CNT 3.06.

03-05 page 91

Construction Norms of Turkmenistan CNT 3.06.03-05

Ministry of construction and
construction materials Highways.
industry of Turkmenistan Rules for performance and acceptance For the first time
of works

1. BASIC PROVISIONS

1.1. The present rules shall be observed at production and acceptance of works on
construction and reconstruction of public highways, departmental and access roads of the
industrial enterprises with the exception of temporary roads constructed for the term less than
5 years.

1.2. At construction and reconstruction of highways, besides the requirements of the

present rules, one should observe the requirements of the approved projects and normative
documents for geodesic works in construction, safety and industrial sanitary.

1.3. Road construction or reconstruction projects must include environmental

protection strategies. These strategies must be designed to prevent damage to the environment
and preserve the balance of nature, especially if such damage or disruption could permanently
alter local geological or ecological conditions.

When selecting construction methods and equipment, care must be taken to comply
with the appropriate public health regulations and the maximum permissible air and water
emission standards, and to eliminate or reduce to the maximum possible extent other impacts
on the environment and nearby conservation areas.

Operations must not damage the vegetation layer, nor may grading or drainage
operations be performed beyond the boundaries of the construction lease. Any environmental
damage sustained in the temporary lease as a result of the construction of temporary
structures and roads, paths for construction vehicles, machinery foundations, storage sites,
etc., must be mitigated prior to commissioning the road.

1.4. Organic binding material warehouses shall be equipped with heating systems.

1.5. Rock-based materials (crushed stone, gravel) should, as a rule, be dumped and
stored in rail-side bunkers.

1.6. Hard cover with water drain shall be necessarily provided at mineral material
storage area in the territory of asphalt-concrete plants, mixers, rail and pier bases.

1.7. The work on laying of road pavement layers shall be done only over ready and
accepted in the established order not-over-wet and non-deformed road bed. The cover and
base with the use of binding materials shall be done on dry and clean layer.

1.8. Prior making each layer of the bed and cover it is necessary to conduct layout
works for fixing the position of borders and levels of layers. While using the machinery
page 92 CNT 3.06.03-05

equipped with automatic tracking systems, fixing of borders and levels is done by installation
of formed strings from one or both sides of laid layer. Layout works and their control shall be
done with the use of geodetic (survey) instruments.

1.9. In winter, road surfacing may only be laid on subgrade that has been fully
prepared and accepted prior to the onset of sub-zero temperatures.

Approved by
the Decree of the Ministry of construction and Effective since
construction materials industry of 1 October 2005
Turkmenistan
dated 31 March 2005, No: MOK 22

1.10. Before starting the work on laying of road pavement layers in winter, the road
bed or low layer shall be cleaned from snow and ice. At snowfalls the work on laying of road
pavement is not permitted.

1.11. Selection of mixture compositions for making the bases and covers shall be done
in accordance with the requirements of corresponding normative documents to such
materials.

1.12. Compacting of road bed layers, bases and covers with rollers shall be done from
edges to the middle, provided that each track of the previous passing of the roller shall be
covered at the following passing not less than to 1/3.

Roller’s speed, in case of absence of special instruction in these rules, shall be

accepted as 1.5-2 km/h on the first 2-3 passages and at the end of compaction the speed shall
be brought to maximum working speed given in the passport.

Number of roller’s passing and thickness of compacted layer taking into account the
assurance factor for material compaction shall be defined per results of testing compaction.
The results of testing compaction shall be written into general works log.

1.13. At an operational work quality control on making the road pavement the
following shall be checked for each layer not rare than each 100 m:

- elevations along road axis;

- width;
- thickness of the layer of non-compacted material along its axis;
- cross slope;
- evenness (clearance under rod with length 3 m to the distance 0,75-1 m from each
edge of cover (base) in five control points located at the distance 0,5 m from the end of the
rod and each other).

List of other controlled parameters and order of their control are given in the
corresponding sections of present rules.
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 93

While executing the control works it is permitted to accept high-speed devices, the
reading of which are comparable with reading of standard devices.

1.14. At widening of traffic area of highways in case of their reconstruction it is

necessary to provide dense and even trimming of laid layers with the existing road pavement.

1.15.While conducting the works on road quarries it is necessary to provide with

collection and in necessary cases the concentration of crushing screening, and in case of
various-strength rocks – concentration of stone materials as per their strength.

At all-year work regime of the quarry it is necessary to provide the protective

measures from rock frost penetration and freezing of rock mass within its production and
treatment.

2. ORGANIZATION OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION WORKS

2.1. The line method of construction should be applied both on construction of all
road, and on its separate parts or at the performance of separate kinds of road-construction
works.

Within the construction conditions the groups of distributed facilities of small length
for execution of similar types of works it is necessary to provide the organization of
specialized flows sequentially moving from one facility to the other in the content, as a rule,
of one complex flow.

Speed of flows, size of organizational and technological breaks between performance

of separate types of works should be established on the basis of technical and economic
comparison of variants of the organization of construction taking into account the optimum
speed of performance of the most difficult and labor-consuming construction processes and
others organizational and business factors (the reached level of use and degree of readiness of
technical resources, possibility of operative maneuvering by resources, uses of designs and
the materials allowing to mechanize construction processes, use of local materials, etc.).

2.2. At construction of departmental highways the ways of work execution, selection

of mechanized auxiliaries and construction materials should be defined taking into account
the preservation of operating and possibilities of execution of works for construction of new
communications, buildings and structures, and at performance of works in territory of the
operating enterprise - taking into account the maintenance of its normal activity.

2.3. At construction of highways it is necessary to use specialized road making

machines and equipment, mobile repair shops, necessary conveying and communication
means, and also mobile and easily transported temporary facilities for builders, warehouses,
workshops and etc.

2.4. Location of asphalt and cement production plant along the constructed road and
length of the parts serviced by them shall be determined by the project of construction
organization, taking into account the speed of the construction flow.
page 94 CNT 3.06.03-05

At organization of near-road asphalt and cement production plants located far from the
railway station (piers) it is necessary to organize near-rails (near-piers) supply base.

At speed of construction of highways more than 50 km per year one near-rail supply
base shall serve from 1 to 3 near-road stations of the asphalt and cement mixing plants.

2.5. Terms of performance of the concentrated works should provide the observance of
the accepted speed and rhythm of complex work flow for construction of highways.

Note: To concentrated works are related the works on construction of big bridges,
installation of jetties, and earth beds on separate sites with volume of excavations for 1 km,
exceeding the average volume of excavations for 1 km of road to three and more times, or
deeply differing by complexity of production and labor content from works on adjacent parts
(passages through rock-sliding slopes, soft grounds and etc.).

2.6. Measures for organizational-technical preparation on construction of highways,

and measures for nature protections shall be taken along the road parts taking into account the
sequence and terms of execution of construction and erection works on each separate part
specified by the project.

2.7. At construction of the internal roads of industrial enterprises it is necessary to

follow the following conditions:

- construction of the earth bed, as a rule, shall be started upon completion of works on
leveling operations in the area of road construction;

- construction of the road pavement, as a rule, shall be done upon making of constant
crossings through railways.

2.8. At construction of internal highways in rural area it is necessary to:

- agree the terms and order of execution of separate types of road construction works
with those land-users to who’s activity (herding, irrigation of planted area and etc.) it may
affect;

- provide, in reasonable case, the construction of the mentioned works stage-by-stage,

with the opportunity to open temporary movement through earth bed or through one of the
strips of the road pavement (with limitation of type and time of movement of cars) and also
the improvement, in the first place, of heavy parts of roads.

2.9. Selection of mechanization auxiliaries for production of various works within the
construction of highways shall be done in accordance with the recommended appendix 1 on
the basis of technical and economic comparison of various variants of schemes of complex
mechanization of these works.

For distribution of materials at making of the top layers of the bases and covers,
especially on roads of I and II categories, it is necessary to use mainly the asphalt spreading
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 95

machines equipped with automatic watching systems on maintenance of moving direction

and observance of vertical marks.

3. PREPARATORY WORKS

3.1. The preparatory works shall be executed as follows:

- Creation of a geodetic marking basis;

- Carrying over and a reorganization of air and cable communication lines and
electricity transmission, pipelines, collectors, etc.;
- Demolition and carrying over of buildings and structures;
- Restoration and fastening of road alignment;
- Cleaning of traffic lane;
- Cleaning of the territories allocated for near-road quarries and stocks;
- Preparation and strengthening of highway network planned to be used during
construction period;
- construction of temporary settlements and industrial enterprises.

In special climatic and soil conditions the project on construction organization shall
provide for additional types of works.

3.2. As a part of geodetic marking base for highway construction (with the exception
of internal roads of enterprises and city roads) the following signs and points out of the work
area shall be installed:

- signs fixing along the line (axis) of road the points of intersection and principal
points of curves, and also the points on straight parts of the road not rare than each 1 km;

- benchmarks along the road alignment – not rare than each 2 km.

The content and scope of geodetic marking base shall meet:

- the requirements of chapter of CNT for construction of bridges and pipes at making
the geodetic marking base for construction of bridges and pipes;

- the requirements of chapter of CNT for land measuring in the construction at making
the geodetic marking base for construction of internal roads of enterprises and city roads, and
also for construction of relevant buildings and structures of road and motor transport services
and industrial enterprises of road constructing organizations;

- The points of basic axes of specified buildings and structures fixed by signs defining
their planned and high-rise position on the area, should be adhered to road or to red lines of
regulation of settlement construction;

Allowable deviations within the construciton of the road to the area shall not exceed
the values given in the table 1.
page 96 CNT 3.06.03-05

Table 1.
Value of allowable
Deviation deviations (±)
Misclosure in the sum of the measured horizontal angles of moving at 2 N
N measured angles, minutes
Relative difference between the length of the line as per design
materials and at carrying out the line to the area (or by two
measurements): 1/1000
in level ground 1/500
in mountain terrain
Misclosure of the leveling line at the plot with length L, km:
by transfer of absolute marks done by the double 50 L
Leveling, mm 100 L
In other cases, mm

3.3. The works for carrying over and reorganization of communication lines,
electricity transmissions, pipelines, collectors crossed by the road, demolition and carrying
over of big buildings and structures shall be done by specialized construction-erection
organizations.

3.4. While conducting geodetic marking works within the construction of the highway,
all pickets and plus points, points of intersection, main and intermediate points of curves shall
be fixed along the road and the additional benchmarks shall be installed near high (more than
3 m) embankments and deep (more than 3 m) cavities, near the artificial structures through
500 m on the uneven terrain and on the sites of complexes of buildings and structures of road
and motor transport services.

For internal roads of industrial enterprises the works on carrying over of the road to
the place, as a rule, shall be executed directly at the beginning of works for construction of
the road bed.

3.5. Before commencement of excavations wood, bushes, stubs, boulders,

construction debris shall be removed from road strip and other territories allocated for
construction. Specific sizes of areas and requirements to the degree of cleaning are defined by
the project of organization of the construction. Cutting of trees and bushes shall be done in
minimum necessary scopes, as a rule, within the area directly occupied by buildings and
structures. At re-plantation of fine woods the relevant agro-technical requirements shall be
observed.

3.6. At preparation to the development of soil quarries it is necessary to execute the

works on fastening of borders of the allocated land plot, cleaning of the territory and making
of road for removal of earth.
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 97

Local road network may be used in the capacity of roads for removal of earth. If
necessary, the project may provide for improvement of the existing roads, making covers,
reinforcement of bridges and pipes.

3.7. Construction of access motor roads and repair of the existing ones used at the
construction of the main facilities shall be done in terms connected with the terms of
production of main road-construction works on separate parts of the construction.

3.8. In cases when the works for making of internal motor roads of industrial and
agricultural enterprises shall pass ahead the works on laying of underground communication
in the areas of crossings with roads, the project on organization of the construction and
project on work production shall provide the preliminary laying of casings and other
protective means for future laying of communications without opening the road bed.

3.9 Upon completion of the construction all areas of temporary allocation shall be re-
cultivated in accordance with the requirements of the project and handed over to the land
users.

4. ROAD BED CONSTRUCTION

4.1. The process of road bed construction shall be organized, as a rule, without any
breaks.

The breaks in the constructed road bed are allowed in the parts of concentrated works
or location of artificial structures and in the parts with special soil conditions, where the
works are executed in accordance with the individual project that provides for technological
or seasonal breaks (land-sliding parts, deep rock hollows and etc.).

4.2. The road bed, with the exception of construction on leveled territories of industrial
and agricultural enterprises, shall be constructed by going ahead (backlog) the following
works, the volume of which shall be defined by POS and provide continuous and even laying
of road bases and covers.

The length of the backlog of the road bed shall be defined in each specific case
depending on annual scope of cover laying:

Annual scope of cover laying, km Up to 20 20-50 More than 50

Level of readiness of road bed
(backlog), %:
Concentrated works (by scope) 25-75 50-100 75-100
Line work (by length) 25-50 25-75 50-100

At construction of roads on leveled territories of industrial and agricultural enterprises

the construction of the road bed shall be done exactly before laying the road base.
page 98 CNT 3.06.03-05

4.3. On parts of backlog the road bed shall be done from the design reference mark, it
surface, including slopes, leveled, the slopes shall be fixed, the reliable work of water drain
systems shall be provided.

4.4. Embankments with the height more than 3 m made of dusty and heavy clay soils
shall be finished, as a rule, one year prior making of asphalt and concrete pavements, covers
and bases that are made with the use of viscous bitumen and also with the use of materials
strengthened with cement.

4.5. While making the embankments on weak bases, use of over-wet soils in the road
bed and within the construction of the road bed in winter, then before making the cover and
bases, listed in paragraph 4.4 the technological break-up for stabilization of the road bed shall
be made.

Within the technological break-up it is allowed to organize the movement of

construction equipment with determination of necessary limitations in speed and load rates.

Preparation of the base of the road bed

4.6. The layout of the road bed shall be done in accordance with SNIP 3.01.03-84 and
paragraph 3.4 of the present CNT. Staking signs are duplicated out of the line of work
production.

Working layout of contours of embankments and grooves, other structures, height

marks, surface slope lines and etc. is done from the installed piquet signs and benchmarks not
rare than 50 m on straight and 10-20 m on curved, directly before the execution of
corresponding technological operations.

4.7. The fertile soil should be removed to the thickness specified by the project from
all the surface occupied by road bed, reserves and other structures and put into banks along
the borders of the traffic lane or in piles in specially allotted places.

4.8. The works on making of intercepting channel, banks, drain walls and other
structures designed for catchment and drain from traffic lane of storm, flood and snow waters
shall be done before making the main works on the road bed. Construction of drain structures
shall be done starting from the lower places of relief.

4.9. The works on making drains and laying of various communication in the base of
the road bed shall be done, as a rule, before making the embankments. The soil density at
backfill of trenches with laid-in communications shall be not less than it is required for road
bed on the corresponding depth.

4.10. The surface of embankment base should be completely clean from stones and
clods, which diameter exceeds 2/3 of thickness of the made layer, and also from foreign
objects.

The surface of the base shall be leveled. In non-drainable soils the surface shall have
two-sloping or lean-to cross slopes. Caves, trenches, pits and other local lowering, where the
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 99

water may stay, within the leveling of the surface are filled with compacted non-drainable
soils.

4.11. Compaction of embankment and caves bases to the required depth shall be done
right before laying of upper layers. If the required depth of compaction exceeds the thickness
of the layer which is effectively compacted by available means, then the excessive layer of
soil shall be cut and sent to the other division or into temporary earth deposit and compact the
low layer, then the removed soil is laid back on compacted low layer of the base, leveled and
compacted up to the required density.

4.12. At widening of the existing embankments during reconstruction of the road, the
surface of slopes shall be loosened, the benches with the width not less than 2 m shall be
made on the slopes of embankments with height more than 2 m.

Excavation and erection of embankment

4.13. Excavation shall be done, as a rule, from the low places of the relief. During the
construction there should be constant drainage of surface waters from the work area.
Temporary facilities for collection of surface waters and drainage shall be done in accordance
with the requirements of CNT 3.02.01-2002.

4.14. Excavation and erection of embankments on hillsides with steep than 1:3 or
sliding slopes is allowed to be done only after construction of special protective structures.

4.15. On non-rocky soils the excavation shall be done in accordance with the
requirements of CNT 3.02.01-2002. The shortage shall be eliminated at making of leveling
works right before the laying of pavement layers.

4.16. Use in one layer of the embankment the various types of soils is not allowed,
with the exception of cases, when such decision has been specially provided by the project. If
the soil type is changes, then in place of its leveling the layers of various types shall be
conjugated to the type of pinching-out.

4.17. Filling of the embankment shall be done from the edges to the middle by layers
to the full width of the road bed, including the sloping parts. The following additional filling
of edge or sloping parts is not allowed.

In cases when the compaction of slopes by special means is not provided, for the
purpose of soil compaction in the edge parts adjacent to the slopes it is allowed to fill the
layer to 0.3-0.5 m wider than the embankment design outline. Widening is not required at
making of embankment from coarse-fragmental and sandy soils and at the height of the
embankment not less than 2.0 m with slopes 1:2 and more sloping.

The excessive soil is removed at leveling of slopes on the completion phase of the
embankment making and is used for filling of road borders, making of ramps, recultivation
and etc.
page 100 CNT 3.06.03-05

Each layer shall be leveled taking into account the designed longitudinal slope. Before
compaction the surface of the dumped layer shall be leveled for double sloping or lean-to
cross profile with slope 20-40% to the edge of the road bed.

Movement of transport means dumping the following layer on the embankment shall
be regulated along its width.

4.18. Soil density after compaction of the layer shall not be less than the density
specified by the requirements of CNT 2.05.02-2001.

4.19. The compaction of soil in strained conditions at backfilling of culvert aqueducts,

supports and in bridge cones shall be done with the use of special compacting machinery -
vibratory impact or impact actions machines.

The compaction by tamping plates at the distance less than 3 m from artificial
structures and at the height of backfill over the pipe less than 2 m is not permitted.

Piling and layer-by-layer compaction of soil by longitudinal (in relation to pipe)

passage by bulldozers and rollers it permitted to be done near pipes.

4.20. Compaction of loose loamy soil shall be started by tampers, grid rollers or air
tyred rollers with partial ballast (mass 10-16 t) and finished by air tyred rollers with weight
25 ton and more or self-propelled vibrating rollers with weight 16 tons and more.

4.21. The compaction of soils shall be done at optimum or close to it moisture.

The moisture of soils compacted by air tyred rollers in relation to optimum value
specified by TDS 22733-77, shall not exceed the limits given in table 2 .

4.22. If the moisture is less than the optimum value, then the numbers of roller’s
passages shall be increased, but it the moisture is less than the allowable values given in table
1, then the soil shall be watered.

At compaction of sandy soils by vibro-rollers it is necessary to check the ability to

reach the required density at their natural moisture.

4.23. While using soils having the moisture more than allowable values, it is necessary
to provide with drying of soil: by natural means, adding sand, dry low-cohesive soil, slag,
non-active ash laid as draining layers of water-reducing layers, and also active admixtures
(lime, ash, gypsum and etc.) used for drying of loamy soils in the base and upper parts of the
road bed.
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 101

Table 2
Moisture at required compression factor
Soil type
1-0,98 0,95 0,90
Dust sands, loamy sands light-coarse Not more than Not more than Is not rated
1,35 1,6
Loamy sands dust and light 0,8-1,25 0,75-1,35 0,7-1,6
Loamy sands heavy, dusty and sandy
clay light-dust 0,85-1,15 0,8-1,2 0,75-1,4
Sandy clay heavy and heavy-dusty, clays 0,95-1,05 0,9-1,1 0,85-1,2

4.24. The compaction of subsiding and semi-subsiding soils to the designed depth shall
be done by tamping with the following rolling.

4.25. When the industrial, construction and domestic wastes are used as materials for
making the road bed, their compaction shall be done, as a rule, by heavy vibratory or grid
rollers and rammers.

When dump-forming wastes are used it is necessary to accept de-dusting measures

(sprinkling by water or fixing solutions) during the works. Before compaction all burnt rocks
shall be neutralized by water and hold within one day.

Finishing and strengthening works

4.26. Final leveling of road bed surface with making cross slopes provided by project
and compaction of surface coating, the leveling and strengthening of slopes shall be done
right after completion of works on the road bed. All disturbances of road bed surface caused
by construction mechanisms and precipitations shall be removed right before making road
pavement.

4.27. Leveling and strengthening of roadsides shall be necessarily done after making
of the road pavement. Provided that all temporary driveways and descents shall be removed.

4.28. Water-diversion ditch and side drains shall be strengthened right after their
making.

4.29. Leveling and strengthening of slope of high embankments and deep caves
(including drainages) shall be done immediately after completion of construction of their
separate parts (tiers).

4.30. While strengthening the slope by planting the grass over the layer of the
vegetable soil before laying the vegetable soil into the depth of 10-15 cm it is necessary to
loosen the cut slopes that are made in dense loamy soils.

Hydro sowing of perennial grass shall be done over preliminary watered surface of
slopes or roadsides.
page 102 CNT 3.06.03-05

4.31. While strengthening the slopes by pre-cast framed structures, their installation
shall be done bottom-up after concrete berm. Upon completion of installation it is necessary
to fill the cells with vegetable soils (with the following planting of grass), rock materials or
soil treated by binding material.

4.32. Strengthening of slope with geotextile shall be done in sequence: laying of

geotextile by rolling of rolls top-down along the slope with overlapping of cloth to 10-20 cm
and fixing within the roadsides; dumping of vegetable soil with grass planting; making of
draining layer and installation of prefabricated supports on drowning parts of slopes.

When using the geotextile and treating it with binding material the works shall be done
in the following order: leveling of the surface of strengthened slope; laying of geotextile with
fixing its edges by pins or powdering it with sand; sprinkling the geotextile cloth with
binding material, for example, bitumen emulsion; then sand.

The junction of geotextiles with adjoining precast or monolithic concrete elements of

bracing it is necessary to bring the cloth under the element or stick the geotextile to the
surface of the element with hot bitumen.

4.33. While strengthening the drowning slopes, cones and dams with precast slabs the
material of inverse filter or leveling course shall be laid preliminary. In winter the prepared
surface of the slope shall be cleaned from snow and ice.

4.34. While strengthening the slopes with flexible filterless reinforced concrete covers
made of blocks, they should be laid on the slope bottom-up and close to each other. When the
project provides for fixing of block with anchor piles, the block shall be laid top-down. The
clearance between adjacent blocks shall not exceed 15 mm.

4.35. While strengthening the slopes with concrete cement by method of pneumatic
splashing, it is necessary to lay the metal lash and fix it with anchors. Splashing shall be done
bottom-up with the following care over cement concrete.

4.36. While making the roadsides it is necessary to eliminate deformations of road bed
along the whole area of roadsides, dump the soil up to the specified level, level it and
compact.

The technology of making on roadsides the covers made of monolithic and precast
cement concrete, asphalt concrete, bitumen-mineral mixture, road metal treated by bitumen of
road metal (gravel), soil-crushed stone (soil-gravel) materials is similar to the technology of
making cover bases of road pavements given in the relevant sections of the present rules.

4.37. It is necessary to arrange monolithic concrete drainage gutters by mechanized

way with use of the attached implements to the machine for laying of strengthening strips.
The gutter edge should not exceed a covering edge in the place of a longitudinal joint.

Movement joints at making of gutters shall be cut in the fresh laid concrete by means
of metal rod, it is permitted to make joints in the hardened concrete by one-disk cutter.
Earthworks in winter
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 103

4.38. In winter period it is permitted to make excavations and reserves in non-watered

sand, gravel-pebble and rocky soils; clay soils at humidity within the limits specified in tab.
1, the excavation to the depth more than 3 m; erection of an embankment from the
concentrated reserves; making of an embankment from sandy soils on weak soils;
strengthening of fill slopes of regular structures and rivers beds by enrockment, concrete
plates, etc.; making of deep drainage openings.

4.39. For making of embankment in winter usually rocky, rough-fragmental soils and
sands (not dusty) are used without any limitation. Use of clay soils and dusty sands is allowed
at humidity not more than optimum. Use of clay soils at raised humidity is permitted only at
taking of measures on provision of necessary stability of the road bed in accordance with the
project.

