MUNALI BOYS SECONDARY SCHOOL

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Group 5: LESSON PLAN

Teacher’s Name: CHOWA HERBERT Computer number: 13231235

SKETCHILY SEBENTE 14063549

KANKOMBA VICTOR 14004780

NYIRONGO JOSEPH 14082152

TAMARA TEMBO 14007533

LUBINDA MUHAU 14001853

Date: /0 /2018 Time: :00hrs

Duration: 40 MINUTES

Grade: 11 A Subject: Additional Mathematics

Topic: Remainder and Factor Theorem: Sub-topic: Polynomial Equations.

Rationale: In business and economics, the function that gives the price per unit 𝑝 of an item in
terms of the number 𝑥 of units sold is a polynomial known as the demand function. Learners will
learn how to solve polynomial equations and be able to combine two real-life polynomial models
into one new model, such as a model for money spent at a company each year.

LESSON OUTCOMES:

By the end of this lesson, learners should be able to (PSBAT):

 To divide a polynomial by a binomial of the form 𝑥 − 𝑟 using synthetic and/or long division.
 Use the Factor Theorem in conjunction with synthetic or long division to find factors and
zeros of a polynomial function.
 determine all solutions of a polynomial equation over the set of real numbers.
PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE/SKILLS:

 Concept of a function and algebraic expressions.

 Synthetic and polynomial long division.
 Solving quadratic equations.

TEACHING/ LEARNING MATERIALS:

 Chalk/white board marker.

 Calculator.

RESOURCES

 Additional Mathematics: Pure and Applied.

 Understanding Pure Mathematics.
METHODOLOGIES.

 Discussion.
 Questioning.
Introduction (5 minutes)
Teacher makes a review on the Remainder and Factor Theorem.
 Remember that for any polynomial function 𝑃 and real number 𝑎, the Remainder Theorem says that there
exists a polynomial 𝑞 so that 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑞(𝑥)(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑃(𝑎).
 What does it mean if 𝑎 is a zero of a polynomial 𝑃?
 𝑃(𝑎) = 0.
 So what does the Remainder Theorem say if 𝑎 is a zero of 𝑃?
 There is a polynomial 𝑞 so that 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑞(𝑥)(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 0.
 How does (𝑥 − 𝑎) relate to 𝑃 if 𝑎 is a zero of 𝑃?
 If 𝑎 is a zero of 𝑃, then (𝑥 − 𝑎) is a factor of 𝑃.
 How does the graph of a polynomial function 𝑦 = 𝑃(𝑥) correspond to the equation of the polynomial 𝑃?
 The zeros are the 𝑥-intercepts of the graph of 𝑃. If we know a zero of 𝑃, then we know a factor of 𝑃.
 A note on terminology: Equations have solutions, and functions have zeros. The distinction is subtle but important.
For example, the equation (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 0 has solutions 1 and 3, while the polynomial function
𝑝(𝑥) = (𝑥 −1)(𝑥 − 3) has zeros at 1 and 3. Zeros of a function are the 𝑥-intercepts of the graph of the function;
they are also known as roots.

Classwork
Example 1: (5 minutes) Scaffolding:
Each student must first try out answering the questions below individually. As students Encourage students who are
work through this exercise, teacher circulates the room to make sure students have made struggling to work on part (a)
the connection between zeros, factors, and 𝑥-intercepts. Question students to see if they using two methods:
can verbalize the ideas discussed in the introduction.  by finding 𝑃(1), and
 by dividing 𝑃 by 𝑥 − 1.
1. Consider the polynomial 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝟖𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏𝟒𝟒. This will help to reinforce the
a. Is 𝟏 a zero of the polynomial 𝑷? ideas discussed in the review.
No.

b. Is 𝒙 + 𝟑 one of the factors of 𝑷?

Yes. 𝑷(−𝟑) = 𝟖𝟏 − 𝟖𝟏 − 𝟐𝟓𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝟖 + 𝟏𝟒𝟒 = 𝟎.

c. The graph of 𝑷 is shown to the right. What are the zeros of 𝑷?

Approximately −𝟔, −𝟑, 𝟐, and 𝟒.

d. Write the equation of 𝑷 in factored form.

𝑷(𝒙) = (𝒙 + 𝟔)(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟒)

 Discussion (10 minutes)
 Is 1 a zero of the polynomial 𝑃? How do you know?
 No. 𝑃(1) ≠ 0.
 What are two ways to determine the value of 𝑃(1)?
 Fill in 1 for 𝑥 into the function or divide 𝑃 by 𝑥 − 1. 𝑃(1) will be equal to the remainder.
 Is 𝑥 + 3 a factor of 𝑃? How do you know?
 Yes. Because 𝑃(−3) = 0, then when 𝑃 is divided by 𝑥 + 3 the remainder is 0, which means that 𝑥 + 3
is a factor of the polynomial 𝑃.
 How do you find the zeros of 𝑃 from the graph?
 The zeros are the 𝑥-intercepts of the graph.
 How do you find the factors?
 By using the zeros. If 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a zero, then 𝑥 − 𝑎 is a factor of 𝑃.
 Multiply out the expression in part (d) to see that it is indeed the original polynomial function.

Example 2: (5 minutes)

1. Consider the polynomial 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝟖𝒙 + 𝟒𝟎.

a. Find the remainder when 𝑷(𝒙) is divided by (𝒙 − 𝟑)

𝑷(𝟑) = -98.

b. Given that (𝒙 − 𝟓) is a factor of 𝑷(𝒙). Find all solutions of 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝟎

Use long division or synthetic/grid method

Hence we have (𝒙 − 𝟓)(𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟗𝒙 − 𝟖) = 𝟎. Solving the quadratic equation, we

𝟐
finally have 𝒙 = 𝟓, 𝒙 = 𝟒, 𝒙 = −
𝟑

c. The graph of 𝑷 is shown to the right. What are the zeros of 𝑷?

Approximately −𝟔, −𝟑, 𝟐, and 𝟒.

d. Write the equation of 𝑷 in factored form.

𝑷(𝒙) = (𝒙 + 𝟔)(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟒)

Problem Set Sample and Solutions : (15 minutes)

2. Consider the polynomial 𝑷(𝒙) = (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝒌) − 𝟖 where 𝒌 is a constant.

a. Write down the value of 𝑷(𝒌).

𝑷(𝒌) = −𝟖

b. When 𝑷(𝒙) is divided by (𝒙 − 𝟐) the remainder is 4. Find the value of 𝒌

𝑷(𝟐) = 𝟒  𝟒 = (𝟔 − 𝟐)(𝟐 − 𝟏) − 𝟖. 𝒔𝒐 𝒌 = −𝟏
.

c. Factorize 𝑷(𝒙) completely.

𝑷(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − (𝟐 + 𝟑𝒌)𝒙 + (𝟐𝒌 − 𝟖) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟖

= (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓)(𝒙 + 𝟐)

d. Find all solutions of 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝟎

(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓)(𝒙 + 𝟐) = 𝟎

 𝒙 = 𝟓𝟑 , 𝒙 = −𝟐

Lesson Evaluation: