Académique Documents
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Electrical C
Engineering
Tables, Standards, Formulas E
W
VERLAG EUROPA-LEHRMITTEL · Nourney, Vollmer GmbH & Co. KG
Düsselberger Straße 23 · 42781 Haan-Gruiten · Germany
BU
Original title: Tabellenbuch Elektrotechnik, 26nd edition, authors:
Häberle, Gregor Dr.-Ing., department manager Tettnang, Germany
Häberle, Heinz Dipl.-Gwl., VDE Kressbronn, Germany
Jöckel, Hans-Walter Dipl.-Ing. (FH), Oberstudienrat Friedrichshafen, Germany
M
Krall, Rudolf Dipl.-Päd. Ing., Berufsschuloberlehrer St. Leonhard, Austria
Schiemann, Bernd Dipl.-Ing. Durbach, Germany
Schmitt, Siegfried staatl. gepr. Techniker, Techn.
Oberlehrer Bad Bergzabern, Germany
Tkotz, Klaus Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Kronach, Germany
TM
Head of the working group:
Dr.-Ing. Häberle, Tettnang, Germany
Graphic design:
Design office of the publisher Verlag Europa-Lehrmittel, Ostfildern, Germany
EI
DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. and VDE Verband der Elektrotechnik Elektronik
SE Informationstechnik e.V. have authorised the citation of excerpts from DIN standards
classified as VDE for the registered limited edition of this book, approval no. 302.015. For
additional reproductions or editions, a separate authorisation will be required.
Please verify that you are using the most recent version of a standard prior to its application.
Standards can be ordered from VDE-VERLAG GmbH, Birmarckstr. 33, 10625 Berlin,
www.vde-verlag.de.
IC
AC
ISBN 978-3-8085-3270-6
All rights reserved. This publication is protected under copyright law. Any use other than those permitted by
the law must be approved in writing by the publisher.
© 2015 by Verlag Europa-Lehrmittel, Nourney, Vollmer GmbH & Co. KG, 42781 Haan-Gruiten, Germany
MC http://www.europa-lehrmittel.de.
Circuit Symbols for Installation Circuit Automatic Switch for Staircase Lighting,
Diagrams and Installation Diagrams . . . . . . . . 90 Doorbell System with Door Opener . . . . . . . . . 129
Installation Circuit Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Circuits with Latching Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
M
Circuit Symbols for Overview Diagrams . . . . . 93 Louvre-control Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Coils, Transformers, Rotating Generators . . . . 94 Intercom Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Single-phase A.C. Motors and Starters . . . . . . 95 Two-wire Door Intercom Systems . . . . . . . . . . 134
Three-phase Motors and Starters . . . . . . . . . . 96 Lamp Circuits with Dimmers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Converter-fed Motors with A.C./D.C. Drive Push-button Dimmer, Types of Dimmers . . . . 136
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Automatic Controller with Heat Sensor . . . . . . 137
B Comparison of Circuit Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Automatic Switch with Ultrasonic
Marks and Symbols on Electrical Motion Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Equipment (Examples) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Electrical Installation with Low-voltage
Halogen Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Controls. . . . . . . . . . 101
Field-reducing Electrical Installation . . . . . . . . 140
Symbols in Process Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Building Management and Automation . . . . . 141
Preparing Documentation on Equipment
and Plant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Lines and Areas in a KNX-TP System . . . . . . . 142
C
Structure and Contents of Operating Circuit Symbols for KNX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Instructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Components of KNX-TP Systems . . . . . . . . . . 144
Electrical Measuring Instruments and Special Actuators and System Devices
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 for KNX-TP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Pictographs for Measuring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Sensors for KNX-TP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Measuring Circuits for Resistance Calculation 107 Actuators for KNX-TP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
E Measuring Range Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Installation Bus with FSK Control KNX-PL . . . 148
Measurements in Electrical Installations . . . . . 109 Project Design and Commissioning Based
on KNX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Low-voltage Power Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Local Operating Network LON . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Electricity Meters, Kilowatt-hour Meters . . . . . 113
LON Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Digital Watt Meters (Smart Meters) . . . . . . . . . 114
Electrical Installations with Wireless Control . 153
Oscilloscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Local Control Network LCN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
A Measurement with the Oscilloscope . . . . . . . . 116
House Connection with Protective
Displacement and Angle Measurement Equipotentional Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
with Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Foundation Earth Electrode Installed in
Measurement of Force and Pressure Concrete or Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
with Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Main Power Supply Lines in Residential
Motion Measurement with Sensors. . . . . . . . . 119 Buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Temperature Measurement with Sensors . . . . 120 Installation of the Meter Cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . 159
K Minimum Electrical Equipment in Residential
Buildings, Meter Cabinets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Section EI: Wiring in Residential Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Electrical Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Calculation of Circuit Loading of Lines
