scientific progresses linked with continuous increases in elec- focused on a techno-economic feasibility evaluation of hybrid
trical load demand and lack of fossil fuels have encouraged re- renewable power system in Egypt. Additionally, few works have
searchers and environmental supporters to improve renewable been published to solve the problem Egypt is facing, the shortage
energy sources such as photovoltaic (PV), wind and hydrokinetic of electrical power. Moreover, the main objective of this work is to
energy as replacements to conventional fossil fuels (Demir and give a detailed feasibility and a techno-economic evaluation of
Taskın, 2013; Radomes and Arango, 2015). The following is a using hybrid PV/wind/diesel/battery system to satisfy the elec-
highlight about these attempts around the world. In China, Zhao trical energy needs for an environmentally friendly factory in
et al. (2014) presented the optimal design of a stand-alone micro New Borg El Arab city, Egypt and the city surrounding the factory.
grid on Dongfushan Island, Zhejiang Province, which was chosen Additionally, strive to achieve the plan to become the first envi-
based upon careful study of various optimization objectives ronmentally friendly Egyptian city in the near future by
including combinations of life-cycle cost, renewable energy system increasing the applications in this city that depend on the clean
penetration, and airborne pollutant emissions. Additionally, Bin energy.
et al. (2012) presented an analysis, of the economical and tech- Among the nineteen software tools used by Sinha and Chandel
nical feasibility of a renewable energy powered island to determine (2014), Homer is found to be the most widely used tool as it has
the optimum hybrid system, using Hybrid Optimization of Multiple maximum combination of renewable energy systems and performs
Electric Renewables (HOMER) software that could cover the load optimization and sensitivity analysis that makes it easier and faster
for Hainan Island. In another location, in Sleman District, Indonesia, to evaluate the many possible system configurations. Furthermore,
Prasetyaningsari et al. (2013) presented an optimal model of a solar Homer is also used as a software tool in this work.
powered aeration system using Homer software. A fishpond with a
small-scale solar powered aeration system meets the achievability
of peak load demand 1.692 Wh/day by 1 kW of PV, 8 batteries of 3. Data collection
200 Ah and 0.2 kW inverter when the cost of energy (COE) is about
$0.769/kWh. The existing loads profile, solar energy resource available, wind
Rohani and Nour (2014) indicated that a hybrid renewable energy resource available, costs and technical details summary
energy system is more economical than conventional systems for were collected carefully and accurately from an accepted sources to
most investigated locations in Al Gharbia, Abu Dhabi, United Arab run the Homer software as one of the biggest challenges in using a
Emirates due to fluctuating fuel prices over the past few years. model like Homer is finding the data to run it. Additionally, the
Forecasted growth of future fuel price demands investment in National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) (NREL, 2015) cannot
renewable energy in order to decrease the link of power genera- guarantee the accuracy of any data from any external sources
tion to fuel price increases. Additionally, Saleh et al. (2014) except vetted sources, like the sources that were used in this work.
3886 F. Diab et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 112 (2016) 3884e3894
Two types of loads are identified accurately. The first type is the
domestic load that represents housing units for the city sur-
rounding the factory. The proposed HRES will supply 18.41 kW as a
maximum load demand and 100 kWh as a daily energy con-
sumption. Fig. 1a shows the designation of hours/days, monthly
and yearly baseline of the domestic load profile. The second type of
loads demand is the industrial load that represents the electrical
power required to run the factory. It is identified to be 76.38 kW as a
maximum load demand and to be 1 MWh as a required daily energy
consumption. Fig. 1b shows the designation of hours/days, monthly
and yearly baseline of the industrial load profile. Homer is capable
of synthesizing the 8760 hourly electrical loads values for a whole Fig. 2. The average monthly solar radiation data and the clearness index values.
year, using this hourly loads profile and adding random variability
factors, known as day-to-day variability and time-step-to-time- Fig. 2 shows the average monthly solar radiation data on the left axis
step variability (Kelleher and Ringwood, 2009; Li et al., 2011). In and the solar radiation's clearness index values on the right axis of the
this study, they are taken as 10% and 20% respectively. same figure. The clearness index is a measure of the clearness of the
atmosphere. It is the fraction of the solar radiation that is transmitted
through the atmosphere to strike the surface of the earth. It is a
3.2. Solar energy resource dimensionless number between 0 and 1, defined as the surface ra-
diation divided by the extraterrestrial radiation.