Clay soils of raised humidity shall be used only in melted condition. Melted soils shall
be used for making of the embankments in the back edges of bridge abutment and cones and
overbirdges, and filling of pipe culverts.

4.40. The base under embankment shall be prepared in summer and before making the
embankment it shall be clean from snow and ice.

4.41. The height of the embankment made in winter from clay and sand soils with
frozen lumps shall be increased to 3% of the designed level.

4.42. The compaction of soils up to the required density shall be done before their
freezing.

4.43. While making the embankments on weak soils it is necessary to use the
following principles:

- removal of weak soil and its replacement or use of scaffold bridges;

- use of weak soil as the base of the embankment with the use of measures that provide
the stability of the base and acceleration of its settlement and the stability of the road
pavement made on such road bed.

Road bed construction in weak soils

4.44. On the embankments with compressible soils used in their base, the required
thickness of filling shall be provided.

While using the method of temporary cantledge the soil from the cantledge layer upon
reaching the designed settlement of the embankment shall be used for filling of the other part,
and the embankment shall be made evenly to all its width.

4.45. Vertical sand drains used for acceleration of settlements and strengthening of the
base shall be done by special set of equipment, where the main machinery is vibropressing
pile machine or excavator with sinker equipped with special element in the form of casing
pipe with opening head.
page 104 CNT 3.06.03-05

For making of vertical flat drains made of textile and other strip draining materials the
special equipment or an accessory to the machine for embedding of vertical sand drains that
provide with fixing and feeding of strip to the casing pipe from bobbin and its cutting at the
needed level.

Drain openings shall be filled with sand soils within the process of their excavation.

4.46. While stacking on the weak base in accordance with the special established
regime (method of preliminary consolidation) each following layer shall be done only upon
achievement of base soil of density that is sufficient for taking the additional load.

Within the process of base consolidation it is necessary to watch for settlement of the
embankment in order to specify the scope of fine feed or removal of excess of soil and
evaluation of the ability to make the pavement.

4.47. While making of geotextile layer in the base of the road bed, the it should be
sewed or glued. For passing of the construction machinery the geotextile cloth shall be filled
with soil layer not less than 0.3m.

If there are stubs, hummocks, hollows, water on the surface of the embankment base,
before laying the geotextile it is necessary to dump sandy leveling layer with thickness equal
to the size of the unevenness.

The anchoring of cloths in lateral parts of the road bed should be done by wrapping of
free ends of the cloth with length of 1,5-2,0 m around the edge of the soil layer, dumped
through the cloth. The wrapped ends should be filled up by the following soil layer.

Excavations in rocky soils and construction of the embankment

consisting of heavy fragmental soils

4.48. Excavations in rocky soils shall be done by mechanized or explosion means. The
cut slopes formed due to explosions in the rocky soils shall be cleaned from unstable rocks
and overhanging soils of the surface non-rocky layers.

4.49. Maximum size of coarse inclusions in soils used for laying of the embankment
layers shall not exceed 2/3 of thickness of the compacted layer.

4.50. Coarse fragmental soils containing more than 30% of clay fractions shall be
compacted at humidity not exceeding the allowable values for heavy clay sand and light
loamy soils, and if the content of clay fractions is less than 30% - at humidity not exceeding
the allowable values for light and dusty clay sands, given in table 2.

4.51. At compaction of easy-weathered and soften coarse fragmental soils, the

humidity of small fractions shall be not higher than 1.2 of the optimum.
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 105

4.52. Protective layers made of clay soils on the slopes shall be removed within the
construction of the main part of the embankment.

4.53. In case of using of coarse fragmental soils inclined to quick soaking, the
measures for their protections from the excessive wetting from rains or surface flows shall be
taken during construction. They shall be covered by water protective layers and surface water
drain shall be constructed.

Road bed construction in saline soils

and in regions of artificial irrigation

4.54. Construction of the road bed in salty soils at high level of ground waters shall be
necessarily done in the period when their humidity meets the requirements of table 2.

4.55. Upper loose layer of the salty soil, oversaturated by salts and salty crusts with
thickness more than 3 cm should be removed from the surface of reserves and embankment
base before its construction.

4.56. For construction of embankments on salty soils at high level of ground waters
and at the depth of the reserves not more than 0.5-0.6 m one should use bulldozers and motor
graders. Use of graders – elevators for construction of the embankments on alkaline lands is
allowed only if the ground waters are located not close than 1 m from the ground surface.

Piling of the embankment from the imported soil on wet alkaline lands shall be done
by means “pushing”.

4.57. Road bed in regions of artificial irrigation shall be constructed with the height
that provides with protection of the upper part of the road bed from the excessive wetting by
ground and surface waters.

4.58. If the ground waters are close and there is an opportunity for overflooding of the
road bed by irrigation and rinsing waters the very important are the requirements to the
compaction of the road bed.

While making covers of fundamental type, the required soil density comprises 0.98 of
maximum at standard compaction along the whole height of the embankment.

While making improved light and by-pass covers the required compression factor shall
comprise 0.95.

The thickness of each compacted layer shall not exceed 20-25 cm, at use of heavy
rollers on air tyres (50 tones) – 30-40 cm in solid.

4.59. In order to achieve the required density the soils shall be compacted at humidity
not less than 0.9 and not higher than 1.1 of optimum at standard compaction. At humidity
exceeding the specified, each soil layer after leveling and before rolling shall be subject to
preliminary drying. When the ground waters are close it is recommended to construction road
page 106 CNT 3.06.03-05

bed in the season of their highest lowering from their level, usually in the second half of
summer and autumn before rains.

When the moisture is insufficient in soil, it is necessary:

a) to conduct earthworks in winter-spring period;

b) compact soil immediately after dumping, not extending the excavation work front
and not allowing the drying up of the dumped soil.

4.60. While constructing the embankment using fill soil that is leveled by excavator,
the soil dumping to the full height of the embankment is not allowed simultaneously with
construction of collector. The embankment shall be dumped not less than in 2-3 times by
corresponding number of excavators coming one after another along the berm, provided that
the distance between the excavators is defined per time necessary for drying and rolling of
each layer. At that the cross profile of the collector gradually shall be brought to the designed
sizes.

In case of necessity to use on excavator, then 2-3 continuous passages are done along
the part of the constructed embankment with stops after each passing for the time necessary
for drying and rolling of earlier dumped soil layer.

4.61. Digging of drains and collectors shall be started from the place of water
discharge to waterway, existing discharge or collector and it shall be done upwards by slope.
Formation of separate parts of drains and collectors with non-provided water drainage shall
not be allowed.

4.62. At construction of the road bed in subsiding loess soils it is necessary to

thoroughly compact the soil along the full height of the embankment to the density not less
than 0.95-0.98 of maximum, and under the embankment to the depth not less than 30-40 cm
up to density not lower than 0.95 and for this the embankment base before its dumping shall
be preliminary loosened, wetted up to optimum humidity and compacted.

Watering of soils of embankment base shall be done before dumping of high

embankments in places of crossing of ravines, cavines, gullies and etc.

Road bed construction in sand desert areas

4.63. Roadbeds are generally built in sand deserts during the winter and spring, when
the sand are in wet condition and the digging machines may be used more efficiently.

Construction of the road bed in summer heat is not expedient and is allowed at
correspondent reason and availability of the project for production of works.

4.64. Embankments in areas with mobile barchan dunes are built after moving the sand
up to 15-50 meters away from the roadside by bulldozers equipped with shovels with
enlarged side walls. Waysides after leveling by bulldozers are leveled by pull-type graders.
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 107

4.65. The excavators are also used for construction of high embankments made of sand
and hollows that constructed at crossing of sand ridges. The leveling of hollows shall be
started from making of longitudinal trench. Then continuously from the middle to the end of
the hollow the transversal trenches with the depth of 2.0-2.5 m are made. Soil is moved to the
road axis and after that it is moved into embankment along the longitudinal trench.

4.66. When building an embankment in saline soil covered by small barchan dunes, if
groundwater is located nearby, bulldozers should be used to move the sand up to 100 meters
away from the site with construction of intermediate banks. In case of necessity to move the
sand to big distances it is necessary to use transport means (dump trucks, scrapers).

4.67. When constructing a road on sand covered by vegetation, steps must be taken to
prevent damage to the vegetation or terrain or loosening of the sand surface. For this it is
recommended in medium hilly, coarse hilly and ridge sand to maximum use for stacking the
sand from excavations at the account of their widening for compensation the embankment
volume.

4.68. Road bed from one-dimensional (barchan) sand is supposed to be constructed at

once to full height without level-by-level humidifying and compaction if by laboratory
researches it has been revealed that at standard compaction the volume weight of a skeleton
increases to no more than for 0,08g/sm3. In this case only the top part of the road bed shall be
compacted.

4.69. Placement of a protective layer made of cohesive soil and slope reinforcement
should occur in winter-spring period immediately after embankment is built and hollows
from sand are made at the humidity close to optimal.

Use of soils with humidity lower than optimal is not allowed since their uniform laying
becomes difficult and the necessity in artificial wetting at compaction occurs.

To use over-wet soils for placement of the protective layer is not allowed. The
protective layer shall be laid on the road bed by “pushing” method.

4.70 Sand roadbeds should be constructed without interruption. The final section of the
roadbed and adjacent sand should be reinforced immediately.

4.71. While making the protective layer under the road bed the soil shall be leveled by
bulldozers, spread by motor graders and immediately after spreading shall be compacted by
rubber-tired rollers or heavy smooth-rolling rollers. At a lack of moisture the soil before
compaction is wetted up to optimal humidity.

Soil density of the protective layer shall comprise not less than 0.98 of maximum at
standard compaction.

While making the protective layers of slopes, the soil is leveled by hinged graders and
compacted by hinged smooth-rolling rollers.
page 108 CNT 3.06.03-05

4.72. In order not to admit the drying of a protective layer and partial blowing, it is necessary
to make the road bed immediately after its compaction. If for base (or protective layers) the
spoils made of sand-gravel mixtures treated by organic binding materials are used, then it is
expedient to prepare the mentioned mixtures in the special device.

4.73. While constructing the base of protective layer made of soils (materials) treated
by binders the following operations shall be done:

- leveling and spreading along the road bed by hinged grader;

- the prepared mixture is transported by dump truck and unloaded by “pushing”
method;
- the mixture is distributed by bulldozers and spread by motor grader;
- rolled and compacted by rubber-tired rollers within 8-10 passages over one track.

4.74. While making the protective layer or base by mixing in-situ, then the operations
for distribution of the binding material by binder distributor and its mixing with soil by
pulvimixer for one-two passages over one track are added.

4.75. While making the protective layer from geotextile the following operations shall
be done:

- preparation of the road bed;

- rolling-off the rolls and fixing of cloth;
- connection of cloth;
- acceptance control and dumping of materials with leveling, spreading and
compaction.

4.76. While preparing the road bed to laying of geotextile the instrumental layout,
cleaning from sand and leveling by bulldozer, spreading of the road bed surface and slopes by
hinged grades is done.

4.77. Rolling-off the geotextile rolls is done in longitudinal and transverse direction to
the full width of the road bed.

Cross-section rolling-off of rolls it is recommended on sites where strengthening of

slopes of the road bed from washout by sewage is provided. Thus geotextiles cloths stack
lapped with overlapping of the next cloths to 15 - 30 cm depending on type of connection and
the period of manufacture of works (the great value for production of works has the dry
period of year).

While working in the windy weather which is typical for sandy deserts, it is necessary
to provide with temporary fixing of cloth to embankment soil by metal clips or pins in order
to prevent from blowing and breaking of evenness of joints. To fix the cloth and their
connection under the traffic way is not obligatory in case of immediate dumping of cloth by
materials of the road bed.

Overlapping of cloths should be carried out so that at distribution of dumping material

the geotextiles cloths were not bent.
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 109

4.78. Connection of cloths is allowed by various ways, depending on presence of the

special equipment and gluing material: welding with ultrasound or blow lamp, sticking with
any polymeric glue or viscous heated bitumen, stitching by nylon threads, fastening with
metal clips.

4.79. Dumping of cloth with rock material intended for making of the lower layer of
the base shall be done immediately after laying (with break not more than 10-15 m).

Unloading of rock material from transport means is allowed to leveled layer of the fill
directly near its edge. Geotextile cloths are dumped by moving rock materials by bulldozer
“pushing” method. Spreading and compaction of the rock material laid over geotextile cloth
is done in accordance with standard technology recommended for laying of road bed layers.

Minimum backfill thickness under the traffic way shall comprise 15 cm in dense
volume.

4.80. While laying the geotextile cloth on embankment slopes, the connected cloths are
connected to soil by U-shaped re-bar clips (diameter 6-8 mm, length 0.5-0.6 m). The clips are
fixed over 1.5-2m, on end parts – over 0.5 m. The connection of cloths is done by stitching,
sticking or welding.

Pouring of binding materials to geotextile cloth is done with the help of binder
distributor through hose with tip in one-two steps.

4.81. Fine sand of the road bed shall be treated by binders using pulvimixer equipped
with suspended tank for liquid and distributing device.

While sand is treated with cement the pulvimixer’s tank is filled with water for wetting
of mixture within mixing process. Before passing of pulvimixer the cement is distributed
along the sand.

While sand is treated with liquid bitumen with addition of cationic specimen E-1 (or
any other similar by efficiency) at the beginning the pulvimixer’s tank is filled with water
solution of the specimen and mixed with sand for one-two passages, then the tank is filled
with liquid bitumen and thus it is introduced to the mixture.

While placing the protective layer made of barchan sand treated with bitumen
emulsion, the pulvimixer’s tank is filled with emulsion.

For treating of sand with liquid bitumen and adding of specimen E-1 and bitumen
emulsion it is rationally to use two pulvimixers that will move along the treated layer one
after another. While using the liquid bitumen with additive E-1 into tank of the first
pulvimixer water solution E-1 is added, into tank of the second pulvimixer – liquid bitumen;
while using bitumen emulsion the first pulvimixer is serves for distribution of the emulsion in
the sand, second – for additional mixing. After mixing of sand with binder, the mixture is
leveled and compacted by standard means.
page 110 CNT 3.06.03-05

4.82. Compaction of sand treated by organic binders is recommended to be started in

the morning and finished when the mixture reaches the temperature not higher than 350C.

Movement of technological transport may be opened: when the organic binding

materials are used - on the second day after compaction, if inorganic – only after five-seven
days.

4.83. At construction of roads in overgrown sand in order to minimize the damage to

plants, break of relief and loosening of sand surface it is necessary:

- to lay lateral reserves for embankment construction very deeply near the road bed;
- As much as possible use sand for stacking at the expense of hollow widening in
middle hilly, coarse hilly and ridge sands;
- to arrange accommodation and car park out of the protected line;
- the movement of vehicles shall be done along the narrow strip of the constructed
road and through special passages.

Road protection from sand drifting

4.84. On the sand massifs adjoining the road, in all cases allocate a strip where the
following is guarded:

- mechanical protection;
- sites of the fixed surface of sand;
- natural and specially planted vegetation;
- natural surface of sand (it is protected from loosening).

4.85. The protected strip has width from 50 to 500 m to each side from an axis of road
depending on local conditions (forms of sand relief, their degree of overgrowing, character of
economic use of territory, an arrangement of settlements, etc.) and in coordination with
corresponding local bodies.

The external border of the protected strip is designated by the most appreciable
elements of relief or corresponding signs.

4.86. Within a protected strip upon completion of road construction the following is
forbidden:

- All types of excavations;

- Movement of vehicles and run of cattle out of allotted for this purpose and ways
designated in the district;
- Works related to destruction or damage of vegetative cover (stocking of fuel,
brushwood, hay, a landing material, cattle pasturing and etc.).

4.87. At construction of roads in drifting sands made of single and group barchans, and
in massifs of complex-barchan sands, besides making the laid slopes of the road bed, it is
recommended:
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 111

- Spreading of waysides shall be made from winward side or both sides of the road
bed, depending on characters of movement of relief forms, and leveling within these strips;

- To fix drifting forms of relief out of spread strips for prevention sand coming down
to the road and the strips adjoining to it.

In connection with the necessity of regular lay-out of roadside strips strengthening of

their surface is not provided.

4.88. In drifting sands depending on character of sand relief, degree of their mobility,
overgrowing, phyto-melioration and etc. (out of the planned strips) the strips are strengthened
in width from 25-40 to 125 - 160 m and more.

4.89. At the basic method of fastening of sand with vegetation by auxiliary means that
stop movement of sand for the period of germination of seeds and strengthening of root
system of plants, mechanical protection, pouring of binding materials or other ways of fixing
of sand surface are used.

4.90. The following are usually fixed by plants:

- barchan and weak-planted sands;

- The deflation centers ("pits" and blowing hollows) in the half-overgrown and
overgrown sands.

4.91. Sands are fixed by plants:

- On both sides of the road if the axis coincides with the direction of sand movement
or makes with it the angle less than 30 °;
- Only from windward side of the road if the sands have an obviously expressed
progressive motion under the angle more than 30 ° to an axis of road and there is not
possibility of drifts from an opposite side.

4.92. At phyto-reclamation protection of roads from sand drifting usually “the

continuous afforestation” of sands is made.

“Continuous afforestation”, as the main method for fixing of sands in every place,
where the conditions are favorable for planting of plants (sand humidity) and formation of
sufficient dense plantations that facilitates full stop of sand movement.

4.93. “Continuous afforestation” is done:

On sites where the road crosses mobile forms of relief or closely comes nearer to them,
all area of fixed strips is planted by cuttings, tree stocks and seedlings with additional sowing
within one season thus constructing mechanical protection or fixing them by bitumen film for
protection from blowing.

4.94. For protection of plants and crops from blowing the following is done:
page 112 CNT 3.06.03-05

Mechanical paving-ordinary laying of cane or grass by rows cross to wind direction

with width 25-30 cm (at longitudinal laying of cane or grass in the row) or 50-70 cm (at
cross-section packing). Intervals between rows - 2-4 m. The rows are covered with a thin
layer of sand and compacted. The sand consumption is 30-90 м 3 per 1 hectares. This type of
protection is applied in areas with moderately active wind conditions;

Grass or cut cane by bunches with thickness of 6-8 cm and at length from 25 to 70 cm
are laid by rows cross to wind or by cages 2х2,3х3 or 4х4 m in grooves with depth 20-30 cm
in the form of fence, they are leveled vertically (for semi-standing protection - with an
inclination downwind under angle 20-25°), covered by sand and compacted. The best time is
December. The sand consumption is 60-100 м 3 per 1 hectares, development -70-150 m per 1
person. Such type of protection should be applied in active and very active wind conditions.
The lack of this type of protection – dehydration of sand, worsening conditions for plant
development and growth.
4.95. Sowing of seeds on sands is done without soil preparation. On small sites, fixed
by mechanical protection, seeds are scattered along the sand and slightly compacted. On sites
without protection, in places not subject to blowing, seeds are sowed in holes with depth of 2-
3 cm and covered with a thin layer of same sand. On the big areas the mechanized ways of
sowing and aero-sowing.

The best results in the southern deserts have sowings done in winter and before spring
rains. In the northern part of the desert areas usually autumn and spring sowings are used.

Quality control

4.96. Prior to commencing roadbed construction operations tests must be performed to

verify that actual soil parameters comply with project specifications: composition (particle
size, plasticity of clay soil) and properties (moisture content, density) of soil in pits, reserves,
excavations, natural bases, etc.).

If slopes steeper than 1 : 3 or weak soils are present at the work site, leveling should be
performed to prevent settling or shifting of the roadbed during construction.

4.97. The following roadbed properties should be checked during operational quality
control:
 proper centerline position and elevation of the roadbed surface;
 thickness of the topsoil layer to be removed;
 soil density at the base of the roadbed;
 soil moisture content;
 thickness of fill layers;
 homogeneity of embankment soil layers;
 soil density in embankment layers;
 evenness of the roadbed surface;
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 113

 lateral profile (distance between the centerline and edges, lateral slope, steepness of
embankment slopes);
 proper functioning of water drainage structures and interlayers, Correct
reinforcement of slopes and shoulders.

Permissible deviations from geometric control parameters and soil density are
specified in Mandatory Appendix 2.

When performing operational quality control of excavation operations in winter, the

dimensions of frozen clumps and the thorough removal of snow and ice must also be
monitored.

When performing operational quality control of roadbed construction in marsh areas,

the following must also be monitored: completeness of peat extrusion, backfill regime,
settlement, and the geometric dimensions of vertical channels and drains and the filtration
properties of sand filling them.

4.98. The correct position of the roadbed centerline, elevations, lateral profiles of the
roadbed and shoulders, proper functioning of drainage structures and layer thicknesses should
be checked at least every 100 meters (at three points across the diameter). As a rule, these
monitoring locations should coincide with geodetic beacons established with the help of
surveying instruments and gages.

Soil density should be checked for each layer along the roadbed centerline and at a
distance of 1.5 – 2.0 from the edge of the roadbed. If the layer is greater than 20 meters in
width, measurements should also be taken at intermediate points.

Density measurements should be taken of the area covered by compacting equipment

during each shift, although no less than every 200 meters if embankment height is less than or
equal to 3 meters or every 50 meters if embankment height is greater than 3 meters.

The density of the topmost layer should be checked at least every 50 meters.

Soil density should also be checked for each backfilled layer in pipe trenches, over
pipes, in cones and near bridges.

Density should be measured at a depth equal to 1/3 the thickness of the layer to be
compacted, but no less than 8 cm.

Deviations from the required compression ratio (less than standard) may not exceed
10% or 0.04.

4.99. Soil moisture content is generally monitored at the point of origin (reserve pit,
quarry) at least once per work shift and is mandatory after precipitation.
page 114 CNT 3.06.03-05

4.100 Soil density and moisture content shall be determined in accordance with TDS
5180-84. Field express methods and instruments may be used during operational quality
control.

4.101. Soil homogeneity should be monitored visually. Any change with respect to soil
type, kind and variety shall be determined in accordance with TDS 25100-82.

4.102. The evenness of the roadbed surface is checked by leveling along the centerline
and edges in three points across the roadbed diameter at intervals no greater than every 50
meters. The surface of the roadbed base and intermediate embankment layers must not
contain any local depressions in which water could puddle.

4.103. The composition of sand used for vertical drains must comply with project
specifications by checking it at the point of origin at least once per shift.

5. INSTALLATION OF SUPPLEMENTAL BASE LAYERS AND INTERLAYERS

(FROST-RESISTANT, DRAINING, INSULATING OR CAPILLARY
INTERRUPTING)

5.1. Supplemental base layers composed of crushed stone, gravel or sand should be
laid in accordance with paragraphs 7.9 and 7.10. The use of reinforced soil must meet the
requirements set forth in section 6.

5.2. Concrete mixtures with light-weight aggregates, grouted porous stone, reinforced
soil and ash-based mixtures with light aggregates should be prepared in positive displacement
mixers.

The temperature of the mixture at the time of application must be at least 5 C.

Concrete mixtures with light aggregates should be applied to prepared roadbeds by

concrete placers.

Lateral and longitudinal joints should be formed by inserting strips or by milling in

freshly placed concrete. Transport vehicles may move over a heat insulating layer only after
the mixture has cured to 70% of its design strength.

5.3. Draining and capillary-interrupting layers made of non-fabric synthetic materials

and hydroinsulating layers made of various materials (insul, polyethylene film stabilized with
2% channel black, etc.) must be applied starting from the downstream side.

The material must be laid with a 0.1 meter lateral overhang and is then secured with
brackets or is woven.

Hydroinsulating material must be laid on a graded soil base whose compression ratio
is no less than 0.95.

The movement of transport vehicles or construction machinery directly over these

layers is prohibited.
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 115

Overlying layers should be applied from the center outwards. The minimum thickness
of a soil or material layer that may support construction traffic must be at least 0.25 meters in
compacted form.

5.4. When using insul, the soil for a thickness of at least 10 cm above and below the
insul layer must not contain any grains larger in size than 20 mm, while the content of grain
sizes between 5 and 40 mm may not exceed permissible levels.

If polyethylene film is used, the soil must contain no grains larger in size than 20 mm, while
the content of grain sizes between 5 and 20 mm may not exceed permissible levels.

No grain size standards have been established when hydroinsulating material laid
between layers of non-fabric synthetic material.

