Foundation Engineering

Soil Mechanics & Lab Testing in

Geotechnical Engineering Practices
DAYU APOJI, MSc DIC, G-1
25 APRIL 2018
Outline
1. Project Cases:
a. Singapore Thomson Line MRT  General aspect of
MRT construction, unconventional pile
b. Bangkok Blue Line Extension MRT  Pile design
parameters
c. Jakarta North-South Line MRT  Pile design in seismic
region
2. Fundamental Concept of Pile Foundations
3. Code Based: SNI 8460:2017 Persyaratan
Perancangan Geoteknik
Thomson Line MRT
Singapore
PROJECT CASE #1
 Project Overview
• Will be the sixth Mass
Rapid Transit (MRT) and
the fourth fully
automated and driverless
system line in Singapore.

• Was first announced on

25 January 2008. About
30 km length with 22
stations.

• Construction began in
January 2014.

• Was planned to be ready

from 2019 onwards.
Contract Overview
Cripple Siding
T14 Orchard T16 Havelock
Boulevard Station
Station T15 Great World
Station
T11 Stevens Station T13 Orchard
Station

T12 Napier Station

 Highlight: Project Cycle & Type
of Contract
Conventional Contract
Feasibility Conceptual Detailed Tender: Operation &
Construction
Study Design Design Contractors Maintenance

Design & Build Contract (Engineering-Procurement-

Construction)
Conceptual /
Feasibility Tender: Detailed Operation &
Tender Construction
Study Contractors Design Maintenance
Design
 Typical Geotechnical Task List
in Detailed Design Stage
• Site Investigation (e.g. Borehole Drilling,
Geotechnical Field Tests)
Investigation
• Laboratory Tests
Contractor
• Factual Report

• Geotechnical Interpretative Report

• Basis of Design (Selected Design Codes to
be Used)
Engineering • Detailed Design
Consultant
• Calculation Report
• Technical Drawings
• Technical Specifications
Design Criteria
Design Criteria: Indonesia
SNI 8460:2017 Persyaratan
Perancangan Geoteknik: Outline
1. Ruang lingkup 8. Terowongan
2. Acuan normatif 9. Fondasi
3. Istilah dan definisi 10. Struktur penahan tanah
4. Persyaratan umum 11. Galian dalam
5. Data geoteknik 12. Kegempaan
6. Perbaikan tanah 13. Keruntuhan hidraulik
7. Stabilitas lereng galian dan
timbunan
Geological Setting
Geological Formation
Geological Formation
Geological Formation
 Geotechnical Profile

T14 Orchard Boulevard Station

Fill

Kallang
Formation

Bukit Timah
Granite
Geotechnical Profile

Cripple Siding
Kallang Formation: Fluvial Clay
Bukit Timah: Residual Soil
Undrained Shear Strength:
Fluvial Clay vs. Residual Soil
Effective Shear Strength:
Fluvial Clay vs. Residual Soil
Geotechnical Design
Parameters
Geotechnical Design
Parameters: Note
Note:
Barrette
Pile
width : 0.52, 0.62, 0.82, 1.02,
1.22, 1.52 m
length : 1.80, 2.20, 2.70, 3.0 m
Starting from these
dimensions, bigger or more
rigid piles can be formed :
bars, crosses, H shaped piles,
T shaped piles.
The methods of calculation
and measurement are the
same as those for drilled and
cast-in-place circular piles.
Note:
Barrette
Pile
Several advantages :
resistance to horizontal stress and
to bending moments better than
circular piles of the same section,
easy adjustment to structures, so
that one single pile is sufficient
under each column or bearing
unit,
better mobilisation of lateral
friction than a circular pile of the
same section, because of a larger
perimeter.
The preferential application field
is that of high bearing capacities :
from 5 000 kN upwards.
Note:
Barrette
Pile
•The drilling is generally
done under a
bentonitic slurry, like a
classical diaphragm
wall.
•After desanding the
drilling slurry, the
reinforcement cage is
lowered into the
trench.
•Concreting is done in
the usual way with a
tremie pipe. Depending
on the size of the pile,
several pipes may have
to be used.
Note:
Dwall
A diaphragm wall is
constructed using a
narrow trench excavated
in ground and supported
by an engineered fluid
(typically a bentonite
mud) until the mud is
replaced by the
permanent material.
Generally diaphragm
walls are made from
reinforced concrete.
Note:
Dwall
Construction method
Bangkok MRT
Blue Line Extension
Thailand
PROJECT CASE #2
 Project Overview
The 27 km Blue Line extension will
form a quasi circle line (loop). It
consists of 19 stations (4
underground stations and 15
elevated stations).