The 22-year average monthly solar radiation data in New Borg El
Arab city, Egypt which is located at 30.93 of latitude and 29.52 of 3.3. Wind energy resource
longitude is obtained from National Aeronautics and Space Admin-
istration (NASA) database (NASA, 2015). According to NASA data, this The 10-year average monthly wind speed data, measured at
area receives an annual average solar radiation of 5.42 kWh/m2/day. 50 m above the surface of the earth in New Borg El Arab city, Egypt
Fig. 1. a: The designation of hours/days, monthly and yearly baseline of the domestic load profile. b: The designation of hours/days, monthly and yearly baseline of the industrial
load profile.
F. Diab et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 112 (2016) 3884e3894 3887
is obtained also from NASA database (NASA, 2015). Fig. 3 shows the Table 1
average monthly wind speed data. According to NASA data, the The costs and the technical details of the PV modules.
annual average wind speed of this region is 4.93 m/s. The RET PV system
Screen database gives the wind speed data at the same location but Model name Generic flat plate PV
for an anemometer height of 10 m. These wind speeds at different Peak power 1 KW
height levels have been used to calculate the surface roughness of Derating factor 80%
the site, which came out to be 0.001 (Kolhe et al., 2013). Slope 21
Ground reflection 20%
Operating temperature 47 C
3.4. Costs and technical details Efficiency 13%
Capital cost $3000
Replacement cost $2250
Table 1 to Table 5 give the summary of the costs and the tech-
O &M cost $10/year
nical details of the PV modules, the wind turbines, the power Life time 20 years
converters, the batteries and the diesel generators respectively,
which were collected carefully and accurately to run the Homer
software for 25 years project's life time with 5% annual interest rate.
Table 2
4. Hybrid system modelling The costs and the technical details of the wind turbines.
Wind turbine
The important feature of HRES is to sum two or more renewable Model name BWC XL.1
power generation technologies to enhance their operating char- Rated power 1 KW
acteristics and to increase efficiency higher than the efficiency of a Hub height 50 m
single power source. This feature results from the ability of HRES to Capital cost $4500
Replacement cost $3000
take advantage of the complementary seasonal and diurnal (night/
O &M cost $50/year
day) characteristics of the available renewable energy resources at Life time 20 years
a given site (Ramli et al., 2015; Chowdhury et al., 2015). Fig. 4 shows
the configuration of the hybrid PV/wind/diesel/battery system us-
ing Homer software based on the user inputs of loads, components Table 3
costs, components technical details, solar and wind resources The costs and the technical details of the power converters.
availability. Homer simulates the operation of the system by mak-
Converter
ing energy balance calculations in each time step of the year. For
each time step, it compares the electric load demand in that time Rated power 1 KW
Capital cost $800
step to the energy that the system could supply in that time step, Replacement cost $600
and calculates the flows of energy to and from each component of O &M cost $5/year
the system. Additionally, it decides in each time step how to Efficiency 90%
operate the generators and whether to charge or discharge the Life time 15 years
batteries. Then, it determines whether the system configuration is
feasible, i.e., whether it could meet the electric load demand under
the specified conditions. Additionally it estimates the different type Table 4
of costs such as capital, replacement, fuel, operation and mainte- The costs and the technical details of the batteries.
nance costs.
Battery
Table 5
The costs and the technical details of the diesel generators.
Generator
Fig. 5. The mathematical model of the optimization search space for the hybrid renewable energy system.
5.3. Cost summary by component because not all of the component may require replacement at the
end of its lifetime. For example, the wind turbine nacelle may need
Table 7 gives a summary of the NPC for each component (diesel replacement but the tower may not. Additionally, there is another
generators, wind turbines, batteries, PV arrays and power con- type of costs called salvage cost, which has a value of $-349,082 in
verters) in the optimum HRES in USD from the total NPC of the the optimum system, the negative sign means it is a cash flow not
optimum system. It is apparent that the diesel generators have the really cost.
highest NPC ($591,940) in comparison with the other system
components and this is attributed to the high value of the fuel cost
($173,906) consumed by the diesel generators, which represents 5.5. Electric summary
29.4% of the diesel generators NPC. On the other hand, the NPC of
the power converters ($61,369) is the least NPC in the optimum Fig. 8 shows the monthly electricity production from the
system, which represents only 3.64% from the total NPC of this different system components in the optimum HRES, we could say
system. that the total annual electricity production from the optimized
system is 507,603 kWh/year. From this total annual electricity
production 298,874 kWh/year (58.88%) of the electricity comes
5.4. Cost summary by cost type from the wind turbines, 101,653 kWh/year (20.03%) of the elec-
tricity comes from the PV arrays, and 107,076 kWh/year (21.09%) of
Table 8 gives a summary of each cost type in USD from the total the electricity comes from the diesel generators. Additionally, the
NPC of the optimum HRES. It is clear that the replacement cost capacity shortage of the optimal system is only 0.1% and the excess
($674,378) is lower than the capital cost ($784,000) and this is electricity is 71,535 kWh/year (14.1%). In general, the excess
Fig. 7. a: The cash flow of the optimum system listed by component. b: The cash flow of the optimum system listed by cost type.
Cost type Cost $ The power output of the PV array depends on the amount of
Capital $784,000 solar radiation striking the surface of the PV array, which is con-
Replacement $674,378 verted directly into electricity. The smallest unit of this system is
Operation & maintenance $400,915 the solar cell. The solar cells are then arranged in the module, which
Fuel $173,906 is connected in series and/or parallel to form arrays. The PV system
Salvage $(349,082)
is non-linear as could be apparent from its current versus voltage
F. Diab et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 112 (2016) 3884e3894 3891
lnðZhub =Zo Þ
Vhub =Vanem ¼ (2)
lnðZanem =Zo Þ
where Vhub is the wind speed at the hub-height of the wind turbine
(m/s); Vanem is the wind speed at the anemometer height (m/s);
Zhub is the hub-height of the wind turbine (m); Zanem is the
anemometer height (m) and Zo is the surface roughness length (m).
Depending on the wind turbine costs and technical details,
shown in Table 2, and the designation of hours/days wind turbine
power output in Fig. 11b, we could say that the average power
output of the wind turbines is 34.118 kW of 100 kW total rated
capacity (capacity factor is 34.118%), distributed over the 24 h.
Additionally, the time of operation of the wind turbines during the
Fig. 8. The monthly electricity production from different system components. year is 7231 h.
Fig. 9. The IeV characteristics of the PV module. Fig. 10. The designation of hours/days power output of the PV system.
3892 F. Diab et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 112 (2016) 3884e3894
the batteries. We could say that the energy output from the bat-
teries is 86,456 kWh/year while the energy input to the batteries is
101,184 kWh/year with losses of 14,425 kWh/year and storage
depletion of 303 kWh/year. In addition, we can note that the state
of charge of the batteries is about 100% year round and the ex-
pected lifetime of the batteries is twelve years.
Fig. 12. a: The designation of hours/days power output of the inverter. b: The desig- Fig. 13. a: The profile of the battery bank monthly state of charge. b: The designation of
nation of hours/days power output of the rectifier. hours/days state of charge of the battery bank profile.
F. Diab et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 112 (2016) 3884e3894 3893
Table 9
The amount of greenhouse gases emitted from the hybrid PV/wind/diesel
system.
Table 10
The amount of greenhouse gases emitted from the hybrid wind/diesel
system.
Fig. 14. The fuel consumption curve of the diesel generator.
Type of emission Emission (kg/year)
city to achieve the goal to become the first environmentally friendly Li, Z., Boyle, F., Reynolds, A., 2011. Domestic application of solar PV systems in
Ireland: the reality of their economic viability. Energy 36, 5865e5876.
Egyptian city in the near future. Additionally, the same work could
Ma, T., Yang, H., Lu, L., 2014. A feasibility study of a stand-alone hybrid solar-
be applied to any other site in the world. Increasing the renewable ewindebattery system for a remote island. Appl. Energy 121, 149e158.
energy penetration especially in remote locations, which could Mohammad Rozali, N.E., Wan Alwi, S.R., Abdul Manan, Z., Klemes, J.J., Hassan, M.Y.,
help reduce the operating costs through the reduction in fuel 2014. Optimal sizing of hybrid power systems using power pinch analysis.
J. Clean. Prod. 71, 158e167.
consumption, maximized system efficiency, and reduced noise and Nandi, S.K., Ghosh, H.R., 2010. Prospect of wind/PV/battery hybrid power system as
emissions. an alternative to grid extension in Bangladesh. Energy 35, 3040e3047.
Prasetyaningsari, I., Setiawan, A., Setiawan, A.A., 2013. Design optimization of solar
powered aeration system for fishpond in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta by
References HOMER software. Energy Procedia 32, 90e98.
Radomes Jr., A.A., Arango, S., 2015. Renewable energy technology diffusion: an
Bajpai, P., Dash, V., 2012. Hybrid renewable energy systems for power generation in analysis of photovoltaic system support schemes in Medellín, Colombia.
stand-alone applications: a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 16, 2926e2939. J. Clean. Prod. 92, 152e161.
Beccali, M., Brunone, S., Cellura, M., Franzitta, V., 2008. Energy, economic and Rahman, M.M., Hasan, M.M., Paatero, J.V., Lahdelma, R., 2014. Hybrid application of
environmentally analysis on RET-hydrogen systems in residential buildings. biogas and solar resources to fulfill household energy needs: a potentially
Renew. Energy 33, 366e382. viable option in rural areas of developing countries. Renew. Energy 68, 35e45.
Bin, Y., Jie, T., Qiang, L., 2012. Feasibility analysis of renewable energy powered Ramli, M.A.M., Hiendro, A., Sedraoui, K., Twaha, S., 2015. Optimal sizing of grid-
tourism island, Hainan, China. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 4, 1e16. connected photovoltaic energy system in Saudi Arabia. Renew. Energy 75,
Chade, D., Miklis, T., Dvorak, D., 2015. Feasibility study of wind-to-hydrogen system 489e495.
for Arctic remote locations, Grimsey island case study. Renew. Energy 76, Rezvani, A., Gandomkar, M., Izadbakhsh, M., Ahmadi, A., 2015. Environmental/
204e211. economic scheduling of a micro-grid with renewable energy resources. J. Clean.
Chowdhury, S.A., Aziz, S., Groh, S., Kirchhoff, H., Filho, W.L., 2015. Off-grid rural area Prod. 87, 216e226.
electrification through solar-diesel hybrid minigrids in Bangladesh: resource- Rohani, G., Nour, M., 2014. Techno-economical analysis of stand-alone hybrid
efficient design principles in practice. J. Clean. Prod. 95, 194e202. renewable power system for Ras Musherib in United Arab Emirates. Energy 64,
Dalton, G.J., Lockington, D.A., Baldock, T.E., 2009. Feasibility analysis of renewable 828e841.
energy supply options for a grid-connected large hotel. Renew. Energy 34, Saleh, A.A.Z., Nasrat, L.S., Hasaneen, B.M., Elbendary, A.F.M.A., Nassar, I.A.I., 2014.
955e964. Simulations of hybrid renewable energy systems and environmental impact for
Dawoud, S.M., Lin, X.N., Sun, J.W., Okba, M.I., Khalid, M.S., Waqar, A., 2015. Feasi- Qena Al-Gadida city. Int. J. Recent Dev. Eng. Technol. 2, 1e8.
bility study of isolated PV-wind hybrid system in Egypt, sustainable energy and Sinha, S., Chandel, S.S., 2014. Review of software tools for hybrid renewable energy
environmental engineering III. Adv. Mater. Res. China 145e151. systems. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 32, 192e205.