5.5. Individual sections of film must be glued or welded together.

When laying a hydroinsulating layer made of polyethylene film, except when placed
with soil in a protective casing or in areas directly flooded by ground or surface water, joints
may be formed by overlapping and tucking under, as long as the load imposed by the weight
of overlying layers and paving is at least 9.8 MPa. The width of the overlap may not exceed
0.5 meters. The film must be laid freely, without stretching. The edges of the film must be
secured in windy weather.

Polyethylene film may not be subjected to direct sunlight for more than 2 or 3 hours.
Soil must be poured and shaped along a narrow front. Insul should be backfilled on the day it
is laid.

Quality control

5.6. When laying frost-resistant and draining layers, quality of material and sand must
be checked to verify that it meets project specifications, along with the density of the material
and the absence of any soil clogging of drain outlets on roadbed slopes.

5.7. While laying draining, capillary-interrupting and water insulating layers it is

necessary to check the thickness and granulomteric content of soil layers over and under the
layer, quality of cloth joints and thickness of the first layer of the pavement over the layer.

5.8. The thickness of the first paved layer and the thickness of the layers above and
below interlayers as described in paragraph 5.5, should be measured with a ruler at three
points across the diameter of the roadbed (along the centerline and at the edges of the
roadbed) at least every 100 meters.

5.9. Material density must be checked at three points across the diameter of the
roadbed (along the centerline and at the edges of the roadway) at least every 100 meters,
using the methodology described in 4.100.
page 116 CNT 3.06.03-05

5.10. The granulometric composition of the soil layers above and below the
hydroinsulating interlayer should be checked once per shift.

6. CONSTRUCTION OF BASE COURSES AND SURFACING MADE OF COURSE

CLASTIC SAND AND CLAY SOILS AND PRODUCTION WASTE REINFORCED
WITH INORGANIC AND ORGANIC GROUTING MATERIAL

6.1. Soil and production waste products with binding agents should be mixed:

 on the road, at a designated site or at the quarry, using single-pass soil mixers and
road harrows;
 in mixing plants (usually positive-displacement).

Coarse clastic soil and production waste, as well as fine sand mixtures containing
coarse clastic soil or production waste (at least 20-30 %) should be mixed with binding
agents in free displacement units.

6.2. When constructing base courses and paving, reinforced soils should be laid in one
or several layers, depending on the thickness of the base or surfacing and the type of
machinery employed.

The topmost layer of the base and the surfacing should be made of mixtures prepared,
as a rule, in mixing units.

6.3. When mixing coarse clastic soil with grouting material in mixing units, the soil
must not contain grains greater in size than 40 mm. If the soil contains no grains larger than
25 mm, the aggregate volume of grains between 2 and 25 mm in size may not exceed 70% of
the soil mass. The plasticity number for particles smaller than 0.5 mm in coarse clastic soil
must be no greater than 12. When coarse clastic soil is mixed with grout on the road, grain
size may not exceed 25 mm.

6.4. Clay soil with a plasticity number greater than 12 must be broken up before being
mixed with binding agent.

After breaking, soil particles larger than 5 mm may not exceed 25% of the soil mass,
and particles greater than 10 mm may not exceed 10%.

When breaking up heavy loam or clay whose moisture content is less than 0.3 of the moisture
content at the flow boundary of the soil in dry weather at air temperatures greater than 20 C,
surfactants must be added to the soil: sulfite/yeast wort, OP-7 or OP-10 wetting agent, GZh
136-41 hydrophobe liquid, GND neutralized tar. Surfactant volumes are itemized in Table 3.

Soluble additives should be injected in the form of water solutions; insoluble additives
in the form of emulsions.
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 117

Table 3.
Additive Volume of additive as a % of the
mass of the soil/grout or other
mixture
Hydrophobe liquid (GZh 136-41) 0,1-0,2
Sulfite/yeast wort (SDB) 0,05-0,5
OP-7 or OP-10 wetting agent 0,05-0,5
Neutralized tar (GND) 0,015-0,03

6.5. Soil/binder mixtures should be placed and cured at a near-optimum moisture level,
with regard for the requirements of paragraph 0.15. The density of reinforced material must
be no less than 0.98 of the maximum per TDS 22733-77.

When using cement combined with organic binders as a grouting agent or when using
only an organic binder, the volume of water corresponding to the optimum moisture content
must be reduced by the volume of organic binder or to the volume of water in the emulsion, if
the organic binder is emulsified.

When reinforcing lime or active ash an additional amount of water (2 – 4%) should be
added over and above the optimum moisture content.

In order to achieve the required density and evenness of soil reinforced with binders
should be compacted by agitating the mixture with the screed vibrator of the laying machine
and smoothing it with a self-propelled vibration roller or rubber-tired roller.

Base Courses and Road Surfaces Made of Soil with Inorganic Binders.

6.6. Base courses and road surfaces made of soil with inorganic binders should
primarily be constructed in temperatures no lower than 5 C. In lower temperatures, work
should only proceed if the requirements of paragraphs 6.30-6.34 are met.

6.7. Inorganic binders should be added to the soil with weighers or batch measuring
boxes, regardless of the mixture preparation method employed.

6.8. When reinforcing soil with inorganic binders, care must be taken to monitor the
volume of water added with the saline or alkaline solution.

6.9. If coarse clastic, sand or clay soil is mixed in situ with cement it is necessary to
sequentially add cement and water to the mixture.

6.10. If soil is to be reinforced by cement with fly ash, ash mixtures or other non-
cohesive, dispersible materials, the additives should be spread over the soil and mixed with it.
The mixture is then graded before cement and water are added.
page 118 CNT 3.06.03-05

6.11. If soil is to be reinforced by cement with powdered quick lime, the soil should be
mixed with the cement 24 hours after the lime and water are added.

6.12. The reinforcement of production waste (ash mixtures, crushed stone riddlings,
etc.) with inorganic binders must meet the requirements of paragraphs 6.6 – 6.11.

6.13. When reinforcing clay soil with inorganic binders, the soil is generally mixed
with the binder directly at the road. The movement of construction vehicles over the clay
layer scheduled for reinforcement is prohibited.

6.14. The moisture content of soil mixed with inorganic binders should be optimum
prior to compaction, but depending on weather conditions at the time work is performed, it
may not exceed: 2 – 3% over optimum during dry weather with no precipitation and air
temperatures above 20 C;
1 – 2% under optimum when temperature is lower than 10 C or during atmospheric
precipitation.

If air temperature is greater than 20 C, setting of the mixture should be slowed down
and optimum conditions preserved for compaction by introducing SDB into the mixture (in
the form of a water solution) or GZh 136-41 (in the form of an emulsion) in amount not to
exceed 0.5% of the cement mass (when compacting non-cohesive soil) or 1 – 1.5% (when
compacting cohesive soil) or organic binders in the form of bitumen emulsions, liquid
bitumen, petroleum tar or crude oil in an amount generally equal to 1 – 3% of the soil mass.

6.15. Compaction of a soil/cement mixture to the maximum density should be

completed within 3 hours, or in low temperatures (under 10 C), within 5 hours, after adding
water or saline solution to the mixture.

When reinforcing soil with lime used as independent binders, compaction should be
completed no later than within 14 – 18 hours after water is added to the mixture.
6.16. Freshly laid soil reinforced with inorganic binders should be cured by spreading
over its surface a 50% rapidly or normally decomposing emulsion using bitumen or other
organic binders in the amount of 0.5 – 0.8 L/m2.

A freshly laid layer of compacted soil may also be cured by spreading petroleum tar or
neutralized tar (GID) in the amount of 0.5 – 0.6 L/m2, or a 5 cm layer of sand while keeping
it in a moist condition.

6.17. Movement of construction vehicles over a compacted base or surface layer is

permitted 5 days after it was laid, as long as reinforcing material is used that satisfies the
requirements for class I strength and the thickness of the reinforced layer is at least 15 cm, or
if the reinforcing material meets class II strength requirements and the thickness of the layer
is at least 20 cm. If the thickness of the reinforced layer is less than these standards, or if
reinforcing material is used that meets class III strength requirements, construction traffic is
prohibited for 7 days after the layer is constructed.
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 119

Construction traffic or placement of the next layer is permitted on the day after
construction of a reinforced layer.

6.18. When reinforcing super-moist soil with cement, lime or other inorganic binders,
the moisture content of the treated soil must not exceed the values specified in Table 4.

Table 4.
Permissible moisture content (as
a fraction of optimum moisture
Soil type
content) at a compression ratio of
1 – 0.98
Silty sand 1,35
Light, coarse sandy loam; light loam 1,25
Silty sandy loam; heavy silty sandy loam; light loam 1,15
Heavy loam; sandy and silty clay 1,1

6.19. Supermoist soil should be dried by laying it in a pit or on heaps (sand, sandy
loam), by raking (in sunny weather), as well as by treating it with lime (pulverized quick
lime, powdered fodder lime, hydrated lime) or active fly ash.

The volume of binders used to dry soil is specified in Table 5.

Table 5.
Volume of dry pulverized quick
lime or active fly ash used as a
drying agent, % of soil mass (soil
Soil type
moisture expressed as a fraction of
optimum moisture content)
1,2 1,4 1,6
Sand and silty sandy loam - 0,5 1,0
Light loam - 0,5 1,5
Heavy loam 1,0 2,0 -
Sandy and silty clay 1,5 3,0 -
Note: The amount of pulverized quick lime to be added is based on the formula CaO +
MgO.

Base courses and road surfaces constructed of soil reinforced with organic binders

6.20. The following compounds should be used to improve the technical and
technological properties of soil reinforced with:

- liquid bitumen – lime, shale ash, dry-extracted fly ash, dehydrated ash mixtures with
or without added lime, powdered limestone, or powdered gaize with lime;
- shale oil bitumen, bitumen emulsions, shale oil bitumen, bitumen emulsions, coal tar
binders – lime, limestone dust, cement, fly ash;
page 120 CNT 3.06.03-05

- organic binders (except urea-formaldehyde resin) – cation-active and anion-active

substances (E-1, CZhK vat residue, secondary fat tar, etc.).

6.21. Base courses and road surfacing made of soil reinforced with organic binders
may be constructed in dry weather when air temperatures are no lower than 10 C. … The
moisture content of coarse clastic and sandy soils prior to the application of organic binders
must lie within a range of 2 to 5 %, and for clay soils -- 0.2 to 0.4 times the moisture content
at the soil flow boundary.

6.22. If a stationary plant is used to mix coarse clastic soil, sandy soil or sandy loam
with liquid bitumen, bitumen emulsions, coal tar or active additives, or to mix soil with
bitumen emulsions or fat bitumen together with cement, all binders, additives (except
powdered quick lime) and water must be introduced into the soil simultaneously and in full
volume.

6.23. If powdered quick lime is used as an active additive, it must be spread over the
soil and mixed with it. The soil is then processed with organic binders in a mixer no sooner
than 12 hours and no later than 24 hours after the lime was added.

Soil moisture prior to the addition of quick lime must be such as to permit hydration
(slaking) of the lime.

6.24. When coarse clastic soil, sandy soil or sandy loam are mixed with organic
additives in situ, the binder must be added to the soil in a single mixer pass; soil moisture
must satisfy the requirements of paragraph 6.22. The moisture content of the mixture prior to
compaction must be optimum as described in paragraphs 6.5 and 6.14.

6.25. When mixing clay soil with organic binders, it should be processed on site in a
single-pass or multi-pass soil mixer.

6.26. If soil is to be reinforced with liquid urea-formaldehyde resin to which

emulsified bitumen or petroleum tar has been added, they must first be processed in a forced
action mixer without preheating. Resin/bitumen binders may be stored without curing agent
no longer than 3 days. Prepared binder with curing agent must be added to the soil no later
than 3 hours after mixing.

If resins with a shelf life greater than 2 months are used (assuming they meet technical
specifications), or if work is performed at temperatures higher than 25C, the resin/bitumen
binder is added to the soil first, followed by the curing agent.

If soil is reinforced with urea-formaldehyde resin with crude oil or SDB additives, the
processing sequence will depend on the type of equipment employed.

6.27. Soil reinforced with organic binders together with lime or cement must be
compacted no later than 2 hours after mixing. If ambient air temperature is lower than 15 C,
the pause between mixing and compaction may be extended to 4 hours.
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 121

Soil reinforced with organic binders must be fully compacted within a single work
shift. If precipitation falls in the process of work and air temperature is below 15C, the soil
mixture may be re-compacted, but no later than after 2 days for soil mixed with cement or 4
days for soil mixed with lime.

6.28. When compacting a layer of soil reinforced with bitumen emulsion or liquid
bitumen with cement at air temperatures above 15 C with no precipitation, curing is
performed by spreading bitumen emulsion in an amount equal to 0.6 to 0.8 L/m2. No curing
is required if the next layer will be constructed no more than 24 hours later.

6.29. The movement of construction vehicles over a soil slayer reinforced with organic
binders is permitted as long as the requirements of paragraph 6.17 are met.

Soil reinforcement with inorganic binders in low and sub-zero temperatures

6.30. If air temperature is below zero (Centigrade), steps must be taken to prevent
freezing of the soil to be reinforced.

6.31. In sub-zero temperatures, agents must be added to the soil to reduce the freezing
point of water (antifreeze) in an amount equal to 0.5 – 1.5 % of the soil mass.

6.32. Additives that bind with water (lime, cement, gypsum, etc.) should be introduced
in powdered form prior to adding the antifreeze solution.

6.33. Coarse clastic and sandy soil with binders should be processed in a stationary
mixer. Clay soil should be processed in situ using single-pass or multi-pass soil mixers.

6.34. The movement of construction traffic over the reinforced layer (base course or
surfacing) is permissible no sooner than after 20 days. Traffic over such layers is prohibited
during the spring thaw.

Quality control

6.35. In addition to the requirements set forth in paragraph 1.13, the following must be
checked when base courses and road surfaces are constructed of reinforced soil:
no less frequently than once per shift:
- granulometric composition of coarse clastic and sandy soils per TDS 12536-791;
- plasticity number of clay soils per TDS 5180-84;
- degree to which clay soils have been broken, by sifting samples through a sieve with
5 and 10 mm holes;
- temperature of organic binders prior to use;
- homogeneity of emulsions (absence of stratification);
- mixture quality by determining the compression strength of samples;
- If a dry mixture is stored in piles, the temperature of the mixture at a depth of 0.2 –
0.4 meters must also be measured;
page 122 CNT 3.06.03-05

no less frequently than every 200 meters

- moisture of soil and prepared mixture prior to compaction; material density in the
compacted layer at three points across the diameter (along the centerline and 0.5 meters from
the edge of the layer) in accordance with the requirements of paragraph 4.79.
no less frequently that once every 5 shifts
- concentration of freely soluble salt in saline soil per TDS 25100-82;
- compliance with curing specifications.

6.36. The fitness of fly ash and ash mixtures or powdered quick lime for use as
additives in non-cohesive soil is a function of the concentration of constituent particles
smaller than 0.071 mm (no less than 60%) and larger than 2 mm (no greater than 5%). Losses
during calcinations may not exceed 10%. Ash mixtures used in cohesive soil may have a
higher concentration of large particles.

6.37. Strength is measured by taking three 250 m3 samples of mixture.

Deviations from specified strength parameters are permissible:

- if preparation is performed in a mixer unit at the quarry – no greater than 8%;
- if preparation is performed in a single-pass soil mixer – no greater than 15%;
- if preparation is performed by a road harrow – no greater than 25%.

6.38. The compression ratio of soil reinforced with inorganic binders is a function of
the ratio between the density of a desiccated sample of reinforced soil taken from the
compacted layer and the density of desiccated soil/binder mixture compacted per TDS 22733-
77.

The compression ratio of soil reinforced with organic binders without Portland cement
is defined as the ratio between the density of a desiccated sample of reinforced soil taken
from the compacted layer and the density of a soil/binder mixture compacted at optimum
moisture content under a load of 30 MPa. If Portland cement or urea resin is added to the
soil/binder mixture, pressure on the sample should be 15 MPa.

7. CRUSHED STONE, GRAVEL AND CINDER BASE COURSES,

SURFACING AND PAVING

7.1. The smallest thickness of a new layer must be 1.5 times greater than the size of its
largest particles and must be at least 10 cm if laid on a strong base or at least 15 cm if laid on
sand.

The maximum thickness of the layer may not exceed the values specified in Table 6.
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 123

Table 6.
Maximum compacted layer thickness, cm,
after rolling
Smooth roller, Rubber-tired or Vibration and
10 T or heavier grid (mesh) combination
Material
roller, 15 T or rollers, weighing
heavier (T)
up to 16 or
10 more
Difficult to compact (igneous and 18 24 18 24
metamorphic rock with strength ratings of
1000 or greater, hard gravel with pebbles,
vitrified ash slag
Easy to compact (igneous and metamorphic 22 30 22 30
rock with strength ratings less than 1000,
sedimentary rock, gravel without pebbles,
porous ash slag

7.2. The volume of stone in bulk form is determined by the compression safety factor.
For sand and gravel (crushed stone) mixtures with optimum grain composition and for
crushed stone fractions of 40 – 70 and 70 – 120 mm and strength ratings of 800 and greater,
the compression safety factor is approximately 1.25 – 1.3, and for crushed stone with strength
ratings of 600 – 300, the safety factor is 1.3 – 1.5. The compression safety factor for ash
depends on its density and ranges from 1.3 – 1.5.

7.3. Crushed stone and gravel may be trucked into the worksite and laid in piles on the
subgrade or at intermediate storage sites for subsequent use in constructing base courses and
road surfacing.

Construction of crushed stone base courses and surfacing:

wedging method

7.4. The construction of crushed stone base courses and surfacing using the wedging
method is performed in two stages:

- the bulk of the stone is spread out and pre-compacted (reduced and interwedged);
- the wedging stone is spread out (two or three times) and each fraction is compacted.
The wedging stone may be set one time for base courses. If crushed sedimentary stone with a
strength rating less than 600 is used for the base courses, work may be performed in one
stage.

If necessary, final compaction may be achieved by regulating the movement of

construction vehicles over the entire width of the base (surface).
page 124 CNT 3.06.03-05

7.5. During the first and second stages, the base is compacted by rubber-tired rollers
weighing no less than 16 T and tire pressures ranging from 0.6 – 0.8 MPa, by pull-type
vibratory rollers weighing at least 6 T, by grid rollers weighing at least 15 T, by self-propelled
smooth rollers weighing at least 10 T and by combination rollers weighing more than 16 T.
The total number of roller passes should be at least 30 (10 during the first stage and 20 during
the second) for static type rollers, at least 18 (6 and 12) for combination rollers and at least 12
(4 and 8) for vibratory rollers.

A base made of crushed stone with a strength rating less than 600 and a plasticity
number of Pl2 or Pl3 should be compacted by rubber tired rollers weighing at least 16 T in at
least 20 passes or by vibroplates.

7.6. To reduce friction between stones and accelerate interwedging, rolling should be
performed after flooding the stone with water (approximately 15 – 25 L/m2).

7.7. In the second stage, wedging is achieved by adding fine crushed stone with
progressively smaller dimensions.

If difficult-to-compact crushed stone is used, the stone layer should be treated with
organic binders (2 – 3 L/m2) prior to applying the wedging material.

The required volumes of wedging stone are described in Table 7.

7.8. Upon completion of compaction, the surface should be covered with fine igneous
stone with a strength rating of at least 800 (at least 600 if sedimentary rock is used,) in an
amount equal to one cubic meter per 100 square meters. This cover is then compacted in
approximately 4 – 6 roller passes.

Table 7.
3
Volume of wedging stone, m , required
per 1000 m2. Particle size, mm:
Particle size of bulk stone, mm
20 – 40 10 – 20
5 – 10 mm
mm mm
40-70 - 15 10
10-120 10 10 10
Note: When wedging a base composed of 40 – 70 mm crushed stone, wedging may be
performed in a single pass using a crushed stone or sand/crushed stone mixture
containing 5 – 20, 0 – 20, 0 – 10 mm fractions. If the base is composed of 70 – 120 mm,
the wedging mixture should contain the 5 – 40 mm fraction. The amount of mixture
applied must meet the aggregate requirements of Table 6.

Base Course and Surface Construction with

Sand/Gravel and Sand/Crushed Stone Mixtures

7.9. Sand and gravel or sand and crushed stone mixtures with granulometric
compositions that satisfy TDS 25607-94 may be prepared directly on the road.
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 125

Upon placement, mixtures must have a moisture content that is near optimal, with
deviations no greater than 10%. If moisture content does not meet specifications, the layer
must be hydrated for 20 to 30 minutes before compaction.

7.10. Once laid, mixtures must be compacted in accordance with paragraph 7.5. The
approximate number of roller passes should be reduced by 30%.

Construction of crushed stone and gravel base courses

and surfaces in sub-zero weather

7.11. When air temperature is between 0 and minus 5 C, the work time dedicated to
spreading, profiling and compacting stone-based material with a moisture content up to 3%
must not exceed 4 hours. In even colder weather, work time must be limited to 2 hours. If
moisture content is greater than 3%, the stone should be treated with a chloride salt solution
(0.3 – 0.5% mass).

7.12. In sub-zero temperatures, stone-based material should be compacted without

watering.

Construction traffic is only permitted after the layer has been completely compacted.

7.13. The new material may be added or deformations corrected only after the
subgrade and base have thoroughly dried.

Chip Stone, Cobble Stone, Paving Stone and Tessellated Block Pavements

7.14. Paving a road surface with chipped stone or cobblestone starts with laying edge
courses on both sides of the road way. The edge courses should have a 0.7 to 1.0 meter
overlay.

The height of the stone in the edge courses may 4 cm greater than the average height
of the stone to be used to pave the roadway. If longitudinal slope is greater than 10% or if the
lateral profile slopes to one side, the roadway must be paved from bottom to top.
7.15. Chipped stone or cobblestone paving should first be compacted with a
mechanical tamper and then rolled. Mechanical tamping is performed in the following
manner: immediately after the roadway is paved, it is tamped; after the first placement of
wedging stone fractions from 10 – 20 mm (1 – 1.5 m3 per 100 m2), the pavement is tamped a
second time.

Rolling is performed after the second placement of wedging stone (5 – 10 mm; 1 m3

per 100 m2), beginning with a 6 – 8 T roller followed by a 10 – 13 T roller.

Compaction is complete when stone settlement is no longer visually evident.

7.16. Before opening it to traffic, the pavement should be covered with a 1.5 – 2 cm
layer of sand, crushed stone, land waste or gravel (particle size up to 10 mm). The movement
of transport means in the first 10-15 days shall be regulated along the full width of the
pavement.
page 126 CNT 3.06.03-05

7.17. Paving with paving stone or tessellated blocks should begin with laying stretcher
and marginal longitudinal courses. Two longitudinal courses of paving stone should be laid so
that joints cover at least 1/3 of the length of adjacent stones.

Work related to laying the stretcher and longitudinal courses, including mortaring
joints, must be performed in a manner that permits the mortar to dry before laying additional
stone.

7.18. The paving stone should be laid in rows perpendicular to the center line of the
road.

Joints between stones must cover at least 1/3 the length of adjacent stones. Joint width may
not exceed 10 mm.

7.19. Tessellated blocks must be laid to follow the specified convexity of the road
gradient.

Joints must cover ½ the length of adjacent blocks. Joint width may not exceed 10 mm.

7.20. Paving stone and blocks should be pressed in with mechanical tampers, moving
row-by-row, starting from the edge and moving toward the center of the roadway.

7.21. Joints are filled with cement mortar in two forms: first, thin liquid and then a
thicker (“creamy”) mixture. Asphalt mastic and sand should be used in only one form.

Quality control

7.22. When constructing crushed stone, gravel or slag base courses, surface bases and
pavements, the following must be monitored in addition to the requirements set forth in
paragraph 1.13: no less frequently than once per shift – moisture content of crushed stone and
sand/cement mixtures per TDS 8269.0-97 and TDS 5180-84, the strength of the sand/cement
mixture is determined in accordance with TDS 23558-791;

continuously monitored by the naked eye - quality of compaction/consolidation;

curing.

7.23. The compaction quality of crushed stone, gravel or slag base courses and
surfaces should be verified by running a 10 – 13 T roller over the entire length of the test
section. The roller should leave no tracks nor should any water be pressed out in front of the
roller drum. Stone placed before the drum must be crushed (not pressed in).

