Xray Phys Final

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1. 2 primary types of Metallic replacement: 18. Electronic Random access memory

silver recovery Electrolytic recovery: (RAM)
systems: Used for viewing
Limited space
2. -Air gap ( no grid is used) is the space
Needs power
separating the patient from the
receptor surface. Only used in lateral 19. The end the image and Accurate report of findings
cervical x-rays and mammography product in
radiography:
3. Average gradient: average slope b/w 2 designated
density values 20. Factors that Chemical fog from processing
result in fog Radiation fog (exposure)
Average gradient=3.32 x Average are: Heat or Age
contrast factor* Fog from the film base and unexposed
emulsion (inherent)=Base + Fog
4. Background area patient penetration (P) and the scatter
exposure is factor (S). 21. Gamma: maximum contrast
proportional to ... 22. - Grid ratio, t/d
5. Base + Fog: measured on an area of unexposed t= lead thickness
film to check the darkroom d= width of interface material.
environment 23. High kVP = more scatter = low contrast = more
6. - Bucky Factor = 1/grid penetration. penetration. Low kVp is opposite.
7. -Collimation must be smaller than image receptor 24. How do you Inverse square Law
(golden rule) size or the area of clinical interest. You Maximize I1/I2 = D22/ D12
should have at least 3 borders seen on Distance
the image. 25. If a 10:1 grid, Mutiply mAs x5, for conversion factor.
8. Compact Disk (CD): One of the most widely used forms of mAs is
storage increased to
40.
9. A computer Local Area Networks (LANs)
network within the 26. If kVp is mAs is reduced by 50%. If kVp is decreased by
offices or school is Connect imaging equipment, increased by 15%, mAs is doubled.
referred to as a storage devices, and displays w/in 15%,
the institution 27. Image most images are recorded as transparencies
10. Conversion % of energy converted to light. Display: so they can be easily viewed on a view box
efficiency is the 28. Image changing radiation (light) into various
11. Crossover is where the film emulsion does not completely Recording shades of gray
absorb the light. optical density values—dependent on the
speed of the film and the way that it is
12. Densitometer: reads the optical density of the
processed
processed image
29. Image film has been traditional medium for image
13. Development: chemical process by which the invisible
Storage storage if a film is properly processed, it will
latent image is converted into a visible
have a lifetime of many years—digital is
image
smaller storage and lasts longer than film
14. Digital Reduce noise
30. Intensifying phosphors, because of the fluorescence.
processing/imaging maximizes visibility
screens are
can: Improve detail and quality
often
15. Digital Subscriber popular method for high speed referred to
Line (DSL): internet connection as
16. Digital used to test the chemical temperatures 31. Internet institution of commercial organization that has
Thermometer: in the processer Service a connection to the internet "backbone" and
17. Electrolytic passes direct current through the Provider provides the services to the individual
recovery: solution and nearly pure metallic silver (ISP):
is deposited on the cathode
32. It is easier to see the Toe: low or underexposed/light 46. Optical Media in several different forms can be used to
relationship b/w film part of the curve— store and archive large quantities of
contrast and exposure minimum/residual density=Base + images immediately
by using a contrast Fog 47. Optical storage recorded by lasers to read and write data
curve
media: on a reflective surface mirror, laser is on
Shoulder: upper right part of
you can read the non-reflective parts, if
curve where film is very dark (little
laser is off you can only see mirror, no dull
contrast, or overexposed/dark—
parts to read (beam on: recording, beam
curve decreases w/increase
off not recording)
exposure
48. Overpenetrated contrast and have high density, black.
Slope: the relative straight line images lack
portion of the characteristic curve 49. Quality deals with people and tasks and processes.
33. -it takes a change of 25%-30% Assurance quality control
_____ in mAs to make a 50. quality assure proper photographic processing of
significant change in assurance for the image—this is eliminated unless a film
density on the image. film based printer or multi-format camera is used
34. Key densities on processed film are measured radiography is
and then graphed to