without Branching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Qualifications to Performing Electrotechnical
Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Calculation of Circuit Loading of
Branched Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
W Working on Electrical Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Protection of Conductors against Overload
Workshop Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 and Short Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Cable Installation, Working on Methods of Installation for Permanent
Electrical Conductors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
On-off Circuits, Series Connection . . . . . . . . . . 126 Ampacity of Cables and Wires . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Three- and Four-way Switch Circuits . . . . . . . . 127 Ampacity of Flexible or Heat-resistant Cables 169
Practical Installation of Electrical Circuits . . . . 128 Ampacity Correction Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
BU
Contents 7
Minimum Conductor Cross Sections, Fault Protection by Automatic Disconnection
Ampacity of Power Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 from the Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Overcurrent Protection Devices Other Protection Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
(Low-voltage Fuses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 M
Additional Fault Protection in Professionally
Overcurrent Protection Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Monitored Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Bathrooms with Bathtubs or Showers. . . . . . . 174 Conductors for Protective Measures . . . . . . . . 216
Special Rooms and Facilities, Working Initial Testing of Protective Measures . . . . . . . 217
Under Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Repetitive Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Saunas, Swimming Pools, Accessible Pools. . 176 Repair, Modification and Testing of
Electrical Installations in Hazardous Electrical Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 B
Locations (Risk of Fire) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Transformers and Chokes, Insulation Testing 221
Electrical Installations in Agricultural Calculation of Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Additional Operating Parameters of
Electrical Installations in Medical Areas . . . . . 179 Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Electrical Installations in Teaching Rooms Small Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
with Experimental Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Types of Power Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Electrical Installations in Hazardous Locations C
(Risk of Explosion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Rotating Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Power Supply of Workshops and Machine Insulator Classes, Nameplates of
Shops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Lighting Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Transformers for Three-phase Current . . . . . . 228
Design of Interior Workshop Lighting . . . . . . . 185 Transformers in Parallel Operation . . . . . . . . . 229
Maintenance Factors of Workplace Lighting . . 186 Power Mains for Energy Supply. . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Calculation of Lighting Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Overhead Power Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 E
Lighting and Glare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Overhead Mains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Fluorescent Lamps for 230 V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Sag of Overhead Power Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Incandescent Lamps, Metal-vapour Lamps. . . 190 Installation of Buried Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Energy-saving Lamps, Colour Reproduction . 191 Private Power Generating Systems . . . . . . . . 235
Induction Lamps and Optical Fibres . . . . . . . . 192 Reimbursement for Renewable Energies
According to EEG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Electronic Ballasts for Fluorescent Lamps. . . . 193
Wind Power Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 A
Discharge Lamp Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Photovoltaic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
LED Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Photovoltaic Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
LED-Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Smart Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Photometric Data of Light Fixtures . . . . . . . . . 197
Fuel Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Fluorescent Tube Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Protection of Electrical Equipment, IP Codes . 243
Electrochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 K
Primary Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Section SE:
Safety, Energy Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Accumulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Charging Methods for Rechargeable
First Aid at the Workplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Personal Protective Equipment PPE. . . . . . . . . 201 Emergency Power Supply and Emergency
Signs for Accident Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Lighting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Workplace Health and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Stand-by Uninterrupted Power Supply W
Types of Contact, Current Hazards, Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Types of Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 UPS Systems (Uninterrupted Power Supply) . 250
Protective Measures, Protection Classes . . . . . 208 Electromagnetic Compatibility EMC . . . . . . . . 251
Distribution Systems (Network Layouts) . . . . . 209 Electromagnetic Interferences EMI . . . . . . . . . 252