The project is divided into 5

contracts:
1. 2.8 km underground (2
stations).
2. 2.6 km underground (2 stations)
3. 11 km elevated (8 stations)
4. 10.5 km elevated (7 stations,
plus a park-and-ride venue and
maintenance yard)
5. rolling stock and systems.
Project Overview
 Highlight: Project Cycle & Type
of Contract
Conventional Contract
Feasibility Conceptual Detailed Tender: Operation &
Construction
Study Design Design Contractors Maintenance

Design & Build Contract (Engineering-Procurement-

Construction)
Conceptual /
Feasibility Tender: Detailed Operation &
Tender Construction
Study Contractors Design Maintenance
Design
Contract Overview
 Geological Profile
Sanam Chai
Station Itsaraphap
Chao Phraya River
Station

MRT Tunnels
Design Geotechnical Profile at
Chao Phraya Crossing

Fill

Chao Phraya Soft Clay Itsaraphap

River Station
Stiff Clay #1
Sand #1
Stiff Clay #2
MRT Tunnels
Sand #2
Geotechnical Interpretation
OCR
Undrained
Shear Strength –
Clay
Undrained
Shear Strength –
Medium Clay
Undrained
Shear Strength –
Stiff Clay #1
Undrained
Shear Strength –
Stiff Clay #2
Effective Shear Strength – Soft
& Medium Clay
Effective Shear Strength – Stiff
Clay #1
Effective Shear Strength – Stiff
Clay #2
Geotechnical Design
Parameters
Long Section: Sanam Chai
Station Design
Pile Design: BS8004
The allowable geotechnical capacity for compression
pile subject to negative skin friction in the long term is
given by the following equation:
𝑄𝑠𝑝 +𝑄𝑏
𝑄𝑎 = ; 𝑄𝑎 ≥ 𝑃𝑐 + ℎ𝑄𝑠𝑛
𝐹𝑆
where:
Pc : is working load to be carried by each pile;
h : is the degree of mobilization.
The negative unit friction along the pile section above
the neutral plane may vary between the fully mobilized
value on the top and a small value close to the neutral
plane (may be assumed as 0.67).
Pile Design: BS8004
Pile Design: NSF
Negative Skin Friction
NSF shall be considered in the design if pile foundation is embedded in
materials that are prone to consolidation.
The total NSF load for a single pile is given by the following equation:
Qsn = fsn Asn
where:
fsn : is the negative skin friction per unit area of the shaft;
As : is the surface of the pile shaft subject to negative skin friction.
Negative Skin Friction
Generally, the NSF can be estimated using effective stress analysis.
fsn = b sv’
and
b = Ks tan
= (1 - sinf’) tanf’
where:
sv ’ : is effective vertical stress at mid depth of the layer considered;
f’ : is soil effective friction angle.
DAYA DUKUNG AKSIAL

t Qu = Qp + Qs
Qs = (2r l) t

l Qu
Qall =
F.S.

qend Qp =Ap(qend)
 Load Transfer Friksi

Friksi
(Shear Stress)

0.4% Diameter Pile

displacement

Load Transfer End Bearing

End Bearing
(Normal Stress)

6% Diameter Pile
displacement
Rumus umum daya dukung
aksial fondasi dalam:
Qult = Qs + Qp

Qs = Tahanan Geser Selimut Tiang

Qp = Tahanan Ujung Tiang
Tahanan Geser Selimut
Tanah Kohesif (Lempung)
• Tiang Pancang
• Tiang Bor

Tanah Non-Kohesif (Pasir)

• Tiang Pancang
• Tiang Bor
 t

x
x f
x
x
x

c
s

s = c + s’ tan f

Where s’ = effective normal stress on plane of shearing

c = cohesion, or apparent cohesion
f = angle of friction
 t=s
s = c + s tan f f

c
s s
Lempung (Clay): (b)
Pasir (Sand):

dominan C dominan f
f  0o C0
 Tahanan Selimut
Lempung Pasir

sh=sv K
t=sh tan 
t= C
t sh
Qs=2r l ( C) =2/3 f

t
l l Qs =2r l (sv K tan)
t t
Apa arti  untuk tiang pancang?

tpeak = C tresidual
tpeak
=
tresidual
Faktor Adhesi  pada Tanah Kohesif untuk “Tiang
Pancang” :
1. API Metode - 2, 1986
Faktor Adhesi  pada Tanah Kohesif untuk “Tiang
Pancang” :
2. Tomlinson, 1977 :

Tergantung pada kondisi tanah.