7.24. Layer thickness shall be controlled in three sizes across on each kilometer of the
road, by measuring along the axes and at a distance 1-1.5 m from the edge.

7.25. Paving density is considered suitable if a pass by a 10 – 13 T roller produces no

shifting or settling of stone (blocks).
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 127

8. CONSTRUCTING BASE COURSES AND SURFACES OUT OF CRUSHED

STONE, GRAVEL OR SAND TREATED WITH INORGANIC BINDERS

Mixing

8.1 As a rule, mixtures should be processed in forced action mixing units.

Before starting the works on mixture preparation it is necessary to select the content
that provide the receipt of materials with required characteristics. The selection of mixture
contents shall include the selection of optimal granulometric composition of rock materials;
definition of optimal humidity that provides the receipt of material of maximum density;
definition of optimal consumption of binders.

8.2. The relative proportions of the component materials must correspond to the
amounts specified in Table 8. The accuracy of dosing of component materials shall be
checked in trial mixes.

Table 8.
Component Deviation from specified amount, % mass
Binder up to 2
Fillers up to 5
Water and water solutions up to 2

8.3. Unloading and feeding of rock materials to receiving bin of dosing department of
the mixer shall be done by loaders or conveyors equipped with feeding units.

8.4. The volume of water in the mixture must be sufficient to provide optimum
moisture content during compaction, adjusted for estimated moisture loss during transport
and spreading. If air temperature is higher than 20 C, the mixture should be covered with a
tarpaulin when transported by dump truck.

8.5. SDB, soda liquor, liquid glass, and sodium chloride solutions should be prepared
in the mortar plants of mixing units. When necessary, the water may be preheated.

8.6. When transporting stone/cement mixtures that begin to set no sooner than after 2
hours, time in transit may not exceed 30 minutes if air temperature at the time of application
is higher than 20 C or 50 minutes if air temperature is lower than 20 C. The mixture must
be compacted prior to the final setting of the cement.

8.7. Stone mixed with slag or ash, with or without added quick lime, must be
compacted no later than after 2 days.

Base course (surface) construction

8.8. Base courses built of stone material treated with inorganic binders should, as a
rule, be laid in dry weather when average daily air temperature is no lower than 5 C.
page 128 CNT 3.06.03-05

8.9. The maximum layer thickness in compacted condition must be selected in

accordance with the requirements of paragraph 7.1. for readily-compactable material.

8.10. Layers are generally compacted by rubber-tired or vibratory rollers. The

approximate number of roller passes per track should be 16 and 10, respectively.

When compaction is complete, the surface should be dressed by a motor grader or

profiler and then compacted by a smooth roller (6 to 8 T) in two to four passes per track.

8.11. Base courses constructed with the use of cement should be cured by pouring of
bitumen emulsion with consumption 0,6-0,8 l/m2 or spreading of sand in layer with thickness
4-6 cm and keeping it in the wet condition within 28 days.

If the next overlying layer is to be constructed on the same day as the base layer (lower
surface layer), curing is not required.

8.12. If the base layer was built using cement as the primary binder or additive,
movement of construction traffic and installation of the next overlying layer are only
permitted after the 70% of design strength has been achieved.

Special requirements for work performed in low and sub-zero temperatures

8.13. Special measures must be adopted when preparing and laying stone-based
material treated with inorganic binders when average daily air temperature ranges from 5 to
minus 15 C: warming the base, preheating water and fillers, introducing sodium chloride
solutions into the mixture.

8.14. The approximate volumes of chloride salt solution added to the mixture are
presented in Table 9 as a function of ambient air temperature.

Table 9.
Air temperature at the time of work, C Amount of salt, % mass of water, added to the
mixture
from 0 to minus 5 NaCl 5 % or CaCl2 3 %
or CaCl2 2 % + NaCl 3 %
from minus 5 to minus 7 CaCl2 3 % + NaCl 4 %
from minus 7 to minus 10 CaCl2 3 % + NaCl 7 %
from minus 10 to minus 15 CaCl2 6 % + NaCl 9 %

8.15. Concentrated sodium chloride and calcium chloride solutions should be prepared
to a density no greater than 1.29 g/cm3 (0.427 kg of dry salt per liter of water), while the
density of calcium chloride solutions should be no greater than 1.15 g/cm3 (0.25 kg of dry
salt per liter of water). Sodium chloride must be dissolved in hot water.
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 129

8.16. Prepared solutions should be periodically mixed, pumped into feed tanks and cut
with water until the concentration specified in Table 9 is achieved, depending on air
temperature.

8.17. In sub-zero temperatures, the moisture content of sand and crushed stone stored
in heaps may not exceed 3 to 4 %. Frozen sand may only be used after sifting out ice particles
larger than 10 mm.

8.18. Mixtures not containing salt additives should be prepared in mixers located, as a
rule, in enclosed areas, using preheated fillers and water. The maximum permissible water
temperature is 80 C (50 C for fillers). The temperature of the mixture upon discharge from
the mixer must lie within a range of 35 to 40 C. The temperature of the heated mixture after
transport must be at least 25 C. If outside air temperature is up to 15 C, transit time must be
at the start of work and may not exceed 60 minutes.

The mixture must be transported by a dump truck with a covered bed heated by
exhaust gas.

8.19. The mixture must be compacted and covered before it freezes.

8.20. The surface of the base should be warmed by applying a layer of sand or sandy
loam at least 10 cm thick or by covering it with another warming agent so that prior to
freezing, the reinforced material can reach at least 70% of its design strength.

Quality control

8.21. When base courses are constructed of crushed stone, gravel and sand treated with
inorganic binders, the following must be monitored:

at least once per shift – moisture content of the mixture, strength of the material and
the density of salt solutions in sub-zero temperatures;
at least once every 7 shifts – proper component composition of the mixture using a test
scale;
continuously – quality of compaction and curing.

8.22. The quality of compaction should be checked by running a 10 – 13 T roller over

the entire length of the test section. The roller should not leave a track or press water out of
the layer.

9. CONSTRUCTION OF BASE COURSES AND PAVEMENT LAYERS MADE OF

CRUSHED STONE, GRAVEL AND SAND MIXED IN SITU WITH ORGANIC
BINDERS

9.1. Base courses and pavement layers made of rock materials processed with organic
binders should be constructed:

- of crushed stone treated with binders by impregnation or crushed stone treated in

mixer (black crushed stone);
page 130 CNT 3.06.03-05

- crushed stone, gravel, sand mixtures treated with bitumen emulsion in mixer;
- same mixtures treated by binders by means of mixing on the road.

While selecting the way of treatment it is necessary to take into account the road
category, climatic conditions, availability of materials, machinery and vehicles and other
local conditions.

9.2. Quality of binders must be verified in accordance with standards:

- bitumen petroleum, paving, viscous –TDS 22245-90;

- bitumen petroleum, paving, liquid –TDS 11955-82;
- road emulsions –TDS 18659-81.

9.3. Prior to the start of work, the bond between the binder and the surface of the
mineral material must be verified in accordance with TDS 12801-98. If bonding is
inadequate, surfactants and surface activators should be added (lime, cement).

9.4. In order to increase the strength and shear resistance of covers made of gravel
mixtures they shall contain crushed fractions in the quantity 25-45% of the weight of
fractions more than 5 mm.

9.5. During use, organic binders should be heated to the temperatures specified in
Table 10.

Table 10.
Heating temperature, C
Binder product code
without surfactants without surfactants
Bitumen per TDS 22245-90
BND 40/60, BND 60/90, 130-150 110-130
BN 90/130, BND 130/200 100-120 90-100
90-100 90-100
Bitumen per TDS 11955-82
SG 130/200, MG 130/200 90-100 90-100
SG 70/130, MG 70/130, MGO 70/130 80-90 80-90
SG 40/70, MG 40/70, MGO 40/70 70-80 70-80
SG 25/40, MG 25/40 60-70 60-70
Emulsion per TDS 18659-91
EBA-1, EBA-2, EBA-3, EBK-1, EBK-2, No heating -
EBK-3 -
Reverse emulsion 60-70

Preparing emulsions

9.6. Bitumen emulsions are prepared in special dispensers.

Straight emulsions are prepared with bitumen and emulsifier in accordance with TDS
18659-81.
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 131

9.7. The temperature of crude oil emulsions upon intake into the emulsifier unit must
lie with the following ranges, °С:

BND 40/60, BN 40/60……………………………….120-140

BND 60/90 and BND 90/130, BN 60/90, BN 90/130…..120-130
BND 130/200, BN 130/200…………………………..100-120
BND 200/300, BN 200/300……………………………90-100

9.8. The temperature of the water-based emulsifier solution upon intake into the
emulsifier unit must be no higher than 80 C. The sum of the temperatures of the bitumen and
emulsifier solution may not exceed 200 C.

9.9. The following are used to prepare reverse emulsions oil bitumen mixtures, marks
BND 40/60, BND 60/90 and BND 90/130 with shale oil.

9.10. Binders used in preparing reverse emulsions must contain at least 5% phenol. If
phenol concentration is lower, technical coal phenol or liquid coal phenol must be added to
the raw binder in an amount sufficient to make up the difference, or kerosene-based Petrov
contact in twice the amount. In addition to phenol, reverse emulsions must also contain
caustic soda and table salt.

9.11. The following should be used as emulsifiers for pastes: lime (slaked or powdered
quick lime) containing at least 60% potassium oxide or magnesium oxide, filter press mud or
liming waste stored for at least one year and containing at least 80% particles smaller than
0.071 mm, or other finely dispersed mineral materials.

Base courses and pavement layers constructed of

black crushed stone treated with bitumen emulsions in a mixer

9.12. The following bitumens are used in preparing black crushed stone BND 40/60,
BND 60/90, BND 90/130, BND 130/200, MG 130/200, MGO 130/200, SG 130/200, MG
70/130, MGO 70/130, SG 70/130.

Black crushed stone should be prepared in a forced action mixer. Mixing time for
stone with binder in a circulating mixer is 20 – 40 seconds. Mixing time for reverse flow
mixers must be increased by a factor of 1,5 to 2.

9.13. The following emulsions are used in preparing black crushed stone: straight
emulsions EBK-1, EBK-2, EBA-1 and EBA-2 and reverse emulsions, as well as reverse
emulsions mixed with straight emulsions. Mixing of stone with straight emulsions must be
halted after the necessary amount of emulsion has been added to the agitator in full.

The required mixing time for crushed stone and straight emulsions is determined by
running test batches.

9.14. Mixtures are treated with anionic and cationic emulsions EBA-2, EBA-3, EBK-2
and EBK-3. When treating mixtures with anionic emulsions (EBA-2 and EBA-3), active
page 132 CNT 3.06.03-05

additives (1 – 2% lime or 3 – 4% cement) must be introduced to the mineral material before it

is mixed with the emulsions. Mineral materials and emulsion shall not be heated. Time for
mixing is defined by trial mix.

9.15. Upon discharge from the mixer and at the time it is placed on the roadbed, the
temperature of the crushed stone must meet the requirements of Table 11.

9.16. Pavement layers and base courses constructed of hot or cold black crushed stone
with bitumen binders must be laid at air temperatures no lower than 5 C.

9.17. Freshly prepared black crushed stone and mixtures treated with anionic
emulsions should be laid when air temperature is no lower than 10 C or no lower than 5 C
if treated with cationic emulsions or no lower than minus 5 C if treated with combined
straight and reverse emulsions or reverse emulsions alone. Black crushed stone and mixtures
taken from storage piles may be laid at temperatures no lower than minus 5 C.

9.18. The construction of base courses and pavement layers from black crushed stone
should be performed in the following sequence: the main fraction (20 -40 mm) is spread in a
layer 25 – 30% greater than the design thickness; the layer is compacted by a 6 – 8 T roller (4
– 6 passes per track); the wedging fraction (10 – 20 mm) is spread over the layer; the layer is
compacted by a 10 – 13 T roller (3 – 4 passes per track); the second wedging fraction (5 – 10
mm) is spread over the layer; the layer is compacted by a 10 – 13 T roller (3 – 4 passes per
track). It is permissible to use a 40 – 70 mm fraction as the main layer and 20 – 40 mm and
10 – 20 mm fractions as wedging layers, respectively.

Table 11.
Black crushed stone temperature, C
upon discharge from mixer when laying, no less than
Binder product code
w/o with with
w/o surfactants
surfactants surfactants surfactants
BND 40/60, BND 60/90,
BND 90/130, 140-160 120-140 120 100
BND 130/200, 110-130 100-120 80 80
SG 130/200, MG 130/200 90-110 80-100 70 70
SG 70/130, BG 70/130, 80-110 80-110 Spring 5, -
Fall 10
No heating - Spring 5, -
EBA-1, EBA-2, EBK-1, EBK-2
Fall 10
Reverse emulsion 40-60 - minus 5 -

9.19. If the prepared black crushed stone mixture is made up of 5 – 40 mm or 5 – 20

mm fractions, the layer may be placed in one operation without wedging.

9.20. Prior to laying black crushed stone and mixtures, the surface of the underlying
layer must be treated with binder (liquefied bitumen, tar, emulsion) in an amount equal to 0.5
– 0.8 L/m2.
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 133

9.21. Cold stone and mixtures should be stored in piles no higher than 2 meters.
Freshly prepared material should be shoveled up by the dipper of an excavator until it cools
down. Storage time for cold stone on SG bitumens and tars must not exceed 4 months, or 8
months if stored on MG bitumens and emulsions. Mixtures with emulsions may not be stored
for more than 4 months.

Base courses and pavement layers constructed by impregnation

9.22. Construction of a base course or surface layer with stone impregnated with
bitumen, tar or emulsion should be performed in dry weather when air temperatures are no
lower than 5 C. If emulsions are used in temperatures lower than 10 C, they must be in
heated form (temperatures from 40 – 50 C).

9.23. A surface layer constructed through impregnation should be composed of

crushed igneous rock with a strength rating of at least 800 or sedimentary and metamorphic
rock with a strength rating of at least 600. Crushed stone used for base courses must have a
strength rating of at least 600.

9.24. When constructing a surface layer of impregnated crushed stone, four fractions
must be used: 20 – 40 mm (or 25 – 40), 10 -20 mm (or 15 – 25), 5 – 10 mm (or 3 – 15).

If a surface layer is less than 8 cm thick, only three fractions are employed. The final,
most fine grained fraction, designated as a protective layer, is skipped when building base
courses.

9.25. The volume of crushed stone in the main (first) fraction of 40 – 70 or 20 (25) –
40 mm should be determined using a coefficient of 0.9 times the design thickness of the layer.
This volume is multiplied by a factor of 1.25 for compaction. The volume of each successive
fraction is equal to 0.9 – 1.1 m3 per 100 m2 of base or surface layer. The amount of binder is
equal to 1.0 – 1.1 L/m2 for each centimeter of layer thickness and is increased to 1.5 – 2.0
L/m2 for a surface layer. If emulsion is used, its concentration must be 50 – 55% for
limestone or 55 – 60% for granite. Volumes are adjusted accordingly.

9.26. If construction involves impregnating the layer with bitumen or tar, work shall be
performed in the following sequence: the main stone fraction is spread over the underlying
surface followed by compaction by a 6 – 8 T roller (5 – 7 passes per track); 50% of the total
volume of binder is then added; the wedging fraction is spread over the surface followed by
compaction by a 10 – 13 T roller (2 – 4 passes per track); 30% of the total volume of binder is
added; the second wedging fraction is spread over the surface followed by compaction by a
10 – 13 T roller (3 – 4 passes per track); 20 % of the total volume of binder is added; the
closing layer of crushed stone is spread over the surface followed by compaction by a 10 – 13
T roller (3 – 4 passes per track).

If emulsions are used as a binder, the first injection of binder (70% of the total volume)
should be performed after the first wedging layer has been spread and compacted. The
remaining 30% of emulsion shall be poured after compaction of second wedging layer.
page 134 CNT 3.06.03-05

9.27. At temperatures up to 20 C, the stone of the main fraction should be compacted,
as a rule, without watering. If air temperature is greater than 20 C, water should be added to
the stone in the amount of 8 – 10 L/m2. In such cases, bitumen or tar is poured only after the
stone has dried. Conversely, emulsions should be added to wet stone.

9.28. All work connected with spreading and compacting wedging fractions should be
performed after the binder has been poured but before it cools.

When using a bitumen emulsion binder, the final, fine grained fraction is applied as a
protective layer and the surface layer should be placed on the prepared base after 10 – 15
days if it is impregnated with anionic emulsions or 3 – 5 days if impregnated with cationic
emulsions.

9.29. The layer may be opened to construction traffic after roller compaction of the
final, fine-grained fraction has been completed. For the first 10 days, traffic should be
regulated so that it covers the entire width of the surface and speed should be limited to 40
km/h.

If emulsions are used, the layer may be opened to traffic 1 – 3 days after spreading and
compacting the second to last wedging fraction for pavement layers or the last wedging
fraction for base courses.

Construction of base courses and pavement layers made of crushed stone, gravel and
sand mixed in situ with organic binders

9.30. Base courses and pavement layers made of crushed stone, gravel and sand
mixtures processed in situ with organic binders should be constructed in temperatures no
lower than 15 C and completed 15 to 20 days prior to the onset of the rainy season or stable
temperatures lower than 10 C.

9.31. Bitumen or tar may be used with stone whose moisture content is no lower than
4%. If moisture content is too high, the mixture is dried by agitating it with a motor grader.

The moisture content of crushed stone and gravel mixtures treated with emulsion in
dry or windy weather at air temperatures higher than 15 C must be at least 5%. For
sand/crushed stone and sand/gravel mixtures, moisture content must be 1 – 2% greater than
optimal.

Prior to treating mixtures with anionic emulsions 1 – 2% slaked lime or 2 – 4 %

cement must be added.

9.32. If mineral materials are to be mixed in situ, they should, as a rule, be treated with
SG 40/70, MG 40/70, SG 70/130, MG 70/130, and EBA-3 or EBK-3 bitumen emulsions.

9.33. The number of motor grader passes needed to mix the material will depend on
the volume to be mixed and air temperature.
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 135

9.34. Prepared mixture should be spread over the entire width of the roadway. The
layer is then compacted by a 6 – 8 T roller in approximately 3 – 5 passes per track.

The layer may be opened to construction traffic immediately after compaction is

complete. The traffic should be controlled to use the entire width of the roadway and speed
should be limited to 40 km/h. The compression ratio must be no lower than 0.96 30 days
after the layer was constructed (surface or base).

9.35. The surface or protective layer of the base course is mixed in situ and should be
laid only after the base has been shaped.

Quality control

9.36. The following must be checked when preparing an emulsion:

- continuously – temperature of bitumen and emulsifier solution;
- at least once per shift – emulsion quality per TDS 18659-81.
- at least once per shift – mixture quality per TDS 25877-83.

9.37. The following must be checked when building base courses or pavement layers
of crushed black stone and mixtures treated with bitumen emulsions in a mixer:

- in each dump truck – temperature of the crushed rock;

- continuously – visual inspection of the homogeneity of the mixture and the quality of
compaction per paragraph 8.22;
- mixture quality in three samples per kilometer.

9.38. The following must be checked when constructing base courses and pavement
layers by the impregnation method:
- during each injection – binder temperature;
- continuously – the visual evenness of the spread material and the quality of
compaction per paragraph 8.22.

9.39. The following must be checked when constructing base courses or pavement
layers by mixing in situ:
- during each injection – binder temperature;
- at least once per shift (and during atmospheric precipitation) -- moisture content of
mineral material per TDS 5180-84.
continuously – visual homogeneity of the mixture and compaction quality per
paragraph 8.22;
- mixture quality – two samples per kilometer per TDS 12801-98;
- density of surface material in three cores per kilometer per TDS 12801-98.

10. ASPHALT CONCRETE BASE COURSES AND PAVEMENTS

10.1. Asphalt concrete mixtures shall be selected according to type, kind and purpose
in accordance with the requirements set forth in CNT 3.09.03-2003.
page 136 CNT 3.06.03-05

10.2. Surfactants, polymers and physicochemical activation of mineral components are

all used to improve the quality of asphalt concrete.

Preparation of asphalt concrete

10.3. Asphalt concrete mixtures should be prepared in asphalt concrete plants

equipped with cyclic or continuous forced action mixers.

10.4. Bitumen, after it is heated to working temperature, should be used within 5

hours. If it is necessary to store it for a longer period, the temperature must be reduced to 80
C for viscous bitumen or 60 C for liquid bitumen. It may then be stored for no longer than
12 hours.

10.5. Bitumen with added surfactants, polymers, liquefiers (plasticizers) or structure-

forming components must be mixed until a homogeneous mixture is obtained in a separate
tank equipped with a steam, electrical or oil heater and pump unit. Ready binding mixture is
pumped to tank and heated up to working temperature.

10.6. The temperature of the bitumen upon intake into the mixer and of crushed stone,
sand and riddlings upon discharge from the drier drum and of the asphalt concrete mixture
upon discharge from the mixer must meet the specifications of Table 12, depending on the
type of bitumen employed. Mineral powder used in preparing the asphalt concrete mixture
may be added to the mixer without preheating.

10.7. If activated mineral powders or surfactants are used, the temperature of bitumen,
crushed stone, gravel, sand and riddlings, as well as of the asphalt concrete mixture, must be
reduced relative to the specifications of Table 12:

- by 20 C if BND 40/60, BND 60/90, BND 90/130 bitumens are used.

Table 12
Temperature, C
asphalt
Mixture Bitumen product crushed stone (gravel), sand
bitumen at concrete upon
type code and riddlings upon discharge
intake discharge from
from the drier
the mixer
Hot BND 40/60, 130-150 165-185 140-160
BND 60/90,
BND 90/130,
Cold SG 70/130, 80-90 115-125 80-100
MG 70/130,
MGО 70/130

Table 13
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 137

Temperature at the start of compaction, oC, for

dense asphalt concrete; porous dense asphalt concrete; porous
Mixture Bitumen and highly porous asphalt and highly porous asphalt
type product code concrete with crushed stone concrete with crushed stone (or
(or gravel) making up more gravel) making up more than
than 40% of the total mass 40% of the total mass
Hot BND 40/60, 120-160 100-130
BND 60/90,
BND 90/130,
Cold SG 70/130, Not lower than 5
MG 70/130,
MGО 70/130

10.8. If a cyclic action mixer is used, mineral material, weighted by fraction, is

introduced first, mixed and then bitumen is added.

10.9. The acceptable dosing error for asphalt concrete components must fall within the
range specified in CNT 3.09.03-2003.

10.10. The mixing time for hot, warm and cold asphalt concrete is based on the
manufacturer’s specifications for the asphalt plant.

10.11. After mixing, the asphalt concrete must be unloaded into a hopper or transport
vehicle.

10.12. Hopper capacity must be no less than the hourly volume produced by the mixer.
Mixtures for the lower layer and type A mixtures for the lower layer may not remain in the
hopper longer than 1.5 hours. Other mixtures may only be held in the hopper for 0.5 hours.

For mixtures containing surfactants or activated powders, holding time may be

increased to 2 hours and 1 hour, respectively ч.

10.13. Time in transit for asphalt concrete as a function of the required application
temperature is specified in Table 13.

10.14. Asphalt concrete may be applied immediately after preparation (in other words,
in “hot” form).

10.15. Prior to use, cold asphalt concrete may be stored in open sites in summer or in
enclosed or covered sites in fall/winter. If the mixture contains SG bitumens, shelf life is 4
months; if it contains MG or MGO bitumens, shelf life is 8 months.

If cold asphalt concrete is stored in piles, height may be no greater than 2 meters.
Fresh mixtures should be agitated with an excavator shovel until they cool down.
page 138 CNT 3.06.03-05

Laying asphalt concrete

10.16. Pavements and bases made of asphalt concrete should be laid in dry weather.
Hot and cold mixtures should be placed in spring or summer when ambient air temperature is
at least 5 C or in fall when temperature is at least 10 C. Warm mixtures may be applied
when temperature is no lower than minus 10 C.

Hot asphalt concrete may be used in sub-zero temperatures if the following conditions are
met:
 the thickness of the layer under construction must be at least 4 cm;
 surfactants or activated mineral powders must be added to the asphalt concrete;
 as a rule, only the lower layer of a two-layered pavement may be laid;
 if construction traffic will move over the layer in winter or spring, it must be
constructed of dense asphalt concrete;
 if the upper layer may only be placed on a freshly laid substrate before it has
cooled down (the temperature of the lower level must be maintained at 20 C or
higher).