Demir, N., Taskın, A., 2013. Life cycle assessment of wind turbines in Pınarbas- Stadler, M., Groissbo € ck, M., Cardoso, G., Marnay, C., 2014. Optimizing distributed
Kayseri. J. Clean. Prod. 54, 253e263. energy resources and building retrofits with the strategic DER-CAModel. Appl.
Diab, F., Lan, H., Zhang, L., Ali, S., 2015a. An environmentally-friendly tourist village Energy 132, 557e567.
in Egypt based on a hybrid renewable energy systemdpart one: what is the Villalva, M., Gazoli, J., Filho, E., 2009. Modeling and circuit based simulation of
optimum city? Energies 8, 6926e6944. photovoltaic arrays. In: Power Electronics Conference, COBEP. 2009, Brazilian,
Diab, F., Lan, H., Zhang, L., Ali, S., 2015b. An environmentally-friendly tourist village pp. 1244e1254.
in Egypt based on a hybrid renewable energy systemd part two: a net zero Wies, R.W., Johnson, R.A., Agrawal, A.N., Member, S., Chubb, T.J., 2005. Simulink
energy tourist village. Energies 8, 6945e6961. model for economic analysis and environmental impacts of a PV with diesel-
Dursun, B., 2012. Determination of the optimum hybrid renewable power gener- battery system for remote villages. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 20, 692e700.
ating systems for Kavakli campus of Kirklareli University, Turkey. Renew. Sus- Zhao, B., Zhang, X., Li, P., Wang, K., Xue, M., Wang, C., 2014. Optimal sizing, operating
tain. Energy Rev. 16, 6183e6190. strategy and operational experience of a stand-alone microgrid on Dongfushan
Jamel, M.S., Rahman, A.A., Shamsuddin, A.H., 2013. Advances in the integration of Island. Appl. Energy 113, 1656e1666.
solar thermal energy with conventional and non-conventional power plants.
Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 20, 71e81.
Kolhe, M., Ranaweera, K.M.I.U., Gunawardana, A.G.B.S., 2013. Techno-economic Web References
optimum sizing of hybrid renewable energy system. In: Industrial Electronics
Society, IECON 2013-39th Annual Conference of the IEEE, pp. 1898e1903. EIA, 2015. U.S. Energy Information Administration available at: http://www.eia.gov/
Kamel, S., Dahl, C., 2005. The economics of hybrid power systems for sustainable countries/country-data.cfm?fips¼EG (accessed May 2015).
desert agriculture in Egypt. Energy 30, 1271e1281. MEES, 2015. Middle East Economic Survey available at: http://www.mees.com
Kelleher, J., Ringwood, J.V., 2009. A computational tool for evaluating the economics (accessed May 2015).
of solar and wind micro generation of electricity. Energy 34, 401e409. NASA, 2015. Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy available at: https://eosweb.larc.
Kusakana, K., 2014. Techno-economic analysis of off-grid hydrokinetic-based hybrid nasa.gov/cgi-bin/sse/grid.cgi?email¼skip@larc.nasa.gov (accessed Feburary
energy systems for onshore remote area in South Africa. Energy 68, 947e957. 2015).
Kyung, D., Kim, M., Chang, J., Lee, W., 2015. Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions NREL, 2015. National Renewable Energy Laboratory available at: http://www.nrel.
from a hybrid wastewater treatment plant. J. Clean. Prod. 95, 117e123. gov/ (accessed May 2015).
Lambert, T., Gilman, P., Lilienthal, P., 2006. Micro power system modeling with NUCA, 2015. New Urban Communities Authority Portal available at: http://www.
homer. Wiley-IEEE Press. In: Integration of Alternative Sources of Energy. John newcities.gov.eg/english/New_Communities/Borg_Arab/default.aspx (accessed
Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA, pp. 379e418. May 2015).