Protection against Electric Shock . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Measures against EMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Differential Current Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Internal Lightning Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
BU
8 Contents
BU
Section M: Mathematics, Physics, Theory of Circuits, Components 11
Opposite a
en Quantities and Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
of Circuits,
ot
Compon-
p Mathematical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Hy
} Exponents, Unit Prefixes, Logarithms, Calculations
ents
90
å
A
According to the Rule of Three . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Adjacent b C Logarithmic Unit Decibel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Angles, Trigonometric Functions, Percentage Calculation 20
Relationships Between Trigonometric Functions . . . . . 21
Physics
r Lengths and Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Body and Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Mass, Force, Pressure, Moment of Force . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Motion Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
F Mechanical Work, Mechanical Power, Energy . . . . . . . . 26
Transmissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3
Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Charge, Voltage, Electric Current, Resistance . . . . . . . . 30
2 Electric Power, Electric Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Electric Field, Capacitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
G/S 1 Alternating Quantities, Wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Magnetic Field, Coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Electric and Magnetic Field Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
R/Q Current in the Magnetic Field, Induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Circuit theory
Resistor Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
¡ R1 R2
Reference Arrows, Kirchhoff’s Rules, Voltage Dividers . 39
Equivalent Voltage Source, Equivalent Current Source,
G U U1 U2 Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Basic Circuits of Inductances and Capacitances. . . . . . . 42
Switching Capacitors and Coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
¡ Equivalent Series Connection and Equivalent Parallel
¡1 ¡2 Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
G U R1 R2
Simple Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Three-phase Systems (Alternating Current) . . . . . . . . . . 48
Unbalanced Load, Star-delta Conversion, Bridge Circuit 49
Components
Resistors and Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Semiconductor Resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Diodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
1 2 3 4 Field Effect Transistors, IGBT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Bipolar Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Thyristor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
D Is G S Rectifier Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Types of Packages for Diodes, Transistors and ICs . . . . 61
P+ P P+
Magnetic Field-dependent Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
N Photoelectronic Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Protection Circuits for Diodes and Thyristors. . . . . . . . . 64
Su
Cooling of Semiconductor Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
12 Symbols####
in this Book
Special symbols are created by adding one or more subscripts or other signs to the symbol.
Subscripts and Signs for######
Formula Symbols in this Book 13
Subscript,
sign Meaning Subscript Meaning Subscript Meaning
Quantity Symbol until Symbol after September 2010 Unit, unit symbol
September
2010 Preferred Reserve
M symbol symbol
Open-loop voltage U0 U0
Dissipation Pv Pt
Pull-up torque MS Tu Mu
Breakaway torque MA Tl Ml
nom = nominal, rat = rated, T = torque, active factor = cosine of fundamental (without overtones),
power factor (P.F.) = relation of wattage to apparent power (with overtones)
Quantities
######
and Units 1 15
Quantity SI unit Unit symbol, Quantity SI unit Unit symbol,
(other unit) unit equation (other unit) unit equation
Decimal powers 10–3 10–2 10–1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Prefixes may not be combined. You can assign only one prefix per unit.
Logarithms
The logarithm (log) indicates to
which power a base has to be raised
loga(cd ) = logac + logad
3.5 cm · lg 10 1
in order to obtain the logarithm argu-
ment. The following applies c = log c – log d
loga –– a a
d 2
3.5 cm · lg 5 ab = c, logac = b
The common logarithm (lg) has loga(cm) = m · logac
3.5 cm · lg 2
the base 10. The natural logarithm 3
loga n冑苳
(ln) has the base of the e-function 1 log c
(e=2.718...). The dyadic logarithm (lb) c = ––
n a
has the base 2. 4
3 parts 4 parts 3 parts
Extensive number ranges can be lgx = lnx / ln10
5
1 2 5 10
represented in a more structured
way when using a logarithmic scale. lnx = lgx / lge
Logarithmic sectioning Inc Inc 6
logac = ᎏ = ᎏ
lna lga lbx = lgx / lg2
7
Calculation according to the rule of three
Steps of approach Example
60
Proportional relation (unit obtained by division)
40
No. of pieces
Angles
M
The units referring to angles are de- Important angles
gree, centesimal degree and radian.
e
n gl The round angle has Round Straight Right
Righ
0}
a
c) 2 p rad (radian)
0}
le
The unit radian corresponds to the 360° 180° 90°
proportion of the circular arc length
1 ra
Angle functions
B The longest side (c) of the right- An angle in a right-angled triangle
angled triangle is referred to as the can be defined by its angle degrees
ec hypotenuse. It is the side opposite or as a ratio of two triangle sides.
us
Opposite a
en
p ot the right angle. The two other sides The ratio of the sides depends on
Hy (a and b) of the triangle form the the size of the angle. That is why the
}
right angle. These sides are referred ratios of two sides in a right-angled
90
to as the catheti or simply legs of the triangle are referred to as angle func-
å