Laying cold asphalt concrete should be completed approximately 15 days before the
onset of spring rain, except when mixtures containing activated mineral materials are used.

10.17. One to six hours before placing an asphalt concrete mixture, the surface of the
substrate should be treated with bitumen emulsions or liquid or viscous bitumen heated to the
temperature specified in Table 12.

Viscous bitumen is diluted by kerosene in the quantity 8-12% by weight.

The required volume of material in liters per square meter is determined as follows:
bitumen used in the base layer: 0.5 – 0.8; in the lower layer of an asphalt concrete
pavement: 0.2 – 0.3;
60% bitumen emulsion used in the base layer: 0.6 – 0.9; in the lower layer of an
asphalt concrete pavement: 0.3 – 0.4.

Treatment of the lower level with binders is not necessary if the time interval between
construction of the lower and upper layers is no greater than 2 days and the road is closed to
construction traffic.

10.18. Asphalt concrete is laid by an asphalt placer and, as a rule, covers the entire
width of the roadway.

In exceptional cases, asphalt may be applied to the lower layer and base by a motor
grader. Pole plates must be installed along the edges of the layer.
Asphalt concrete may be laid manually in areas inaccessible to asphalt placers.
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 139

10.19. When laying hot, warm or cold (in hot form) asphalt concrete mixtures with an
asphalt placer, layer thickness must exceed design specifications by 10 – 15 %, and by 25 –
30% if the concrete is laid by a motor grader or manually.

If cold asphalt concrete from a storage pile is laid by an asphalt placer (with
compaction equipment turned off) or by a motor grader or manually, layer thickness must be
60 – 70% greater than design specifications.

10.20. As a rule, if the layer under construction is greater than 10 cm in thickness, an

asphalt placer should be used with compaction equipment activated.

10.21. When using an asphalt placer with a tamping pole and passive smoothing plate,
or when using an asphalt placer with a tamping pole and vibroplate, the rate at which the
asphalt concrete is laid may not exceed 2 – 3 m/min for dense asphalt concrete or for porous
and highly porous asphalt concrete containing more than 40% crushed stone.
When laying dense asphalt concrete or porous and highly porous asphalt concrete
containing less than 40% crushed stone or highly porous sand-based asphalt concrete, the lay
rate may be increased to 4 – 5 m/min. The operating mode for activated compaction
equipment must be as follows: tamping pole shaft RPM = 1000 – 1400; vibroplate shaft RPM
= 2500 – 3000.

10.22. The temperature of an asphalt concrete mixture as it is being placed must meet
the requirements of TDS -9128-97.

The mixture should be compacted immediately after it is laid, while observing the
temperature regime specified in Table 13.

10.23. The following compaction sequence applies if an asphalt placer with a tamping
pole and passive smoothing plate is used:

dense asphalt concrete hot, containing more or medium crushed stone, and also porous
crushed-stone are first compacted by a 16 T rubber-tired roller (6 - 10 passes) or 10 – 13 T
smooth roller (8 – 10 passes) or 6 – 8 T vibratory roller (5 – 7 passes) , and finally, by an 11 –
18 T smooth roller (6 – 8 passes);

dense asphalt concrete and porous and highly porous asphalt concrete containing less
than 40% crushed stone and highly porous sand-based asphalt concrete are firs compacted by
a 6 – 8 T smooth roller or 6 – 8 T vibratory roller with vibrator off (2 – 3 passes), then by a 16
T rubber-tired roller (6 – 10 passes) or 10 – 13 T smooth roller (8 – 10 passes) or 6 – 8 T
vibratory roller with vibrator on (3 – 4 passes), and finally, by an 11 – 18 T smooth roller (4 –
8 passes).

Roller speed at the start of compaction must be no greater than 1.5 – 2 km/h. After 5 or
6 passes, speed may be increased to 3 – 5 km/h for smooth rollers, 3 km/h for vibratory
rollers and 5 – 8 km/h for rubber-tired rollers.

10.24. The following compaction sequence applies if an asphalt placer with a tamping pole
and vibroplate is used:
page 140 CNT 3.06.03-05

dense asphalt concrete and porous and highly porous asphalt concrete containing more
than 40% crushed stone are first compacted by a 16 T rubber-tired roller, 10 – 13 T smooth
roller or 6 – 8 T vibratory roller (4 – 6 passes) , and then by an 11 – 18 T smooth roller (4 – 6
passes;

dense asphalt concrete and porous and highly porous asphalt concrete containing less than
40% crushed stone and highly porous sand-based asphalt concrete are first compacted by a 6
– 8 T smooth roller or 6 – 8 T vibratory roller with vibrator off (2 – 3 passes), then by a 16 T
rubber-tired roller (6 – 8 passes) or 10 – 13 T smooth roller (6 – 8 passes) or 6 – 8 T vibratory
roller with vibrator on (4 – 6 passes), and finally, by an 11 – 18 T smooth roller (4 passes).

At the start of compaction, roller speed may not exceed 6 km/h for smooth rollers, 3
km/h for vibratory rollers, 10 km/h for rubber-tired rollers.

During the first roller pass, the lead drum must face forward.

10.25. Cold asphalt concrete mixtures must first be compacted by a 6 – 8 T rubber-

tired roller (6 – 8 passes) or 6 – 8 T smooth roller (4 – 6 passes). Final compaction is
achieved by the weight of vehicle traffic directed over the entire width of the roadway, with
speed limited to 40 km/h. Preliminary compaction of cold asphalt concrete containing
activated mineral material may be performed by a 10 – 13 T roller, although rolling must be
stopped if any cracks appear.

10.26. A 10 – 18 cm asphalt concrete layer is compacted first by a self-propelled

rubber-tired roller (6 – 8 passes) and then by an 11 – 10 T smooth roller (4 – 6 passes).

When compacting a thick layer, roller speed for the first 2 or 3 passes must not exceed
2 – 3 km/h, or 12 – 15 km/h for all subsequent passes. Roller tire pressure at the start of
compaction must be no greater than 0.3 MPa and 0.8 MPa at the end of compaction.

10.27. Initial compaction of an asphalt concrete mixture containing polymers may only
be performed by a 6 – 8 T or 10 – 13 T smooth roller.

10.28. If the concrete mixture is laid in adjoining strips, two or more asphalt placers
should be used or the edges of the previously laid strips must be heated by infrared radiation.
If no IR devices are available, the edges of the previously laid strips are heated by covering
them with a 10 – 20 cm layer of hot mixture. After heating, the layer is removed to a new
strip before compaction.

10.29. When laying asphalt concrete in adjacent strips, the drum of the roller
compacting the first strip may come no closer than 10 cm from the adjacent strip.

Compaction of subsequent strips must follow the longitudinal mating joint. These
seams must be level and dense.

10.30. The transverse joints of asphalt concrete strips must be perpendicular to the
road centerline.
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 141

At the end of each work shift, the ends of each compacted strip are cut off vertically in
relation to the cord and when the next shift commences work, they are heated as described in
paragraph 10.28 or smeared with bitumen or bitumen emulsion. No cutting is necessary if a
pressure plate has been placed at the end of the strip to be rolled.

10.31. If after rolling is complete, defects are discovered on the pavement or base
(depressions, areas with too much or too little bitumen, etc.), these sections must be cut out.
The ends of the cutout are smeared with bitumen or bitumen emulsion, filled with asphalt
concrete and compacted.

10.32. During road reconstruction, before an asphalt concrete layer is placed over an
existing pavement, all defects in that pavement must be repaired (i.e. cracks, potholes) and its
surface treated as described in paragraph 10.17. If defects are deeper than 1 cm, they must be
leveled out with mixture and compacted.

10.33. In the process of constructing an asphalt concrete pavement, a log must be kept
with entries on laboratory testing of raw materials and prepared asphalt concrete, bitumen
temperature, and concrete temperature at the mixing and placing sites, Each shift must also
maintain a log with information on the placement and compaction of concrete.

Quality control

10.34. The following parameters must be checked when preparing asphalt concrete:

- continuously – temperature of bitumen and mineral material. Asphalt concrete

temperature must be measured in the bed of each dump truck;
- at least once per shift – mixture quality per CNT 3.09.03-2003 and TDS 12801-98
and bitumen per TDS 11501-78 and TDS 11503-74;
- at least once every 10 shifts – quality of crushed stone, sand and mineral powder per
CNT 3.09.03-2003.

The proper operation of proportioning units (dosers) for mineral material, bitumen and
additives must be verified in the established manner.

10.35. In addition to the requirements of paragraph 1.14, the following must be

monitored when constructing paving and base courses:

- temperature of hot and warm asphalt concrete in each dump truck;

- continuously – quality of the longitudinal and transverse seams between adjoining
strips с;
- asphalt concrete quality as determined from three cores (cutouts) taken from three
locations for each 7000 m2 of pavement per CNT 3.09.03-2003.

Cutouts or cores must be taken from hot or warm asphalt concrete layers 1 – 3 days
after compaction, or 15 – 30 days after compaction of a cold layer, from locations at least 1
meter from the edge of the pavement.
page 142 CNT 3.06.03-05

10.36. Compression ratios for pavement layers must be no less than:

- 0,98 - for dense asphalt concrete made of hot much-crushed stone and medium-
crushed stone mixtures;
- 0,97- for hot asphalt concrete, less-crushed stone and sand mixtures and porous
asphalt concrete;
- 0,96 – for cold asphalt concrete.

11. PAVEMENT SURFACE TREATMENT

11.1. Surface treatment shall be done on new asphalt concrete covers made of
medium-crushed stone and less-crushed stone asphalt concretes used in covers for making
rough surface and for provision of necessary coefficient of longitudinal and lateral cohesion
of car wheel with surface of the cover, and also as wearing layer in order to increase the life
time of covers, providing their evenness and improving traffic conditions.

11.2. While executing works directed on increase of cohesion of car tires with asphalt
concrete surface the black crushed stone is immersed into non-compacted layer of the asphalt
concrete mixture.

11.3. For immersion it is necessary to use mainly cold and hot black crushed stone of
fractions 5 - 10, 10 - 15 or 15 - 20 mm.

11.4. Laid layer of hot asphalt concrete mixture shall be compacted by one-two
passages of roller weighting 6-8 tons and then black crushed stone shall be laid by uniform
layer. Rate of application of black crushed stone at use of fractions:

5 - 10 mm -------- 6 - 8 kg/m2
10 - 15 mm ------- 7 - 10 kg/m2
15 - 20 mm ------- 9 - 12 kg/m2.

11.5. The temperature of mixture in the layer to the moment of distribution of the
black crushed stone shall be within 90 - 110 °С.

11.6. Upon distribution the black crushed stone simultaneously with compaction of
asphalt concrete stone should be immersed into laid layer by rollers with plain rolls,
weighting 10-13 ton or rubber tired rollers.

11.7. The works on surface treatment shall be done at air temperature not less than +15
°С.

Surface treatment with fractionated crushed stone

11.8. Paved surfaces should be dressed using crushed stone with a strength rating of at
least 1200 and composed of fracture-resistant igneous and metamorphic rock (fractions 5 –
10, 10 – 15 or 15 – 20 mm) with a predominantly cubic grain shape. The crushed stone must
be clean, with no silt or clay.
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 143

11.9. The following bitumen types may be used as binders for surface treatment BND
60/90, BND 90/130.

Bitumen must be tested for its ability to bond with the crushed stone used to dress the
pavement. If the bond is unsatisfactory, surfactants should be added and the crushed stone
pretreated with bitumen.

When dressing the pavement surface in sections with difficult or hazardous traffic
conditions, or in areas with a severe continental climate, thermoelasticplastic polymers
should be added to the bitumen.

11.10. The amount of binder added to the crushed stone must satisfy the requirements
of Table 14.

Table 14
Standard volumes
emulsion, L/m2,
at the following
Particle size,
crushed stone, bitumen
mm bitumen, L/m2
m3/100 m2 concentrations,
%
60 50
Single stage surface dressing
5-10 0,9-1,1 0,7-1,0 1,3-1,5 1,5-1,8
10-15 1,1-1,2 0,9-1,0 1,5-1,7 1,8-2,0
15-20 1,2-1,4 1,0-1,3 1,7-2,0 2,0-2,4
Two stage surface dressing
15-20 First application First application 1,5-1,8 1,8-2,2
1,1-1,3 0,9-1,1
5-10 Second application Second 1,3-1,5 1,5-1,8
application
0,7-1,0 0,7-1,0
Note: If black crushed stone is used, the amount of binder should be reduced by 20 – 25%.

11.11. The surface to be dressed must be clean, dust-free and dry if bitumen is used, or
hydrated (0.5 L/m2) if bitumen emulsions are used.

11.12. Bitumen temperature at the time of application must be as follows: for BND
60/90, BND 90/130-130-160 °С.

Crushed stone should mechanically spread in one course immediately after bitumen is
applied, and then rolled in four or five passes per track.

For the first two or days of operation, vehicle speed must be limited to 40 km/h and
controlled to cover the entire width of the roadway. Loose crushed stone must be removed
from the pavement.
page 144 CNT 3.06.03-05

11.13. If the pavement surface is treated with bitumen emulsions, the following
products are generally used as binders: cationic emulsions EBK-1 and EBK-2 and anionic
emulsions EBA-1 and EBA-2.

Emulsions must be tested for their ability to bond with crushed stone per TDS 18659-
81.

If cationic bitumen emulsions are used, the crushed stone must not be pretreated with
organic binders. Anionic emulsions are generally employed in combination with crushed
black stone.

11.14. Surface treatment with bitumen emulsions should be performed in the following
sequence:
 30% of the emulsion is applied to the pavement surface;
 70% of the crushed stone is spread over the surface;
 the remainder of the emulsion is applied;
 the remainder of the stone is spread over the surface;
 the surface is rolled.

11.15. Crushed stone should be rolled and spread in accordance with paragraph 11.18.
Rolling should continue until the emulsion has entirely decomposed. If anionic emulsions are
used, the pavement may be opened to vehicular traffic, as described in paragraph 11.8, no
earlier than one day after work is completed.

Pavement dressing using emulsion-mineral mixtures

11.16. Emulsion-mineral mixtures in pourable form based on EBK-2 and EBK-3

cationic bitumen emulsions may be used in pavement dressing.

11.17. Emulsion-mineral mixtures should be used in combination with crushed stone

consisting of fracture-resistant igneous and metamorphic rock (5 – 10 mm or 5 -15 mm
fraction) with a strength rating of at least 1000, primarily crushed igneous sand with a
strength rating of at least 1000 or a mixture of crushed and natural sand in ratios of 2 : 1 or 1 :
1. If the surface dressing will serve only as a protective layer, it is permissible to use natural
sand alone.

11.18. A surface dressing of an emulsion-mineral mixture should be applied by a

single-pass sweeping and sprinkling machine in a 5 – 10 mm layer (20 – 25 kg/m2) for sand
mixtures and 10 – 15 mm (25 – 30 kg/m2) for crushed stone.

The spread mixture does not require rolling.

The treated roadway may be opened to construction traffic immediately after work is
completed. Vehicle speed should be limited to 40 km/h for one day.
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 145

Pavement dressing using bituminous slag

11.19. Bituminous slag should be used in combination with crushed stone and sand as
described in paragraph 11.18. Mineral power employed as an emulsifier for preparing paste
must meet the requirements of TDS 16577-78.

11.20. Bituminous slag is prepared in stationary mixers and spread over the pavement
surface in a 5 – 15 mm layer (20 – 25 kg/m2).

Until it dries, the dressed surface should be closed to construction traffic. After it has
been opened, vehicle speeds should be limited to 30 km/h for the first few days and then to
40 km/h until no mineral grains are dislodged by the movement of traffic.

QUALITY ASSURANCE OF WORKS

11.21. At the performing of superficial treatment it is necessary to supervise:
- Bitumen temperature in every bitumen carrier;
- Constantly - uniformity, cleanliness and uniformity of distribution of rubble, uniformity of
distribution of a binding material;
- Not less often than an once in shift - coupling of a binding material with a surface of grains
of rubble in accordance with TDS 12801-84 and TDS 18659-81, conformity of structure of
emulsion-mineral mixes and sludges to the project, norms of the expense of materials by
weighing of the distributed material on the area of 0,25 m2.

12. IMPLEMENTATION OF MONOLITHIC AND MODULAR CEMENT-

CONCRETE COVERINGS AND BASES
12.1. At the implementation of monolithic and modular cement-concrete coverings and bases
work rules established by the normative documentation for the concrete and reinforced
concrete structures and also rules of this division shall be observed.
12.2. Coverings with one or two lanes shall be concreted in its full width. At a construction of
roads with two and more lanes in conditions where movement of vehicles cannot be stopped,
covering concreting on half of width of driveways shall be allowed.
Coverings with three and more lanes are necessary to concrete with strips in width of 7,5 m at
even number of strips and 7,5 and 3,75 m at the odd number.
12.3. Concrete casting of coverings and bases at the maximum daily temperature of air above
+30 °С, air temperature drop for days more than +12 °С and relative humidity of air less than
50 % shall be made, as a rule, in the evening and night hours.
12.4. At the established daily medium temperature of external air below of 5 °С and the
minimum daily temperature of air below of 0 °С concrete casting of coverings and bases shall
be made in according to the SNT 3.03.02-03.
12.5. Concrete pavers with a sliding formwork are necessary to apply mainly to performing
of single-layered coverings (bases) without seams of expansion and without reinforcing of
cross-section seams of compression.
12.6. At the use of fine-grained concrete it is necessary to apply the wheel-rail complete set of
the concrete placing cars.
12.7. The concrete mix intended for application in in a covering (basis), should correspond to
requirements of TDS 8424-72.
page 146 CNT 3.06.03-05

At designing of structure of a concrete mix the indicators of placebeality on a concreting

place should be established according to the table 16. The indicator of rigidity of a fine-
grained concrete mix should be not less than 15 and no more than 25 c in accordance with
TDS 10181.1-81.

Table 15
Cars and the equipment for Placeability in accordance with TDS 10181.1-81
consolidation of a concrete
mix in a covering (basis) Mobility, sm, no more than rigidity, c, not less than

Concrete paver on wheel-rail 2 8

to a course (in rails-forms)

Concrete paver with a sliding

formwork at speed of
movement, m/minute:

2 and less 2 8

From 2 to 2,5 3 5

From 2,5 to 3,0 4 3

The areal vibrator and 4 3
screed rails
Vibrating rollers and other - 30
similar equipment

At covering with number of strips of two and more, concreted in a sliding formwork, it is not
necessary to use concrete mixes mobility above than 2 sm.
For covering building in a sliding formwork it is necessary to use the concrete mixes which
structure provides the maximum stability of edges and lateral sides of fresh formed concrete
plate after passing of a concrete paver.
The greatest size in concrete should not exceed a filler: 20 mm - for the top layer of the two-
layer coverings concreted by a method of merging of layers; 40 mm - for single-layered and
the bottom layer of two-layer coverings; 70 mm - for bases.
12.8. Specification of structure of a concrete mix and definitive adjustment of working
elements of the concrete placing cars should be made at trial concreting, estimating quality of
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 147

a surface of a covering. If necessary it is necessary to make updating of structure of a

concrete mix and additional adjustment of working bodies of cars of the complete set.

PREPARATION AND TRANSPORTATION OF THE CONCRETE MIX

12.9. Preparation of a concrete mix should provide the demanded volume of involved air
taking with account duration of its transportation from concrete factory to a concreting place.
It is necessary to prepare fine-grained concrete mixes only in concrete mixers with
compulsory hashing both cyclic and continuous action.
12.10. At use of concrete mixers of cyclic action duration of hashing of a concrete mix should
be not less than 60 c and be specified by practical consideration.
12.11. Materials for preparation of a concrete mix should be dosed out by the form and to
fractions separately.
12.11. Duration of transportation of a concrete mix should not exceed 30 minutes at
temperature of air from 20 to 30 °С and 60 minutes - at air temperature less than 20 °С.
In the course of transportation the concrete mix should be protected from influence of an
atmospheric precipitation and moisture evaporation.
Directly after an unloading of a concrete mix of a body of ready-mix trucks or cars-dump-
body trucks it is necessary to clear and wash out by water.

PERFORMING OF MONOLITHIC COVERINGS AND BASES

12.13 At a paving complete sets of cars with sliding forms and in need of performing of a
strip of an adjunction in width of 3,75 m using a concrete paver with width of application in
7,5 m shall be allowed to apply, with using of half of width of application equipment, and
second half should be in a non-working condition.
It is supposed to arrange concrete coverings and bases of intraeconomic roads of the
agricultural enterprises, and also internal roads of the industrial enterprises with means of
mechanisation of auxiliary operations.
12.14. Final profiling of bases is necessary for making for the width providing movement of a
running gear of the concrete placing of cars.
At a paving in rails-forms the basis or a levelling layer follows should be profiled for all
width of a covering after installation of rails-forms.
12.15. The automatic system of the task of vertical marks of working bodies of cars should
work, as a rule, from two templed-controlled strings. The deviation of a templed-controlled
string from vertical marks should not exceed ± 3 mm.
At use of the basis from strengthened cement soils of I class of durability it shall be supposed
to work from one templed-controlled strings.
At application of an adjacent strip of concreting when caterpillars of a concrete paver on the
one hand moving on earlier laid strip, the templed-controlled string from outside laid strip is
not established.
12.16. The templed-controlled string should be fixed in arms on the racks established on
distance no more than 15 m from each other on direct sites and 4- 6 m on curvilinear sites and
bends.
12.17. Rails-forms should be established on the planned basis in width not less than 0,5 m
from each party of a strip of concreting (from rubble, gravel or the ground strengthened by
binding materials) or on the basis widened for this purpose under a covering; it is not
supposed a deposit of the basis from influence concrete placing cars during application. For
this purpose established rails-forms should be run in by the heaviest car of the complete set.
Deviations of marks of rails-forms after rolling should not exceed ± 5 mm.
page 148 CNT 3.06.03-05

Directly ahead of application in of a concrete mix it is necessary to grease rails-forms from

the inside with the waste oil.
Rails-forms should be removed not earlier than 24 h after application of a concrete mix. To
separate rails-forms from concrete follows by means of the adaptations providing integrity of
lateral sides and edges of plates.
12.18. Installation of armature, linings and probes of deformation seams should be made after
installation of rails-forms and definitive consolidation and basis profiling.
12.19. The concrete mix should be distributed by means of the distributor taking into account
an allowance on the consolidation which size should be established depending on a thickness
of a covering and placebeality mixes and to define at trial concreting. Distribution of a
concrete mix by the concrete paver in case of an unloading of a concrete mix on the basis is
supposed.
12.20. As a sliding formwork it is necessary to apply universal sliding forms, as a rule.
12.21. Insignificant roughnesses and minor defects of a surface of a covering after passing a
concrete paver should be corrected by means of tube finisher. Tubes of finishers are necessary
to humidify pipes slightly with the thin-sprayed water through watering system.
12.22. Consolidation and concrete furnish in a covering should be made, as a rule,
continuously, avoiding stops of the strike-off mashine with vibrators in gear.
12.23. It is necessary to arrange a roughness of a concrete covering by surface processing of
the fresh layed concrete with a sacking, brushes, disk knurling, etc.
Medium depth of grooves of the roughness, defined on a method of "a sandy stain»,
depending on the demanded size of factor of coupling of a wheel with a covering should be
within 0,5 - 1,5 mm. The structure of the processed covering should be homogeneous.
12.24. On broadening strips of driveways (on round, at descents , etc.), on the platforms
adjoining the basic road, coverings should be made with application of special stackers or
means of mechanisation of auxiliary operations.
Consolidation of a concrete mix by means of mechanisation of auxiliary operations should be
carried out direct continuous strips with overlapping of strips on 5-10 sm.
12.25. Performing of two-layer concrete coverings should be made by the complete set of the
cars moving on a rail to forms, and, as a rule, with use of two distributors.
The organisation of works on performing of a two-layer covering should provide rhythmical
application of a mix and reception of monolithic concrete on all thickness of a covering.
Time intervals between application of the bottom and top layers should be: at temperature of
air of 5-20 °С - no more than 1 h; at temperature of 20-25 °С - no more than 45 and at
temperature 25-30 °С - no more than 30 minutes
12.26. It is necessary to apply film-forming materials which are put on a concrete surface in
number of not less 400 g/m2 at temperature of air to 25 °С and 600 g/m2 at temperature 25
°С and above, as a rule, in two layers with an interval 20-30 minutes to care of concrete
12.27. It is necessary to put film-forming materials in the way of dispersion by poliport
distributor in regular intervals on all open surface of a plate (included also lateral sides) after
end of works of covering furnish. Film-forming materials of type ПM are necessary to put
after evaporation of a moisture from a concrete surface (surface becomes matte), and water
bitumen emulsion - right after the terminations of furnish of a surface of a concrete covering.
In case of a delay with drawing of film-forming materials in order to avoid surface drying of
the fresh-layed concrete is necessary for protecting preliminary, as a rule, by drawing of
moisture evaporation depressor. As moisture evaporation depresor it is necessary to apply
depressor marks in ДСШ at the expense of 5 - 10/m2. It is supposed to use of a damp
sacking.
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 149