35. Majority or retake unnecessary exposure to gonads 51. Quality Control deals with performance of the equipment
results in or blood forming organs 52. - Receptor just a speed scale (Sensitivity (mR) =
36. mAs establishes the density sensitivity, 128/speed)
____ on the image, if the 53. Reducer: chemical reduction (Process provided by 2
image is not enough mAs was used chemicals)
underexposed, ______,
and vice-versa. Phenidone: more active and primarily
37. Maximum Permissible MPD was the dose of radiation that produces mid-lower portion of gray scale
dose (MPD) would be expected to produce no
significant radiation effects Hydroquinone: produces very
dense/dark areas in the image
38. The medium contrast Latitude film
film is often called 54. A Redundant record multiple copies of the data—so if
Array of one is lost not all is lost
39. Metallic replacement: uses steel wool and can recover
Inexpensive
95% of the silver in the effluent
Disk (RAID) can
40. The most common Look Up Tables (LUT) processing be used to
methods of digital 55. Sensitometer: used to produce a step wedge image on
processing are: Windowing
the film that is evaluated w/ a densitometer
41. Most Dangerous for During the first 2 weeks after 56. Skin DL= 500 mSv/year, Eyes DL= 15 mSv/year. Skin
Congenital conception
can take more radiation than eyes num-
abnormalities:
nuts.
42. MPD has been replaced Dose Limits (DL)—all unnecessary 57. Skin exposure gonad exposure or bone marrow
by radiation is avoided
is not as bad as exposure.
43. Object area, _____, is the shadow object 58. -The grid lines 5:1 grid than compared to a 16:1 grid.
proportional to... P(S-1).
are more
44. Object contrast is object density and thickness apparent on a
proportional to what? 59. -The larger the more scatter radiation is seen. More
45. Optical Jukebox: device for filing optical media body, or higher radiation + more tissue material = more
disks—connected to the image kVp, scatter radiation.
management system 60. There are two primary protective barriers - led wall
types of
shielding. secondary protective barriers- other walls
61. Underpenetrated contrast and low density, white. 73. What is % of x-ray energy converted to light
images have high conversion
efficiency?
62. What are 3 Film Recording
functions? 74. What is Exposure Many combinations of mA and time will
Display Linearity? produce the same mAs value.
ability of the machine to produce a
Storage constant level of exposure w/ various
combinations of mA and time
63. What are 2 functions:
Intensifying Screens? Absorb the radiation 75. What is Property of a material that enables it to
Fluorescence - Often referred to as Fluorescence? absorb radiation energy in one portion
phosphors because of the of the photon-energy spectrum and
fluorescent properties emit some form of energy in the form of
lower energy photons.
64. What are the 1 gray=100 rads
absorbed Dose 10 mGy=1 rad
Materials that glow
Units? 1 mGy=100 rad
76. What is Fog? Describes any density on the image that
65. What are the Keep time of exposure to radiation as
is not part of the imaging process/
Cardinal Principles (short as possible)
exposure
of Radiation
Protection? Maintain a large distance as possible 77. What is receptor Sensitivity (mR)=128/speed
b/w the source of radiation and the sensitivity?
exposed person (large as possible) 78. What is the The incidence of radiation-induced
conclusion genetic mutations from exposure
Insert shielding material b/w the
regarding levels in diagnostic radiology is 0.
radiation source and the exposed
radiation
person (cover as much as possible)
genetics?
66. What are the Capacity 79. What is the total Total: 1.5 Relative risk after 3rd trimester
Characteristics of Speed to retrieve or write files
relative risk of
digital image storage Reliability
childhood
media? Security
Leukemia after
File size (saves space)
irradiation by
Downside is computers can crash
Trimester?
or fry and if x-rays are not backed
up then all is lost 80. -When grids are the lead strips must be perfectly aligned
used, with the primary beam. (used to
67. What is a collimator 2.5 mm of Aluminum is required for
reduce scatter)
Minimum Filtration machine
81. A Wide Area computers to outside sites—Internet
68. What is a Crossover? If the film emulsion does not
Networks (WANs) is a major component of the WAN.
completely absorb the light
connects
69. What is a Used to measure the amount of
Densitometer? light passing through an exposed
film—monitors processor
performance
70. What is a Grave during pregnancy less than .5
Misconception? mSv/month, total of 5 msv for the
pregnancy
71. What is Computed Directly acquired digital radiographic
Radiography? images using a photostimulable
phosphor

more exposure than our current

screen film systems
72. what is contrast shades of gray