Faktor Adhesi  pada Tanah Kohesif untuk “Tiang
Bor” :

1. Reese and Wright, 1977 :

Manurut Reese dan Wright koefisien  untuk bored pile adalah 0.55

2. Kulhawy, 1984

(kN/m 2 )

Tom linson, 1957 (concrete piles) Shafts in uplift

Data group 1
Data group 2
Data group 3

Shafts in com pression

Adhesion factor ( )

Data group 1
Data group 2
Data group 3
65 U 8 41 C load tests

 = 0.21+0.26 p a /su (<1)

Undrained Shearing Resistance,

u s (tsf)
Faktor Adhesi  pada Tanah Kohesif untuk “Tiang
Bor” :
3. Reese and O’Neil, 1988 :

Undrained Shear Value of α

Strength, Su
< 2 tsf 0.55
2 – 3 tsf 0.49
3 – 4 tsf 0.42
4 – 5 tsf 0.38
5 – 6 tsf 0.35
6 – 7 tsf 0.33
7 – 8 tsf 0.32
8 – 9 tsf 0.31
> 9 tsf Treat as Rock
 Tahanan Selimut
Lempung Pasir

sh=sv K
t=sh tan 
t= C
sh
=2/3 f

t
l l Qs =2r l (sv K tan)
t t
Tiang Pancang Tiang Bor
(Beton)

K  K

f 0.7
Tahanan Geser Selimut Tiang Bor pada Tanah
Berpasir Dari N-SPT Rojiani, Duncan and Barker (1991)

(=27.5 t/m2)

= 0.11 N (t/m2)

(0.20 – 0.24) x N (t/m2)

= 0.28 N (t/m2)

=0.32 N (t/m2) N < 53

Z=depth below ground surface

Tahanan Ujung
Tanah C dan f untuk dasar teori

Tanah Lempung
Tiang Pancang
Tiang Bor

Tanah Pasir
Tiang Pancang
Tiang Bor
Terzaghi
Daya Dukung Ujung untuk Tanah Lempung Cu

Tiang Pancang dan Tiang Bor:

Qp = Nc x Cu x Ap
= 9 x Cu x Ap
Daya Dukung Ujung untuk Tanah Pasir f

Daya Dukung Ujung:

Qp = q x Nq x Ap
Nq Tiang Pancang Tanah Pasir

1000
800
600
400

200

100
80
60
Meyerhoff, 1976 40

and
20

10
8
6
4

1
0 10 20 30 40 45
Soil friction angle, Ø (deg)
Nq Bor Pancang Tanah Pasir

Qb = sv.Nq.Ab

Kulhawy, 1983
Relationship between Angle of Internal Friction and N-Value
(Sandy Soil)
 Daya Dukung Ujung untuk Tanah Pasiran
dng Korelasi Empiris N-SPT

Tiang Pancang :
Qp = 40 x N SPT x Ap
Dimana,
N–SPT = (N1+N2)/2
N1= harga rata-rata N dari dasar ke 10-D keatas
N2= harga rata-rata N dari dasar ke 4-D kebawah
Ground Surface

Tiang Pancang

(10 x D)
dirata-rata untuk
desain tahanan ujung = N1

(4 x D)
dirata-rata untuk
desain tahanan ujung = N2
D

Ndesain = ½ (N1 +N2)

Daya Dukung Ujung untuk Tanah Pasiran Tiang Bor

=7 N (t/m2)
qp = 7 N (t/m2) < 400 (t/m2)
=400 (t/m2)
DAYA DUKUNG AKSIAL

Qu = Qp + Qs
Qs =2r l ( C)
+ 2r l (k sv tan)
l Qu
Qall =
k sv F.S.
sv

Qp =Ap(c Nc +q Nq)
Ringkasan Daya Dukung Dari Rumus Empiris
Clay Sand

Pancang Tiang Bor Pancang

C C
t 0.2 N

Untuk Pancang Untuk Tiang Bor (Meyerhof)

API Kulhawy, 84
Reese, 88

9C
40 N
< 1600 t/m2
N=(N1+N2)/2
qp (Meyerhof)

Pult = 2r  l t + Ap qp
Ringkasan Daya Dukung Dari Rumus Empiris Tanah
Pasir
Berdasarkan Nilai f Berdasarkan N-SPT

Pancang Tiang Bor Pancang Tiang Bor

sv K tan sv K tan
t 0.2 N 0.2 N – 0.24 N

Untuk Pancang Untuk Tiang Bor (Meyerhof) (Rata2 antara

Meyerhof, 76 dan
Reese+Wright, 77)

q q Nq q Nq 40 N 7-13 N (t/m2)
< 1600 t/m2 < 400 (t/m2)
Untuk Pancang Untuk Tiang Bor N=(N1+N2)/2
qp (Meyerhof) (Reese+Wrihgt, 77)

Pult = 2r  l t + Ap qp
Pile Design Parameter
Pile Design Parameter
Pile Design Parameter
Pile Design Parameter
Pile Design Parameter: Note
Jakarta MRT
North-South Line
Phase 1
Indonesia
PROJECT CASE #3
 Project Overview
The North-South line will be built in
two phases.