In case of loss of deposits it is necessary to apply the rolled steam-water resistance materials.
In the absence of film-forming materials it is supposed to apply to care of concrete a layer of
sand or sandy loam in the thickness of 4 - 6 sm, supported in a damp condition.
Curing of the fresh-layed concrete should be carried out till the moment of achievement by
concrete of design durability, but not less than 28 days.
12.28. At the maximum daily temperature of air in 25 °С and above dark film-forming
materials after film formation should be clarified by drawing of suspension of aluminium
powder or a limy solution. It is supposed to put instead of clarification on a surface of a film
from dark materials a layer of sand (sandy loam) in the thickness of 4 - 6 cm
12.29. Grooves of deformation seams is necessary to cut mainly in the hardened concrete by
diamond disks at achievement by durability of concrete on compression within 8,0 - 10,0
MPа. Performing of grooves of the broadening seams in fresh-layed concrete and grooves of
seams of compression is supposed in the combined way: putting in to the fresh-layed
concrete of an elastic lining and cutting on it of a groove in the hardened concrete.
12.30. The element of a boardening seam in the collected kind (a skeleton, a board lining,
probes) should be fixed reliably before concreting by probes on the basis according to the
design position.
The top of the board lining pointed at an angle 60 °С, should not reach a covering surface on
10-12 mm; steel probes is necessary to have in a board lining in parallel a surface of an
arranged covering and an axis of a strip of concreting. Before installation in design position
the board lining should be soaked in water during 24 h or to grease from different directions
by liquided bitumen, bitumen emulsion, mineral oils and other materials.
12.31. At a covering in sliding forms with application of the distributor of a concrete mix the
wooden lining should be cut off from both ends approximately on 15 sm for maintenance of
passing of the distributor and then after passing of concrete paver to restore it manually. At
work without the distributor the lining is necessary for cutting off from both ends
approximately on 2-3 cm.
At covering concreting in rails-forms the backlash between a wall of the rail-form and an end
face of a board lining adjoining should not exceed of 5 mm.
The backlash between end faces of linings on a covering axis at any ways of concreting is not
supposed.
Width of a groove is necessary to cut on 3-5 mm of more thickness of a board. In fresh-layed
concrete it is necessary to arrange grooves of seams of expansion, as a rule, by means of a
rubber template of factory manufacturing.
12.32. Probes of cross-section seams of compression should be established in design position
before concreting of a covering with use of supporting devices or trample down to the fresh-
layed concrete by the silent pile driver.
12.33. Time of the beginning of cutting of grooves of seams should be defined on the basis of
the data about durability of concrete, requirements of subarticle 12.28 and 12.33 and to
specify to ways of trial cutting. At trial cutting painting of edges of seams should not exceed
2 - 3 mm.
For maintenance of uniform operation of seams of their compression it is necessary, as rule,
to cut successively (consistently on a concreting strip).
At daily temperature drops of air less than 12 °С grooves of cross-section seams of
compression in a covering are necessary to cut, as a rule, on the same day. If durability of
concrete does not reach during this period of the demanded size seams it is necessary to cut
next days, as a rule, not earlier than 9 h morning and not later 24 h.
page 150 CNT 3.06.03-05

In case of impossibility to cut all seams successively because of inadmissible painting of

seam edges it is necessary to arrange control seams of compression through three-four plates
on a two-phasic way: cutting of a narrow groove of a seam by one diamond disk at
achievement of durability of concrete on compression nearby 6,0 - 7,0 MPa and the
subsequent cutting of the top part of a seam till the design sizes at the achievement of
durability of concrete more than 10,0 MPa. At impossibility of performing of control seams
on a two-phasic way and occurrence of cracks in a covering it is necessary to arrange control
seams in the combined way.
12.34. At daily temperature drop of air more than 12 °С grooves of cross-section seams of
compression in a covering laid till 13-14 h, it is necessary to cut in the same days. In a
covering laid in second half of day, for maintenance for crack resistance it is necessary to
arrange control cross-section seams through two-three plates in the combined way (article
12.28), and the subsequent cutting of intermediate seams to make in the hardened concrete. It
is supposed to arrange control seams on a two-phasic way (item 12.32).
12.35. At performing of control cross-section seams in the combined way in concrete it is
necessary to put an elastic tape (lining) in the thickness 0,2 - 3,0 mm, and then on a tape it is
necessary to cut a seam groove in the hardened concrete. As an elastic lining, the
polyethylene tape and other similar materials put after furnish of a surface of a concrete
covering can be used. Tape installation is not supposed, if the concrete mix has lost mobility
and a tape not grouting. The tape should be put on depth not less than 1/4 thickness of a
covering and with overhanging from a covering surface on 0,5 - 1,0 cm.
12.36. In the end of a labour shift and in places of the compelled break of works it is
necessary to arrange working cross-section seams, as a rule, as seams of warping by means of
an added formwork.
Application in of a covering from a working seam should be continued after removal of a
formwork and plastening of a plate end face by the liquided bitumen or a film-forming
material.
If in the given place is necessary (under the project) an expansion seam, it shall be arranged
on distance of one plate before a working seam or after building renewal.
At performing of seams of warping, probes, as a rule, should be established and fixed on the
basis before concreting. It is supposed to ttrample down probes in the condensed concrete
mix by the method silent pile driving or another, providing design position of probes and
quality of concrete in a covering.
12.37. Probes in a longitudinal seam of compression should be established mainly by the
trampling down in a concrete mix.
Grooves of longitudinal seams of compression, as a rule, are necessary to cut in the hardened
concrete according to the requirements of artcile 12.28.
12.38. The sealing materials resolved for filling of deformation seams and prepared on the
basis of bitumen, before application is necessary to warm up to temperature of 150-180 °С.
12.39. Before filling of deformation seams it is necessary:
- To wash out grooves at once after their cutting before full removal of sludge and to dry
them;
- To clear grooves of seams and to blow them (dedusting) by compressed air;
- To remove sand and rubble from a covering surface in a seam zone.
12.40. On filling of deformation seams with the mastics prepared on the basis of bitumen, it
is necessary to carry out works in the following sequence:
- On a bottom of a groove of a seam to lay a cotton cord;
- Walls of a groove of a seam to grease by the liquided bitumen;
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 151

- Seam groove to fill with mastic on 2-3 mm above covering level;

- hanging over a groove of a seam surpluses of mastic to cut off by sharp scraper.
- The removed surpluses of mastic should be reused for pouring of seams after its warming
up.
12.41. Filling of grooves with sealing materials shall be making directly after their
preparation.
Traffic of site transport on a covering can be opened only after filling of seams.
12.42. At performing of the monolithic reinforced coverings distribution and consolidation of
a concrete mix, and also furnish of a surface of a covering it is necessary to carry out
similarly technologies of performing of the monolithic concrete coverings, established in
subarticles 12.14 - 12.23.
12.43. At performing of the reinforced concrete coverings by the way of installation of
armature grids should provide preservation of their design position in concreting process.
At performing of the reinforced coverings in sliding forms the grid with diameter of working
armature to 8 mm should be established in design position mainly in the course of concreting
with the help of the silent pile driver.
Grids with diameter of working armature more than 8 mm should be established in design
position, as a rule, before concreting, fixing them on the basis.
12.44. At performing of the reinforced coverings in rails-forms an armature grids should be
stacked on preliminary distributed bottom layer of a concrete mix. Distribution of a concrete
mix in this case should be made, as a rule, by two distributors. At small amounts of works it
is supposed to use one distributor.
At performing of the reinforced covering in sliding forms the distance between a bottom of
deep vibrators and armature top should make not less than 5 cm.
12.45. At performing of bases from the rigid concrete mixes condensed by the rolling
method, the distribution and condensing of a concrete mix shall be made in one lay at a
design thickness of the basis of 20 sm and less and in two layers - at a thickness of the basis
more than 20 cm.
12.46. Distribution of a mix shall be implement by profiling bases or the distributor of a
concrete mix. Distribution of a mix by an autograder in rails-forms is supposed. At
distribution of a mix without rails-forms the concrete mix should be distributed for the width
exceeding design norms on 25 sm from each edge.
12.47. The rigid concrete mix should be lead up to density not less than 0,98 of settlement
figure, as a rule, by the vibrating rollers.
Application of rollers on pneumatic tyres in a complex with the flat press rollers in weight of
6-8 ton for initial stitching and definitive consolidation, and also the cars equipped by the
screed rails, with the final consolidation by rollers in weight of 6-8 ton is supposed. In these
cases at a thickness of a layer in 20 sm and more the basis in two layers during one shift shall
be performed.
12.48. Curing of the basis from rigid mixes should be carried out only in case of a break in
manufacture of works on covering application. At application of film-forming materials of
dark colour (bitumen emulsion, etc.) clarification of a film or sanding it shall not be allowed.

MODULAR FERRO-CONCRETE COVERINGS

12.49. At building of modular coverings it is necessary to perform following works:
- First coating of sides of plates;
- Lay-out of the top layer of the basis or performing of a levelling layer on the basis;
- paving or re-paving of plates;
page 152 CNT 3.06.03-05

- stitching of plates;
- Welding of seam connections and filling of seams.
12.50. Building of modular coverings, as a rule, should be conducted in one stage.
Depending on a condition of a road bed, the basis, terms of opening of automobile
movement, and also in need of urgent journey of motor transport according to the project
two-phasic building shall be allowed.
At two-phasic building in the first stage of a plate keep within on a road bed or the basis,
seam connections do not weld, seams do not fill, roadsides and slopes do not strengthen; in
the second stage - make a re-paving of plates according to requirements of the artcile 12.48
with replacement of defective plates.
12.51. Plates in a covering should be stacked, as a rule, after their preliminary removal and
apportions on a roadside of a road bed. At a preliminary apportion the order of placing of
stacks of plates should provide the most productive use of the applied equipment. Application
of plates in a covering «from wheels» is supposed also.
12.52. Application of plates should be carried out «from itself» by self-moving cranes on the
levelling layer planned by a template.
12.53. Definitive landing of plates to the basis should be made by a way of stitching of
coverings by loaded cars or rollers on pneumatic tyres before disappearance deposits of
plates.
12.54. After stitching the plate (with a smooth basic surface) should have contact to the basis
(levelling layer) not less than 95 % of its area.
12.55. Welding of connections in joints of plates and filling of seams by sealing material
should be carried out at once after definitive landing of plates in a covering.
Filling of seams by the sand-cement solution and sealing material on the basis of bitumen
should be made, as a rule, by means of the special equipment.
12.56. Installation of a modular covering in winter conditions should be made on a levelling
layer from dry sand, small rubble, slag or other not freezing together materials stacked in the
basis. At application of a modular covering on the rigid basis it is necessary to arrange
levelling layer from a dry cement-sandy mix.
12.57. Movements on a modular covering at one-phasic building and end of the second stage
at two-phasic building are allowed to open only after welding of seam connections and, as a
rule, after filling of seams.

QUALITY ASSURANCE OF WORKS

12.58. At preparation of the cement-concrete mixes should be supervised follows:
- Constantly - observance of technological modes of preparation of a concrete mix;
- Not less often than an once in shift - an indicator of placebeality of concrete mix and
volume of involved air in accordance with TDS 10181.0-81, TDS 10181.1-81, TDS 10181.2-
81, TDS 10181.3-81, concentration of working solutions of chemical additives, durability of
concrete by test of three control samples-beams made and stored according to TDS 10180-78
*, humidity of fillers in accordance with TDS 8269-76 and TDS 8735-75 (it shall be checked
also in case of loss of deposits);
- At change of quality of a mix (placebeality, volume of involved air, etc.) - accuracy of
dispensing of components of a concrete mix a method of control weighing under the
manufacturer instruction concrete mixer installations, quality of sand, rubble or gravels in
accordance with TDS 10268-801, TDS 8269-76 and TDS 8735-75;
- Once in a quarter - frost resistance of concrete in accordance with TDS 10060-76.
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 153

Checking of operation of the cement, fillers, additives and water dosage mashines should be
carried out in the established order.
The estimation of durability of concrete should be conducted without use of statistical
methods: durability on a stretching at a bend in accordance with TDS 13015-75, durability on
compression in accordance with TDS 18105.0-80 and TDS 18105.2-80.
12.59. At building of coverings and bases from monolithic concrete it is necessary to
supervise:
- Constantly - observance of technological modes of concreting, curing of concrete,
performing and hermetic sealing of seams, correctness of installation of armature and linings
of seams, stability of edges of lateral sides and continuity of covering surfaces;
- Before concreting - correctness of installation of templed-controlled stripes and rails-forms;
- Not less often than an once in shift and at change of quality of a mix on a concreting place -
durability of concrete by formation and the subsequent test of three control samples-beams,
placebeality and volume of involved air according to the requirements of the artcile 12.57,
and also quality of works on curing of the fresh-layed concrete with application of film-
forming materials on sites of a covering in the size 20'20 sm (the film generated on concrete
is necessary for washing out by water to remove the remained moisture to pour 10 % solution
of hydrochloric acid or 1 % solution of phenolphtalein - foaming or reddening is admissible
no more than in two points on 100 sm of a surface of a film).
Density of the rigid concrete mix condensed with a rolling method is necessary to supervise
on three tests on 1 km according to the requirements of artcile 7.36.
12.60. At building of modular ferro-concrete coverings in addition to the artcile 1.13 it is
necessary to supervise:
Constantly visually - integrity of plates and seam elements, quality of welding of joints and
filling of seams, observance of technology of building;
- Not less often than once in shift - contact of plates to the basis (a levelling layer) a raising of
one of 100 laid plates, excess of sides of adjacent plates in longitudinal seams on three
diameters on 1 km, and in cross-section seams in 10 joints at 1 km.

13. PERFORMING OF ROAD EQUIPPING

13.1. Works on road equipping should be carried out after the termination of works on a lay-
out and strengthening of roadsides and slopes of a road bed and performing of pouring
benches.
13.2. Works on installation of traffic signs, protections and alarm columns should be begun
from stacking works.
13.3. Depth of drilling for racks of support of traffic signs, ferro-concrete columns of
protections and alarm columns should be less from design value on 3 cm. For protections
with racks from steel channels № 10 and 12 or equivalent to them steel of bent profiles depth
of drilling should be less from design values on 20 cm
13.4. On the support corresponding to requirements of TDS 25458-82 and TDS 25459-82, it
is necessary to establish traffic signs in gathering with support, observing requirements of
TDS 23467-79.
13.5. In case of application of impact-safety ferro-concrete support the top end face of muffle
from asbestos-cement pipes should be at height on more than 85 sm from a road surface in a
support installation site. Thus the eminence of a rack of a support over a road surface should
be no more than 2,5 m.
page 154 CNT 3.06.03-05

In case of application of the impact-safety wooden support of an axis of apertures in racks of

support planes of a board of a sign should be parallel and the centre of the bottom aperture
should be at height no more than 15 sm over a road surface in a support installation site.
13.6. Installation of protections with racks in the form of steel channels № 10 and 12 or equal
resistance to the specified channels of steel bent profiles should be carried out from the
sections preliminary collected with consoles and racks.
13.7. Joining of the next sections of a beam should be carried out by means of eight bolts of
M 16'45 in accordance with TDS 7802-81. Thus the end previous (in a direction movement
on the strip nearest to a protection of the traffic part) should have over the beginning of the
following section.
13.8. The horizontal marking should be carried out only on the washed out, swept and dry
surface of a covering at its temperature not less than 15 °С by nitropaints and not less than 10
°С by thermoplastic materials at relative humidity of air no more than 85 %.
At temperature of a surface of a covering less than 10 °С the marking thermoplastic materials
is authorised to be carried out under condition of a preliminary warming up of a covering
torches of infra-red radiation to temperature not less than than 15 °С.
13.9. It is not supposed to carry out a marking on the softened covering, and also at presence
on its surface of stains of oil, bitumen or the mastic, cracks applied to pouring, filling of
seams, etc.
13.10. In order to avoid deterioration of colour of lines of a marking from a thermoplastic
material it is not supposed:
To break in work of self-moving stacking cars to full stock-out of the prepared thermoplastic
materials;
- To include warming device of account capacity after it discharging.
13.11. Movement on a site with the horizontal marking put by a nitropaint, can be open not
earlier than through 15 minutes after its drawing, on a site with a marking a thermoplastic
material - not earlier than in 30 minutes
13.12. Admissible sizes of deviations of the basic sizes at installation of elements of road
equipping :
- Designations of the centres of holes ± 1 sm;
- Depths of holes ± 2 sm;
- Heights of the bottom edge of a board of a sign on each metre of width of a step ± 1 sm;
- Protection heights on the console of the top edge of a beam at length of section:
4320 mm - ± 1,0 sm
6320 - ± 1,5
8320 - ± 2,0
9320 - ± 2,35
Obverse surface of a protection (sinuosity of a line of a protection) at length of 10 m no more
than ± 3 cm
13.13. Admissible sizes of deviations of a line of a marking in the plan are ± 3 cm. Edges of
a line of a marking should be equal. A maximum deviation of edges - no more than 5 mm at
length of 0,5 m.

QUALITY ASSURANCE OF WORKS

13.14. At performing of road equipping it is necessary to supervise:
- Constantly visually - demanded sequence of works, vertical position of racks of protections,
racks of signs and alarm columns;
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 155

- Accuracy of installation of all racks and columns, and also marking lines through 10 m in
the plan by means of a measured tape and a cord;
- Depth of holes, height of protections and signs on templates;
- Protection sinuosity in the plan by means of a cord and a ruler;
- Flatness of edges and width of lines of a marking selectively, not less than 10 % of length
by means of a ruler.

14. ACCEPTANCE OF THE PERFORMED WORKS

14.1. At acceptance of the performed works it is necessary to make survey of works in
nature, control gaugings, check of results industrial and laboratory researches of building
materials and control samples, records in the general book of works (Annex 5) and special
books on separate performed kinds of works and to show engineering specifications
according to the chapter of SNT 3.01.01-02.
14.2. Acceptance with drawing up of certificates of survey of the covered-up works should be
made on performance of following works:
- Removals of a moss or cespitose layer, removal of peats, removal of stubs, performing of
ledges on slopes, replacements soils or drainages of the basis, performing of pile or other
types of bases under embankments. Devices of heat insulation layers;
- Devices of a drainage system and drainages, strengthenings of bed at drainage
constructions;
- Erections and consolidations of a road bed and preparation of its surface for performing of
road clothes;
- Devices and consolidations of constructive layers of road clothes;
- Installations of elements of seams of expansion and warping;
- Armature installations (at performing of CEMENT-CONCRETE coverings).
14.3. At realisation of the acceptance control it is necessary to check conformity of actual
values design on the parametres resulted in the obligatory appendixes 2 and 3. Except the
specified parametres it is necessary to supervise:
Density of layers of road clothes;
Flatness of layers of bases and coverings by definition of algebraic differences of high-rise
marks;
Coupling of the tyre of the car with a covering (for the top layers) or a covering roughness;
Durability of a material and thickness of a covering on three cores on 1000 m2 at revealing of
discrepancy of the specified parametres to demanded values on other quality monitoring.
On roads in I and II categories, and also in case of application on highways of advanced
capital types of road coverings with use of new building materials or not typical designs of
road clothes the acceptance control should carry out, as a rule, by the specialised
organisations.
14.4. At the acceptance control ways of measurements should correspond to requirements of
the present section and corresponding subsections of the present rules regulating performance
of the operational control. The volume of measurements should be not less than 20 % of
volume of measurements at the operational control, but consist not less than of 20
measurements, except for the control of density of an asphalt concrete, rubble mixes on a way
of mixture on road and the rigid concrete mixes, spent in the volume demanded at the
operational control.
14.5. At taking-over of works the tentative estimation of flatness of a surface in a longitudinal
direction is spent or on the basis of graphic record. Received by means of devices of type
ПКРС or other devices which indications are led to indications ПКРС, or by journey on a
page 156 CNT 3.06.03-05

motor vehicle on all handed over site on each strip movement at the speed of 60 km in hour.
On the basis of such estimation get out of bays for detailed measurement of flatness and
cross-section biases.
Bays generally get out in the length 300 - 400 m, and for intraeconomic highways of the
agricultural enterprises and the organisations, and also for internal roads of the industrial
enterprises - length 100 - 150 m. Total length of bays should make not less than 10 % of
length of a handed over site of road in one-strip calculation.
The detailed control of flatness of a surface of the basis or covering on chosen bays should be
conducted by measurement of gleams under three-metre rod, definitions of indications of
sagittary performing or mobile rod.
Measurement of gleams under three-metre rod by means of a wedge (sizer) should be made
in five control points located on distance of 0,5 m from the ends of rod and from each other.
Detailed measurements of flatness should be made on distance 0,5 - 1,0 m from each edge of
a covering or lane edge.
On every bays it is necessary to make:
- 100 - 130 measurements of gleams (25 - 30 appendices of rod) or continuous graphic record
of roughnesses;
- 80 - 100 measurements of cross-section biases rod with level (25-30 measurements for bays
in the length of 100 - 150);
- Definition of vertical absolute or relative marks by levelling with step of 5 m.
- On the basis of the received vertical marks it is necessary to calculate algebraic differences
of marks of points (amplitudes) under the formula
Hi+ Hi+2 - Hi+1;
2
Where Hi; Hi+1; Hi+2 - marks of adjacent points.
14/6/ Tyre grip on the moisturized roads characterized by coefficient defining at the speed of
60 km in hour by the dinamometric device PKRS and also by length of break way or by
elimination of movement of GAZ M 24 at the speed of 40 km in hour or by other devices
similar to PKRS. Measuring shall be made 3-5 times per every 1000 meterdue of road
covering conditions.
14.7. It is necessary to measure a roughness of road coverings by a method of "a sandy
stain». On each lane it is necessary to make 5 measurements on 1000 m on one strip.
Values of medium depth of hollows of a roughness on a method of "a sandy stain» should not
be less specified in tab. 16.

Table 18
Coupling factor Minimum medium depth of hollows (grooves) of a
roughness on a method of "a sandy stain», mm

For an asphalt-concrete for a cement-concrete

covering and superficial coverings
processing
0,28 - 0,30 1 0,5

0,35 1,8 1
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 157

14.8. For maintenance of safe traffic conditions it is necessary to supervise in addition:

Visibility maintenance in the plan, especially on crossings in one level;
The equipment of places of transition of pedestrians, bus stops and rest platforms;
Conformity to the project, correctness of installation and colouring of protections; a condition
of dividing strips;
Conformity of a horizontal and vertical marking to requirements of the project and TDS
13508-74;
Correctness of installation of traffic signs, traffic lights; embedding and designs of support,
conformity to their requirements of standard documents;
Conformity to the project and correctness of colouring of alarm columns;
Liquidation of not equipped descents and clearing of a strip of tap from extraneous subjects.
14.9. The estimation of quality of civil and erection works at their acceptance should be
established according to the obligatory appendix 2.

15. ACCEPTANCE OF PERFORMED AUTOMOBILE ROADS

15.1. Acceptance into operation of the performed highways should be carried out according
to the current legislation of Turkmenistan and on the basis of SNT 2.03.01-94 "Acceptance of
the performed building objects. Substantive provisions".
15.2. The acceptance certificate into operation of a highway shall be construed by the State
Acceptance Inspection in the the form according to the appendix 6.

APPENDIX 1
Recommended
RECOMMENDED MEANS OF MECHANIZATION FOR ROAD-BUILDING
WORKS

Kind of works Standard sizes Types of cars and vehicles Productivity, load-carrying
of cars at annual amounts of capacity, class of cars and
works on erection of a road vehicles
bed , thousand m3

AT PREPARATION OF
THE ROAD STRIP

1. Clearing of a road strip

before erection of a road
bed :

From a bush and small trees, Loader m3 in shift To 1300

from wood Benzene drive saw
From stubs and stones Stubber and bulldozer with 10-25
opener t/c
2. Removal and moving of a
fertile layer of earth on
page 158 CNT 3.06.03-05

distance, m
To 80 Bulldozer m3/in shift Not less than 50
100-600 Scraper hook-on capacity 4,5-8,0
with a ladle, m3
Above 600 Scraper self-moving with a 10,0-15,0
ladle capacity, m3
Bulldozer m3/in shift Not less 500
Loader m3/in shift 2-4
Excavator with laddle in m3 0,65-1,2
Truck load-carrying capacity, 8-20
t
AT THE
CONSTRUCTION OF
THE ROAD BED

1. Ground working out in

lateral reserves and small
dredging with moving to an
embankment:
In height to 1,5 m and range Autograder, type Light, medium, heavy
of transportation to 80 m
In height to 3,0 m and range bulldozer on a class tractor 10-25
of transportation to 600 m bulldozer on a class tractor 10-2-5
Scraper hook-on capacity 8-15
with a ladle, m3
2. Ground working out in
dredging or near road open-
cast mines with moving to an
embankment on distance, m:
80-600 Scraper hook-on capacity 7-15
with a ladle, m3
600-1000 Scraper hook-on capacity 10-25
with a ladle, m3
Dredge or loader with a ladle 0,65-2,5
capacity, m3
Truck load-carrying capacity, 8-20
t
1000-3000 Scraper hook-on capacity 15-25
with a ladle, m3
Dredge or loader with a ladle 0,65-2,5
capacity, m3
Truck load-carrying capacity, 10-20
t
ABOVE 3000 Dredge or loader with a ladle 0,65-2,5
capacity, m3
Truck load-carrying capacity, 10-20
t
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 159

3. Loosening soils in
reserves and dredging:

III-IV Groups Opener on a class of tractor, 10-25

V groups
Opener on a class of tractor, 15-25
VI-VII Groups with Pneumatic or electric
application of explosive perforators
works
Spur method at depth of 3 m The mobile compressor 5-10
and chamber way on productivity, m3/min
emission and well charges at The chisel machine
depth to 8 m Power station capacity, kw 4-9
4. Dismantling and moving
of the rocky breeds loosened
with explosion:

In a sailing on slopes Dredge with a ladle capacity, 0,65-1,6

m3
bulldozer tc, 15-25
In an embankment or in spoil Dredge with a ladle capacity, 0,65-1,25
bank m3
truck load-carrying capacity, 10-20
t
5. Performing and the Autograder, type Easy, medium , heavy
maintenance of soil carrier bulldozer 10-15
roads and descents
6. Erection of embankments Suctuion pump m3/h 150-400
and dams in places of
approaches to bridges, on the
mouth of the rivers by
method of a hydroalluvium
7. Ground levelling in Autograder, type Easy, medium , heavy
embankments at level-by- bulldozer 6-15
level removal
8. Consolidation soils in
embankments of a road bed
a layer 20-40 sm*:
Coherent Roller on pneumatic tyres 25
with weight in t
Cam roller self moving with 9-25
weight in t
Non-coherent Roller on pneumatic tyres 15-25
with weight in t
Cam vibrating roller self 8-25
moving with weight in t
Great trashed Latticed roller with weight in 25
page 160 CNT 3.06.03-05

t
Great trashed Vibrating roller in weight in t 4-25

Coherent, Non-coherent and Latticed roller self moving 25

Great trashed in the winter with weight in
time
same in layer of 40-60 cm
Coherent Roller on pneumatic tyres 25
Non- coherent Roller on pneumatic tyres 25
with weight in t
Vibrating roller in weight in t 8-25
same in layer of 60-80 cm
Big trashed Roller with flat vibrating 12-25
press in weight in t
Non- coherent Roller self moving with flat 12- 25
or latticed vibrating press in
weight in t
same in layer of 100-120 cm Vibrating roller in weight in t 15-25
9. Consolidation soils in the
constrained conditions in
bosoms at small artificial
constructions and support of
bridges a layer, sm:
15-25 Manual motor- or electrical
ramming in weight 60-150
kg
30-50 Vibroimpact mashine with 10
weight of a shock part of
vibrohammer 150 kg on a
class tractor,
The ramming car on the 10
basis of a class tractor,
Consolidation of slopes of Vibrating Roller suspended 10
embankments to the the shovel boom
11. Finishing and
stretchening works:

Lay-out of a surface of a Autograder, type Light, medium, heavy

road bed and bottom lateral Bulldozer tc
and road reserves
Lay-out of slopes of
dredging and embankments,
distribution of a vegetative
ground at the sheduled works
at height of slopes m
To 2,0-2,5 Autograder, type Light, medium, heavy
Hinged slope planner on a
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 161

tractor or bulldozer with

slope planner in a class

4,0-6,0 Tractor with hinged planning 10

equipment, class tc

More than 6,0 (a steepness Dredge-draglajn with a ladle 0,65-1,0

1:1,5 - 1,2) capacity, m3, equipped with
two blade scraper or a
channel, or planning
trapezoidal frame

More than 6,0 (a steepness bulldozer, in class of tc 10-15

1:2 and less)
6,0-12,0 (a steepness 1:1,5-) Dredge-scheduler with the 0,4
replaceable planning
equipment with a ladle
capacity, m3

Two tractors with a hook-on 6-10

rail (one - at a sole of the
slope, the second - at the
edge of a slope) in class, tc

Autograder, type Medium, heavy

Digging of ditches, mountain

ditches, drainage tranches,
etc. Depth, m:

To 0,7 Bulldozer class of tc 6-15

To 1,5 Rotor type ditchdigger and 3-10
bar type or challedigger on a
tractor, class of tc

The dredge equipped with a 0-25

return shovel with a ladle by
capacity, m3
Strengthening of drainage
constructions and slopes of a
road bed :

By grassing Hydroseeder on the base of 3,5-5

watering cars with the tank
capacity, m3
page 162 CNT 3.06.03-05

The unit for grass seeding

suspended on a dredge

Mounted latticed Truck crane load-carrying 6,3

constructions or plates capacity, t

Motor-drill

Dredge with grab ladle

capacity to 0,35 m3

Site vibrator

Treated with binding bulldozer, class tc 3-6

materials
Dredge-scheduler with a 0,4
ladle capacity, m3

Hook-on vibrating roller, 1-3

Pneumatic spreying method
suspended to a shovel boom
in weight, t
The trailer with installation 500-1000
for spreying a concrete mix,
power station, the
compressor and pump station
productivity on laying of a
monolithic lattice, m2/shift
B. PERFORMING OF
ADDITIONAL LAYERS OF
THE BASIS

1. Profiling of a road bed or Profiling mashine in kwt 75-300

a processed layer of earth Autograder Medium, heavy
2. Preparation of mixes of Mixer unit t/h 100-240
mineral materials with
knitting on bases and
factories
3. Delivering materials on a Truck in capacity ton 10-209
road cloth
4. Distribution of materials Distributor of road-building 200-400
materials productivity, t/h
Autograder Light, medium and heavy
5. Cruising a ground, Mill capacity, kw To 150
dispensing liquid knitting or Single-pass soil mixer 220-440
waters, hashing mashine capacity, kw
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 163

6. Dispensing and Cement distributor ton 5-9

distribution of powdered
kinds of bindings
7. Consolidation of Roller combined or on 16-20
additional layers of bases pneumatic tyres in weight, t
AT PERFORMING OF BASES AND COVERINGS FROM SOILS , GRAVEL-
SANDY MIXES STRENGTHENED BY BINDING MATERIALS
Performing of bases from strengthened soils , prepared on a road cloth

1. Profiling of a layer of a Profiling mashine in kwt 180-300

processed ground Autograder Medium, heavy
2. Cruishing of a ground, Mill capacity, kw To 150
dispensing liquid knitting or
waters and hashing
3. Delivery and distribution Cement distributor ton 5-9
of powdered kinds of
bindings
4. Cruishing of a ground, Single-pass soil mixer 220-400
dispensing liquid knitting or mashine capacity, kw
waters and hashing
5. Delivery of the liquid Autobiumene carrier ton 9-15
bindings to the place of
works
6. Delivery of the powdered Autocement carier with 8-13,5
bindings to the place of pneumatic unloading by
works load-carrying capacity, t
7. Delivery of the water, Tanker or watering mashine 6
water solutions and additives with load-carrying capacity, t
to the place of works
8. Profiling of the soil layer Autograder, type Medium
9. Consolidation of a layer of Roller, combined or on 16-20
the strengthened ground pneumatic tyres in weight, t
10. Profiling of a layer of the profiling mashine by 180-300
strengthened ground capacity, kw

11. Maintenance of the laid Binding distributor of load- 3,5

layer carrying capacity, t

PERFORMİNG OF BASES
AND COVERİNGS FROM
STRENGTHENED SOİLS
AT MİX PREPARATİON İN
NEAR-ROAD CAREER

1. Working out sandy soils Front loader pneumowheel 3-4

in career and their supplying load-carrying capacity, t
page 164 CNT 3.06.03-05

to soil mixing unit bulldozer tc 10-15

2. Preparation of a mix of a mobile soil mixing unit with 200-400

ground with knitting and productivity t/h
additives
The same, complete with a 400-800
consumption warehouse for
knitting, capacity, m3
3. Evacuation of a ready mix truck in load-carrying 10-20
on road to a place of capacity, t
application
4. Application of a ready mix Distributor of road-building 200-400
in a constructive layer of materials, self-moving,
road clothes productivity, t/h
Profiling mashine capacity, 180-300
kw

5. Final profiling of a layer Profiling mashine by 180-300

of the strengthened ground capacity, kw

6. Consolidation of a layer of roller combined or on 16-20

the strengthened ground pneumatic tyres in weight, t

7. Care of the laid layer Binding distributor in load- 3,5

carrying capacity, t
D. AT THE BUILDING OF
BASES FROM NON-
STRETCHENING STONE
MATERIALS

Gravel basis making by the wedging method

1. Delivery of stone Autodump-body truck, load- 10-20
materials carrying capacity, t

2. Distribution of materials distributor of road-building 200-400

materials productivity, t/h

3. Basis consolidation Roller combined or on 16-20

pneumatic tyres in weight, t

Roller with smooth press in 6-13

weight, t

4. Distribution of propping distributor of a stone trifle 50-75

materials productivity, t/h
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 165

5. Consolidation of propping Roller with smooth press in 6-18

materials weight, t

The bases from gravel

rubbls) mixes

1. Delivery of stone Autodump-body truck, load- 10-20

materials carrying capacity, t

2. Distribution of materials distributor of road-building 200-400

materials productivity, t/h

3. Basis consolidation Roller combined or on 16-20

pneumatic tyres in weight, t

Е. AT BUILDING OF THE
BASES FROM THE
STONE MATERIALS
PROCESSED BY THE
INORGANIC BINDING
MATERIALS

1. Preparation of the local Unit with drying drum and a 6-36

bindings spherical mill, productivity,
t/h
2. Preparation of a mix of Mixing unit by productivity, 200-400
stone materials with the t/h
inorganic bindings
3. Delivery of mixes to a Autodump-truck, load- 10-20
laying place carrying capacity, t

4. Mix distribution in the distributor of road-building 200-400

basis materials productivity, t/h

5. Basis consolidation Roller combined or on 16-20

pneumatic tyres in weight, t

Roller with smooth press in 6-13

weight, t
6. Care of the basis Binding distributor, load- 3,5
carrying capacity, t

AT THE PERFORMING
OF THE BASES AND
COVERINGS FROM
STONE MATERIALS
page 166 CNT 3.06.03-05

PROCESSED BY THE
ORGANIC BINDING
MATERIALS

1. Rubble transportation on dump-truck, load-carrying 10-20

road capacity, t

2. Distribution and laying of self-moving distributor of 200-400

a layer of a stone material rubble, gravel, productivity,
t/h

3. Distribution of propping The self-moving distributor 50-75

fractions of a stone material of propping materials and a
stone trifle, productivity, t/h

4. Export, dispensing and Binding distributor, load- 6,0-7,0

distribution of the hot carrying capacity, t
organic bindings

5. Consolidation of a layer Roller with smooth press in 6-13

stone material before weight, t
impregnation of bindings
and after impregnation and a
scattering of propping
fractions

Roller combined or on 16-20

pneumatic tyres in weight, t

Way of mixing on road

1. Evacuation of rubble, dump- truck load-carrying 10-20

gravel on road capacity, t

2. Formation of a stone Binding distributor, load- Medium

material in a longitudinal carrying capacity, t
shaft-prism; hashing of a
stone material with the liquid
knitting

Profiling mashine, kwt 180-300

3. Pouring of the liquid Binding distributor, load- 6,0-7,0
knitting carrying capacity, t

4. Consolidation of the basic Roller with smooth press in 6-13

layer of a mix and propping weight, t
material
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 167

Roller combined or on 16-20

pneumatic tyres in weight, t

From black rubble and the

mixes prepared in unit

1. Preparation of a mix of a Asphalt or soil mixing unit, 100-400

stone material with the t/h
knitting

2. Evacuation of ready mix dump- truck load-carrying 10-20

on road capacity, t

3. Mix laying Asphalt spreader or the 200-400

stacker of road-building
materials productivity, t/h

3. Distribution of propping The self-moving distributor 50-75

fractions of a stone material of propping materials and a
stone trifle, productivity, t/h

4. Consolidation of the basic Roller with smooth press in 6-18

layer or covering of a mix weight, t
and propping material

З. AT PERFORMING OF
ASPHALT-CONCRETE
COVERINGS

1. Preparation of asphalt- Asphalt mixing unit, t/h 100-400

concrete mixes, hot and
warm

2. Transportation, reloading Frontal pneumowheel loader, 3-4

works for rendering service load-carrying capacity, t
for asphalt mixing units

3. Evacuation of ready mix Asphalt carrier or dump- 10-20

on road truck load-carrying capacity,
t

4. Priming works of the Binding distributor, load- 3-6

bases carrying capacity, t

5. Mix laying in a layer of Asphalt spreader 200-400

road clothes productivity, t/h Autograder Light
page 168 CNT 3.06.03-05

with automatic system, type

6. Consolidation of the vibrating rollers, combined 8-10

asphalt-concrete coverings or on pneumatic tyres in
weight, t

Roller with smooth press in 6-18

weight, t
D. AT PERFORMING OF
SUPERFICIAL
PROCESSINGS OF THE
COVERING (CREATION
OF THE LAYER OF
DETERIORATION,
COVERING ROUGHNESS)

1. Priming of coverings with Binding distributor, load- 3,5-6

an organic knitting material, carrying capacity, t
pouring of a bindings on
stone material scattering

2. Transportation of stone dump truck load-carrying 10-20

materials capacity,
3. A scattering of a stone distributor of building 50-75
material, materials productivity, t/h
Autograder with automatic Light, medium
system, type
4. Consolidation of layers of Roller with smooth press in 6-18
deterioration (roughness) weight, t
vibrating rollers, combined 8-10
or on pneumatic tyres in
weight, t
K. AT PERFORMING OF
MOLITHIC CEMENT-
CONCRETE COVERINGS
(BASES)

1. Preparation of a concrete Concrete mixing unit, 120-240

mix productivity, m3/h
Frontal loader load-carrying 3-6
capacity
2. Transportation of a dump truck or a ready-mix 10-20
concrete mix truck load-carrying capacity
3. Performing of not Complete set of mashines 500-1000
reinforced, reinforced and with concrete application in
ferro-concrete covering in sliding forms, productivity,
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 169

width of 7-7,5 m m/shift

4. Performing of coverings
in width of 3,0-5,5 m on
elements of engineering
arrangement of highways
(traffic intersections etc.),
including coverings of
intraeconomic roads and
roads of the industrial
enterprises
5. Performing of
deformation seams:
The reduced complete set of 300-500
mashines with concrete
application in sliding forms,
productivity, m/shift
Complete set of mashines 250
with concrete application in
a modular formwork
productivity, m/shift
Complete set of mashines 250-500
with universal concrete
application in a modular
formwork productivity,
m/shift
Complete sets of means of
mechanisation of auxiliary
operations

In the hardened concrete Chaser of longitudinal seams One-disk and double disk
Chaser of cross-section One-disk and double disk
seams
In fresh-layed concrete Seams chaser in fresh-layed 100-200
concrete productivity, km/h
Complete set of the 100-400
equipment for hermetic
sealing of seams by
productivity, km/h
L. AT PERFORMING OF
MODULAR CEMENT-
CONCRETE COVERINGS

1. Basis preparation for Autograder with equipment Medium, heavy

laying of plates "Profile", type
2. Transportation of plates to
Ramp automobile, load- 10-20
a place of application carrying capacity, t
3. Laying of plates by the Truck crane equipped by 16
truck crane crossbeam, load-carrying
capacity, t
4. Green test of plates roller combined or on 16-20
pneumatic tyres in weight, t
5. Welding of connection Mobile welding unit, type Double post
brackets
6. Clearing and a purge of Mobile compressor 2 -5
seams productivity, m3/min
page 170 CNT 3.06.03-05

7. Filling of seams by sand Self-moving unit for filling 200-500

and cement mold of seams by sand and cement
mold, productivity, km/h
8. Filling of seams with Self-moving unit for filling 200-500
mastic of seams with mastic with
productivity, km/h
M. AT FURNISHING AND
STRENGTHENING OF
ROADSIDES

1. Evacuation to the road of dump truck load-carrying 10-20

materials for strengthening capacity, t
of roadsides
2. Planning of roadsides and Autograder, type Light, medium
distribution of materials of
strengthening on roadsides
3. Consolidation of roadsides Roller with smooth press in 6-12
weight, t
rollers on pneumatic tyres in 8-20
weight, t

4. Performing of stretchening Mashine for performing of 25-30

stripes stretchening stripes
productivity, t/h
Н. AT PERFORMING OF
ROAD EQUIPPING

Installation of traffic signs, alarm columns, marking drawing

1. Drilling of chinks, Drilling-crane mashine on

installation of supports, the basis of a tractor,
filling of soils equipped by bulldozer
breast, in weight, t
2. Ground consolidation Manual driving rammer in
mass of, kg
3. Sign installation on 2 or 3 Crane automobile load- 5
rack on the base blocks carrying capacity, t
4. Concreting of bases under Auto concrete mixer with the 4-8
frame (arch) support volume of mixing drum on
the ready mix in m3
The complete set of means of 4
mechanisation of auxiliary
operations (a formwork, the
deep vibrator, trowel etc.),
piece

5. Colouring of support of painting unit in weight of 50 4

 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 171

moving parts of base blocks kg, piece

6. Drawing of a horizontal marking unit, productivity, 1000-2000

marking m2/h

Fencing
1. Assemblage of elements of the automobile crane, load- 5
protections, their carrying capacity, t
strengthening and
installation
The manual electric or 10
pneumatic tool, inhaling
time, s
2. Drilling of chinks, Drilling-crane mashine on 5,75
installation of supports, the basis of a tractor,
filling of soils equipped by bulldozer
breast, in weight, t
3. Ground consolidation Manual driving rammer in 81,5
mass of, kg
4. Colouring of fences painting unit in weight of 50 4
kg, piece
O. AT PREPARATION OF
BITUMEN EMULSION

1. Reception, storage and Bitumen tank, capacity, m3 10-30

warming up of a bitumen
2. Dehydration and a Bitumen warming unit by 6 -10
warming up of bitumen to productivity, t/h
working temperature 140-
160 °С
3. Preparation of alkaline Tank with heating by 10-30
(anion) solution of emulgator capacity, m3

4. Preparation of sour Tank with heating and acid 10-30

(kation) solution of resistance treatment by
emulgator capacity, m3

5. Preparation of direct Mechanical dispergator 5-10

bitumen emulsion
6. Preparation of return
bitumen emulsion
7. Storage and delivery
emulsion in vehicles
productivity, t/h
Blade mixer in capacity of 3
t/h
Bitumen tank capacity, m3 10-30
page 172 CNT 3.06.03-05

APPENDIX 2
Obligatory
ESTIMATION OF QUALITY OF CIVIL AND ERECTION WORKS AT
CONSTRUCTİON OF HIGHWAYS

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
1.1. According to the present appendix it is necessary to make a quality estimation of:
- Separate kinds of works (preparation of the basis of a road bed, erection of embankments
and working out of dredging, the drainage system device, pouring roadsides, layers of bases
and coverings of road clothes);
- Devices of constructive elements of highways (a road bed, bases and coverings of road
clothes);
- Civil and erection works on the highways finished by building or their separate sites;
- Performance of civil and erection works for the certain period of time (month, quarter,
year).

The estimation of quality of preparatory and stretchening works, works on performing of

artificial constructions, making of buildings and constructions of road and motor
transportation service, performing of conditions and road accessories should be made
according to the current standard documents of the Ministry of Construction of Turkmenistan.
1.2. The estimation of quality of separate kinds of works should be made by results of
averaging of estimations of degree of conformity of parametres to requirements of the project
and standard documents by the formula (1)

P i
P i 1
,
n
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 173

Where P - an average estimation;

Pi - an estimation of degree of conformity of i parametre to requirements of the project and
the standard documents, expressed in points;
n - quantity of the parametres which are subject to an estimation by each kind of works.
1.3. The estimation of quality of separate kinds of works should be defined depending on
values of indicator Р:
At Р = 4,61-5,0 - "excellent"(five points);
Р = 3,91-4,6 - "good"(four points);
Р = 3,0-3,9 - "satisfactory"(three points).
Estimation of degree of conformity of each parametre to requirements of the project and
standard documents (Pi) on "excellent"and"good" shall be made according to the conditions
resulted in the table of the present appendix.
Estimation "satisfactory" shall be apllied, if the insignificant deviation of parametre from
engineering specifications requirements (insignificant defect in accordance with TDS 15467-
79), co-ordinated with the design organisation and the customer is admitted. Thus the
quantity of such parametres should not exceed 50 % from total number of the parametres
which are subject to an estimation by the given kind of works.
1.4. An indispensable condition for acceptance of separate kinds of works is full conformity
of the parametres which have been not specified in the table of the present appendix, and also
applied materials and products to requirements of the project, standard documents and
standards.
If work is performed with insignificant deviations of the parametres which have been not
specified in the table, from the engineering specifications requirements, co-ordinated with the
design organisation and the customer, value of the complex indicator Р calculated under the
formula (1) for corresponding kind of works, decreases on 0,25 (for each parametre). If value
of this indicator turns out less than three, the given kind of works is estimated on
satisfactory"(three points).
1.5. If at an estimation of degree of conformity of parametres by any kind of works to
requirements of the project and standard documents are not satisfied specified above a
condition, these works are subject to repeated acceptance and an estimation after alteration
(correction).

2. THE ESTIMATION OF QUALITY OF PERFORMING OF THE ROAD BED

2.1. The estimation of quality of performing of a road bed should be made on the basis of
calculation of a complex indicator by the formula

P
 1 S1   2 S 2   3 S 3   4 S 4   5 S 5 ,
1   2   3   4   5 (2)
Where Р - a complex indicator;
S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 - accordingly an estimation of quality of preparation of the basis of a road
bed, erection of embankments and working out of dredging, the drainage system device,
pouring roadsides and stretchening works in points;
a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 - factors of the importance of kinds of the works, accepted accordingly as
0,7; 1,0; 0,8; 0,6; 0,7.
page 174 CNT 3.06.03-05

The estimation of quality of performing of a road bed in points on calculated complex

indicator Р should be made according to instructions of article 1.3 of the present appendix.
2.2. In need of definition of an average estimation of quality of each kinds of the works listed
in article 2.1 of the present appendix and of performed at various times or in different places
on the handed over site of a road bed, it is necessary to use the complex indicator Р counted
under the formula
5C1  4C 2  3C 3
P ,
C1  C 2  C 3 (3)
Where С1, С2, С3 - budget costs of volumes of the given kind of the works accepted
according to estimations "excellent,"good and "satisfactory".
The quality estimation in points on the calculated complex indicator should be made
according to instructions of article 1.3 of the present appendix.