Phase I, to be constructed first,

connects Lebak Bulus to Bundaran
HI along 15.5 km including 13
stations (7 elevated stations and 6
underground stations).

Phase II will extend the North-South

line from Bundaran HI to Kampung
Bandan (7 underground stations
and 1 ground-level station).
 Contract Overview
CP101 includes the
depot, 1 elevated
station (Lebak Bulus)
and a 1.2km-long
viaduct, and generally
stretches from CH0-580
to CH0+630.

CP102 includes two

(2) elevated stations
(Fatmawati Station and
Cipete Raya Station)
and a 4.8km-long
viaduct, and generally
stretches from
CH0+630 to CH5+369.
 Highlight: Project Cycle & Type
of Contract
Conventional Contract
Feasibility Conceptual Detailed Tender: Operation &
Construction
Study Design Design Contractors Maintenance

Design & Build Contract (Engineering-Procurement-

Construction)
Conceptual /
Feasibility Tender: Detailed Operation &
Tender Construction
Study Contractors Design Maintenance
Design
Geological Setting
Geological Unit
Geotechnical Profile
Plasticity Chart – AC
Silt and clay with
high plasticity
Plasticity Chart – TC
Silt with high plasticity
N-SPT: AC vs TC
Effective Shear Strength – AC
Geotechnical Design
Parameters
Typical Geotechnical Task List
in Detailed Design Stage
Geotechnical • Site Investigation (e.g. Borehole Drilling, Field Tests)
Investigation • Laboratory Tests
Contractor • Factual Report

• Geotechnical Interpretative Report

• Basis of Design (Selected Design Codes to be Used)
• Seismic Analysis
• Site Specific Response Analysis (SSRA)
Engineering
• Liquefaction & Cyclic Softening Assessment
Consultant
• Detailed Design
• Calculation Report
• Technical Drawings
• Technical Specifications
SSRA Objectives
This SSRA is carried out to determine the design response spectra at the
ground surface which accounts the local amplifications of the project
site. As demonstrated by many available studies and evideces, the site
amplification of bedrock earthquake motions is reliant on its local
subsoil conditions.
This analysis produces the site specific design response spectra for:
1. Operating Design Earthquake (ODE) with return period 100 years.
2. Maximum Design Earthquake (MDE) with return period 1000 years
 SSRA Methodology
Source Data: based on total of 36 earthquake time histories at bedrock (18
for ODE and 18 for MDE). These time histories are part of the input of
EERA program.
1. Characterise the subsoil conditions of the site.
2. Develop correlations between SPT and shear wave velocity (Vs).
3. Perform sensitivity analyses using the Equivalent-linear Earthquake
Response Analysis (EERA) program to find out the key parameters which
affect the design response spectra, using representative SPT profiles at
the site.
4. Zone the areas within the project site based on the key parameters as
found in the sensitivity analysis and calculate the design Vs profile based
on the design SPT profile.
5. Produce the design response spectra based on the earthquake time
histories at bedrock and subsoil condition at site.
 Correlation of Shear Wave
Velocity (Vs) to SPT-N Value

Unreliable data!
Design Spectra for ODE Case
Design Spectra for ODE Case
Design Spectra for MDE Case
Design Spectra for MDE Case
Liquefaction Assessment
Liquefaction of coarse grained
soils

Liquefaction of fine grained

soils

Cyclic softening
Liquefaction of Coarse Grained
Soils
Liquefaction of Coarse Grained
Soils
Liquefaction of Coarse Grained
Soils
Liquefaction of Fine Grained
Soils
Cyclic Softening: Strength
Reduction
Pile Foundation Design:
Conventional Method
Initial Axial Capacity Design Lateral Capacity Design

• Determine • Receive loadings (V, • Receive loadings (V,

geotechnical profile H, M) from Structural H, M) from Structural
& pile design Engineers Engineers
parameters • Calculate pile • Calculate lateral pile
• Provide design structural capacity capacity
spectra to Structural • Calculate pile • Group pile design:
Engineers geotechnical capacity include efficiency
• Group pile design: factor
include efficiency • Check bending
factor! moment and shear
• Check settlement forces  design
reinforcement
• Check pile deflection
 Lateral Pile Analysis
P-Y curves in pile lateral analysis Group effect in pile lateral analysis
Pile Foundation Design: Soil-
Structure Interaction

FP4

FP3

FP2
FP1
Seismic Soil-Structure
Interaction
Thank You!