3. THE ESTIMATION OF QUALITY OF PERFORMING OF BASES AND COVERINGS

OF ROAD CLOTHES
3.1. In need of definition of an average estimation of quality of performing of bases or the
coverings consisting of separate sites, constructed and different time or in different places, a
complex indicator count by the formula
 
P  5L1 4 L 2 3L 3 ,
L1  L 2  L 3 (4)
Where L1, L2, L3 - extent of the accepted sites of bases or the coverings which have received
accordingly estimations "excellent,"good and "satisfactory".
In points on the complex indicator calculated under the formula (4), it is necessary to make a
quality estimation according to instructions of article 1.3 of the present appendix.
3.2. Quality of performing of the multilayered bases and coverings estimate on the basis of
indicator Р counted by the formula
m
Oi
i 1
P ,
m (5)
Where Оi - an estimation of quality of performing of each layer in the points, defined
according to the artcile3.1;
m - number of layers.
The estimation of quality of performing of the multilayered bases and coverings in points on
the calculated complex indicator should be made according to instructions of article 1.3 of the
present appendix.
If the estimation of quality of performing of the multilayered coverings, calculated under the
formula (5), has appeared above, than an estimation of quality of performing of the top layer
for the general estimation accept an estimation of quality of performing of the top coat layer.

4. THE ESTIMATION OF QUALITY OF CIVIL AND ERECTION WORKS ON THE SITE

OF THE HIGHWAY FINISHED BY BUILDING
4.1. For an estimation of quality of civil and erection works on the site of a highway finished
by building complex indicator Р count under the formula
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 175

P
 1 S1   2 S 2   3 S 3   4 S 4   5 S 5   6 S 6   7 S 7  ,
Pe
1   2   3   4   5   6   7 (6)
Where S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7 - accordingly an average estimation of quality in points of a
spadework, devices of a road bed, artificial constructions, bases and coverings of road
clothes, buildings and constructions of road and motor transportation services, conditions and
road accessories on a handed over site;
Ре - the indicator of the aesthetics, which value can be accepted from ±0,1 to ±0,3 depending
on quality of painting and decorating and appearance of a site;
α1, α 2, α 3, α 4, α 5, α 6, α 7 - importance factors accordingly:
Preparation work 0,5
Road bed 1,0
Artificial constructions 0,9
Bases of road clothes 0,9
Coverings of road clothes 1,0
Buildings and constructions of the road
And motor transportation service 0,6
Conditions and accessories of road 0,7
Quality of civil and erection works in points on the site of a highway finished by building
shall be estimated depending on values of complex indicator Р according to the instructions
of article 1.3 of the present appendix.

5. THE ESTIMATION OF QUALITY OF THE CIVIL AND ERECTION WORKS

PERFORMED FOR THE CERTAIN PERIOD OF TIME
For the certain period of time (month, quarter, year) estimate quality of civil and erection
works under the formula
 
K  5C 1 4C 2 3C 3 ,
C1  C 2  C 3 (7)
Where K - a complex estimation of quality of works;
С1, С2, С3 - volume of civil and erection works (at budget cost), handed over according to
estimations "excellent,"good and "satisfactory".

Parametres used at an estimation of quality of civil and erection works, and conditions
of its estimation

Constructive element, kind Condition of an estimation on degree

of works and controllable “good” “excellent”
parametre

1. A road bed

1.1. Preparation of the basis

of a road bed
page 176 CNT 3.06.03-05
1.1.1. A thickness of No more than 10 % of results
removed fertile layer of a of definitions can have
ground deviations from design
values in limits to ±40 %, the
others - to ±20 %.
1.1.2. Decreasing in density No more than 10 % of results
of natural base of definitions deviations
from design values in limits
to 4 % can have decrease in
density of the natural basis,
the others should be not
below design values
1.2. Erection of
embankments and working
out of dredging
1.2.1. Decreasing in density No more than 10 % of results
of layers of road bed of definitions can have
deviations from design
values in limits to 4 %, and
the others should be not
below of the design values.
1.2.2. High-rise marks of a No more than 10 % of results
longitudinal profile of definitions can have
deviations from design
values in limits to ±100 (20)
mm *; the others - to ±50
(10) mm
1.2.3. Distances between an No more than 10 % of results
axis and edge of a road bed of definitions can have
deviations from design
values in limits to ±20 sm,
the others ±10 sm
1.2.4. Cross-section biases No more than 10 % of results
of definitions can have
deviations from design
values in limits from -0,015
(-0,010) to 0,030 (0,015), the
others - to ±0,010 (0,005)
1.2.5. Redusing of steepness No more than 10 % of results
of slopes of definitions deviations
No more than 5 % of results
of definitions can have
deviations from design
values in limits to ±40 %, the
others - to ±20 %
No more than 10 % of results
of definitions can have
deviations from design
values in limits to 2 %, the
others should be not below
of design values
No more than 10 % of results
of definitions can have
deviations from design
values in limits to 2 %, and
the others should be not
below of the demanded
values.
No more than 5 % of results
of definitions can have
deviations from design
values in limits to ±100 (20)
mm, the others - to ±50 (10)
mm
No more than 5 % of results
of definitions can have
deviations from design
values in limits to ±20 sm,
the others - to ±10 sm
No more than 5 % of results
of definitions can have
deviations from design
values in limits from -0,015
(-0,010) to 0,030 (0,015), the
others - to ±0,010 (0,005)

from design values in limits
to 20 % can have reduction
of a steepness of slopes, the
others - to 10 %
1.3. Building of the drainage
system
1.3.1. Increase in the cross- No more than 10 % of results
section sizes of ditches, of definitions can have a
mountain and other ditches deviation from design values
(on a bottom) in limits to 10 sm, the others
- to 5 sm
1.3.2. Depth of ditches, No more than 10 % of results
mountain and other ditches of definitions can have a
(under condition of drain deviation from design values
maintenance) in limits to ±10 sm, the
others - to ±5 sm
1.3.3. The cross-section sizes No more than 10 % of results
of drainages of definitions can have
deviations from design
values in limits to ±10 sm,
the others - to ±5 sm
1.3.4. Longitudinal biases of No more than 10 % of results
drainages of definitions can have
deviations from design
values in limits to ±0,002,
the others - to ±0,001
1.3.5. Performing of the bulk
benches
1.4. Performing of the bulk
(pouring) roadsides
1.4.1. Decreasing in density No more than 10 % of results
of soils in roadsides of definitions deviations
from design values in limits
to 4 % can have decrease in
density of a ground, the
others should be not below
of the design values
1.4.2. A thickness of No more than 10 % of results No more than 5 % of results
strengthening of definitions can have a of definitions can have
deviation from design values deviations from
CNT 3.06.03-05 page 177
No more than 5 % of results
of definitions can have
deviations from design
values in limits to 10 sm, the
others - to 5 sm
No more than 5 % of results
of definitions can have
deviations from design
values in limits to ±10 sm,
the others - to ±5 sm
No more than 5 % of results
of definitions can have a
deviation from design values
in limits to ±10 sm, the
others - to ±5 sm
No more than 5 % of results
of definitions can have
deviations from design
values in limits to ±0,002,
the others - to ±0,001
No more than 10 % of results
of definitions can have
deviations from design
values in limits to 2 %, the
others should be not below
of the design values
design
page 178 CNT 3.06.03-05

in limits from -22 to 30 mm, values in limits from -22 to

the others - to ±15 mm 30 mm, the others - to ±15
mm
1.4.3. Cross-section biases of No more than 10 % of results No more than 5 % of results
roadsides of definitions can have of definitions can have
deviations from design deviations from design
values in limits from -0,015 values in limits from -0,015
(-0,010) to 0,030 (0,015), the (-0,010) to 0,030 (0,015), the
others - to ±0,010 (0,005) others - to ±0,010 (0,005)

2. Bases and coverings of

road clothes

2.1. High-rise marks on an No more than 10 % of results No more than 5 % of results

axis of definitions can have of definitions can have
deviations from design deviations from design
values in limits to ±100 (20) values in limits to ±100 (20)
mm, the others - to ±50 (10) mm, the others - to ±50 (10)
mm mm
2.2. Width of layer

2.2.1. The cement-concrete No more than 10 % of results No more than 5 % of results

bases and coverings, bridges of definitions can have of definitions can have
deviations from design deviations from design
values in limits from -7,5 to values in limits from -7,5 to
10 sm, the others - to ±5 sm 10 sm, the others - to ±5 sm

2.2.2. All other types of No more than 10 % of results
bases and coverings of definitions can have
deviations from design
values in limits from -15 to
20 sm, the others - to ±10 sm
3. Thickness of a layer
No more than 5 % of results
of definitions can have
deviations from design
values in limits from -15 to
20 the others see - to ±10 sm

2.3.1. The asphalt-concrete No more than 10 % of results No more than 5 % of results

bases and coverings of definitions can have of definitions can have
deviations from design deviations from design
values in limits from -15 to values in limits from -15 to
20 mm, the others - to ±10 20 mm, the others - to ±10
mm mm

2.3.2. All other types of No more than 10 % of results
bases and coverings of definitions can have
deviations from design
values in limits from -22 (-
15) to 30 (20) mm, the others
- to ±15 (10) mm
No more than 5 % of results
of definitions can have
deviations from design
values in limits from -22 (-
15) to 30 (20) mm, the others
- to ±15 (10) mm
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 179

2.4. Cross-section biases No more than 10 % of results No more than 5 % of results

of definitions can have
deviations from design
values in limits from -0,015
(-0,010) to 0,030 (0,015), the
others - to ±0,010 (0,005)
of definitions can have
deviations from design
values in limits from -0,015
(-0,010) to 0,030 (0,015), the
others - to ±0,010 (0,005)

2.5. Slickness (a gleam under

rod in the length 3 m)

2.5.1. Bases and coverings

from big trashes, sandy both
clay soils and the industry
waste strengthened by
inorganic and organic
binding materials:

For roads in categories I, II No more than 5 % of results No more than 2 % of results

and III of definitions can have of definitions can have
values of gleams in limits to values of gleams in limits to
14 (10) mm, the others - to 7 14 (10) mm, the others - to 7
(5) mm (5) mm

For roads in categories IV No more than 5 % of results No more than 2 % of results

and V of definitions can have of definitions can have
values of gleams in limits to values of gleams in limits to
20 mm, the others - to 10 20 mm, the others - to 10
mm mm

For roads I-c, II-c and from No more than 5 % of results No more than 2 % of results
categories and internal roads of definitions can have of definitions can have
of the industrial enterprises values of gleams in limits to values of gleams in limits to
30 mm, the others - to 15 30 mm, the others - to 15
mm mm

2.5.2. Rubble, gravel and
slag bases and coverings.
Bases and coverings from
gravel, rubble and sandy
materials processed by
inorganic binding materials:
For roads in categories I, II
and III
For roads in categories IV, V
and internal roads of the
industrial enterprises
No more than 5 % of results No more than 2 % of results
of definitions can have of definitions can have
values of gleams in limits to values of gleams in limits to
20 (10) mm, the others - to 20 (10) mm, the others - to
10 (5) mm 10 (5) mm
No more than 5 % of results No more than 2 % of results
of definitions can have of definitions can have
values of gleams in limits to values of gleams in limits to
page 180 CNT 3.06.03-05
30 mm, the others - to 15 30 mm, the others - to 15
mm mm
For roads in categories I-c, No more than 5 % of results
II-c and III-c of definitions can have
values of gleams in limits to
40 mm, the others - to 20
mm
2.5.3. Bases and coverings
from bitumened rubble,
rubble mixes by the way of
treatment by organic binding
materials and by way of
mixing on road:
For roads in categories I, II No more than 5 % of results
and III of definitions can have
values of gleams in limits to
14 (10) mm, the others - to 7
(5) mm
For roads in categories IV, V No more than 5 % of results
and internal roads of the of definitions can have
industrial enterprises values of gleams in limits to
20 mm, the others - to 10
mm
For roads in categories I-c, No more than 5 % of results
II-c and III-c of definitions can have
values of gleams in limits to
30 mm, the others - to 15
mm
2.5.4. Asphalt-concrete and No more than 5 % of results
monolithic cement-concrete of definitions can have
bases and coverings values of gleams in limits to
10 (6) mm, the others - to 5
(3) mm
2.6. A difference in surface No more than 20 % of results
level in seams of the of definitions can have
monolithic cement-concrete values in limits to 10 (7)
bases and coverings mm, the others - to 3 (2) mm
2.7. Excess of sides of No more than 20 % of results No more than 10 % of results
adjacent plates of the of definitions can have of definitions can have
No more than 2 % of results
of definitions can have
values of gleams in
proaffairs to 40 mm, the
others - to 20 mm
No more than 2 % of results
of definitions can have
values of gleams in side-
altars to 14 (10) mm, the
others - to 7 (5) mm
No more than 2 % of results
of definitions can have
values of gleams in limits to
20 mm, the others - to 10
mm
No more than 2 % of results
of definitions can have
values of gleams in limits to
30 mm, the others - to 15
mm
No more than 2 % of results
of definitions can have
values of gleams in limits to
10 (6) mm, the others - to 5
(3) mm
No more than 10 % of results
of definitions can have
values in limits to 10 (7)
mm, the others - to 3 (2) mm
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 181

modular cement-concrete values in limits to 10 mm, values in limits to 10 mm,

coverings:
For roads in categories I, II
and III, I-к, II-to, I-л and II-l
For roads in categories V and
IV
the others - to 5 mm the others - to 5 mm
No more than 20 % of results No more than 10 % of results
of definitions can have of definitions can have
values in limits to 14 mm, values in limits to 14 mm,
the others - to 7 mm the others - to 7 mm

For roads in categories I-c,
II-c, III-c and internal roads
of the industrial enterprises,
except of categories I-к, II-
to, I-л and II-l
No more than 20 % of results No more than 10 % of results
of definitions can have of definitions can have
values in limits to 20 mm, values in limits to 20 mm,
the others - to 10 mm the others - to 10 mm

Appendix 3

Permissible deviations from the design sizes at taking-over of works on performance of

an road bed, the bases and coverings of the automobile roads

Descrıptıon Permissible
deviations +/-
1. Road bed
Height of a mark of a longitudinal profile 50/10

Distance between an axis and edge of a road bed, sm 10/10

Cross-section biases 0,010/0,005

Difference between indicators of density of the top layer on one 2/2

diameter (for roads with advanced coverings) %
page 182 CNT 3.06.03-05

Steepness of slopes of % 10/10

The cross-section sizes of ditches, mountain channels and other 5/5

ditches on a bottom, sm

The cross-section sizes of drainages, sm 5/5

Longitudinal biases of drainages of % 10/10

Width of bulk bank, sm 20/20

Thickness of a layer of a plant ground on slopes, % 20/20

2. Drainage, isolating and capillar interrupting layers

High-rise marks on axes, mm 50/10

Width of a layer, sm 10/10

Thickness of a layer, sm 10/5

Cross-section biases 0,010/0,005

3. The bases and coverings from soıls, mixes of gravel, sand and
rubble, strengthened by organic and inorganic bındıng materials

Width of a layer and a base, sm 10/10

Thickness of a layer, % 10/5

High-rise marks on axes, mm 50/10

Cross-section biases 0,010/0,005

Deviatıon under a rod in length in 3 m for roads, mm 7,0/5,0

I, II and III category 10
IV and V 50/-
4. Brıdges
High-rise marks on axes, mm 50/-

Width of a covering, sm 5/-

Thickness of a layer, sm 20/-

Cross-section biases 0,010/-

 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 183

Deviatıon under a rod in length in 3 m for roads, mm 15/-

5. The bases and coverings from gravel and rubble. The bases of the
stone materials processed by inorganic binding materials

Width of a layer and a base, sm 10/10

Thickness of a layer, % 10, but < 20 mm

7, but < 5 mm
High-rise marks on axes, mm 50/10

Cross-section biases 0,010/0,005

Deviatıon under a rod in length in 3 m for roads, mm

I, II and III category 10/5
IV and V 15/-
6. The bases of the stone materials processed by organic binding
materials
Width of a layer and a base, sm 10/10

Thickness of a layer, % 10/5

High-rise marks on axes, mm 50/10

Cross-section biases 0,010/0,005

Deviatıon under a rod in length in 3 m for roads, mm

I, II and III category 7/5
IV and V 10/-
7. Asphalt-concrete coverings
Width of a layer and a base, sm 10/10

Thickness of a layer, % 15/10

High-rise marks on axes, mm 50/10

Cross-section biases 0,010/0,005

Deviatıon under a rod in length in 3 m for roads, mm 5/3

8. Cement-concrete coverings
Width of a layer and a base, sm 5/5

Thickness of a layer, % 15/10

High-rise marks on axes, mm 50/10

Cross-section biases 0,010/0,005

page 184 CNT 3.06.03-05

Deviatıon under a rod in length in 3 m for roads, mm 5/3

Difference in surface level in seams of monolithic coverings, mm 3/2

Excess of sides of adjacent plates of modular coverings from cement

and concrete for roads, mm

I, II and III category 3/-

IV and V 5/-

Note:
In numerator admissions are specified at use of complete sets of cars without automatic
system of the task of vertical marks, in a denominator - with an automatic mark.

Appendix № 4

Certificate on the covered-up works

Name of works:

Date:

Survey of the performed works is made

(name of the performed works)
On (in) ___________________________________________________________
(name of highway or site or bridge or other construction

During checking of works the followings are determnied:

1. _____________________________________ (description of the performed construction)
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 185

2. Conformity of the applied building materials and products to operating standards and
specifications
3. Conformity to working drawings or a divergence with them, in what
4. Observance of requirements of building norms and rules
5. An estimation of quality of works

Manufacture of the subsequent works is authorised:

_________________________________
(name of the subsequent works)

Chairman of technical supervision of the Customer __________ signature

Chief engineer of building __________ signature
Manufacturer of works __________ signature

Appendix 5
Name of the contracting organization __________________________________

Book is given on “_____” ______________200 ______

Place for stamp
Manager ________________________________

______________________________ signature

Works performing book

Building, reconstruction ______________________________

(name of the project, place)
Begun:
Finished:
page 186 CNT 3.06.03-05

Continuation of this book is the book No ___________________

Which given on ________________________(date)
Estimated budget of construction ________________________________
Project and estimation cost approved by whom and when
Decree No _______________________________________
Date of decree _______ 200______
Beginning of the works: _______ 200______
End of the works: _______ 200______
Putting into operation by shedule (contract)
Actual date
Customer
Contractor

Contract NO ______________ Date ______________________

I. Explanations to the filling of the works performing book

1. Works performing book is the initial production documents which must reflect all
performing activities of the road construction organization at the building and
reconstruction of the automobile roads.
2. This book is given by the management to the managers who implementing works and
must be filled from the first day of the beginning of preparation works.
3. In bok (part II) shall be recorded all data concerning to the construction and
reconstruction of the object and volumes of works on aggregative measurer.
4. In this book (part III) shall be recorded all project documentation, which characterized
the construction or reconstruction: a) technical project drawings, design drawings
with showing of content of each page and number of copies. B) estimation cost c) all
sending annexes and amendments to the project d) all drawing of works performing
both of sending by the project organizations and established in the office e) acts,
conclusion of the expert organization and others involving new technical or estimation
requirements. G) all other technical documnets which characaterized object in whole
(test reports, delivering certificate etc).
5. In this book (part IV) shall be recorded all involved technical personell and changes in
their structures.
6. Construction journal (part V) is the main part of the works performing book. The work
execution shedule established according to the journal. This journal shall be reflect all
stages of wroks from beginning of each work. Works description shall be made every
day in the base of each constructive element. For the temporary objects in this book
shall be recorded only beginning and ending date of wroks (separately on each object)
and volume of the performed works in the aggregative measurer.
7. All supervising bodies shall be made in this book their comments (person sending by
ministries, managements, inspectors, representatives of the customer and field
supervision). Manager of works performing organization must read all comments and
write recieving comments in this book before departure of supervisors. All inspectors
must read before made comments and check their implementation and also
implementation of the directives gave by managing persons visited objects before.
8. Manager of works performing organization must make comments about
implementation of these directives.
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 187

9. Works performing book shall be logged on each object separately and stored by work
producer. After termination of constructuion or reconstruction this book shall be
delivered to the management of the road construction organization.

II. Main data of the object

1. name of the object

2. Technical project and estimation developed by
3. Design drawings prepared by
4. Project approved by
5. Estimation approved by
6. Surnames of permanent engineers (supervisors) and from which organization
7. Structure of Commision recieved this object and their main comments
8. Sheme of the object
9. main volume of works (for the constructive elements)

Name of works and measurer

According to the estimation __________________

Actual __________________________________

III. Registration of receiving technical documents

Date of Name of the No of drawings, Number of Note

receiving drawings and estimations and copies
other documents etc
(estimations,
explanatory
letters,
temporary
reports,
amendments and
deviations and
from where they
are arriving)
page 188 CNT 3.06.03-05

IV. List of the technical personell involved directly to construction or reconstruction of the
object

Title Name, surname, Date of beginning to Date of finishing to

patronymic work at this object work at this object

V. Works journal

Date No p/p Short description of Measurer Quantity of Surname of

work performing the the managing
methods, physical performed technical
volume of the works personel
performed works,
performing conditions,
technical events

VI.Comments of the inspectors and managing persons

Date Comments on the quality and conditions of works Note on implementation of

made by inspectors and managing persons of the comments
Ministries at their visiting of the object

_____ pages in total stringed and numbered in this book

Note: This book shal be added according to the specific features of the object.

Annex 5.1. To the works performing book

Book on the laying of the asphalt-concrete mixes
Mon Beginni Place of work Performed Used Retu Rolling Temperatu Weath Shift Technical
th ng and works mixes ton rn of re er forem supervision
and end of beginni End Kin Runni Lo Top mixe Numb Bran Of Of Clear, an comments
day shift ng ds of ng m, w lay s to er of d of air mix wind, sign implementat
wor m2 lay er the rollers roller silent ion notes
ks er plant and
wast weig
et ht
k p k p
m k m k
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 189

Annex 5.2. To the works performing book

Book on the laying of the asphalt-concrete mixes in one shift
Mon Beginn Place of laying Kinds No Layed Used Wast No of Temperat Shift Note
th ing and from To of of Distan Deslu concr concr ed sampl ure forem reaso
and end of laying mix ce od mp at ete ete mix es of air and an ns of
day shift mashi conte delive the mixes mixes m3 and weather sign waste
ne nt ry km laying m3 place condition and
and sm of s featur
conc takin es
rte g
grad
e
k Pk k Pk
m + m +

Annex 5.3. To the works performing book

Book on the superficial treatments of coverings
Mont Month Bitum Bitumen Bitum Pouri Place of Widt Lon Squa Pouri Grav Weath Forem not
h of en temperat en ng No pouring hm gm re ng per el er, air an sign e
and Distribut quantit ure brand m2 1 m2 size temper
day or yt of and .
area using
m3
per
100
m2
k Fro T
m m o
pk p
k
page 190 CNT 3.06.03-05

CERTIFICATE ON ACCEPTANCE BY THE STATE ACCEPTANCE

COMMISION OF THE AUTOMOBILE ROAD FINISHED BY CONSTRUCTION
(RECONSTRUCTION)
FORM

Name of the automobile road, delivering part

Place of location “____” ________200 __________

The State Commision appointed by ______________________________

(name of appointing organization)

By the decree No _______ dated on

Members:
Chairman ____________________ name, surname, patronymic, title
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 191

Members ______________ names, surnames, patronymics, titles

In participation of the representatives of the involved organizations as

__________________________________________ name of organization, name,
surname, patronymic, title

And experts ____________________ name, surname, patronymic,

Are draft this certificate on followings:

1. By the Customer ________________ (name of the customer) for acceptance presented
object ______________________
(name of the road, stage, site and all complex elements as traffic service, building, short
technical descriptions, conformity to the approved project, values of road, category of
road, length, width of the road bed and trafficway, sizes and calculative loads of artificial
construction, type of road coverings shall be given according to the project woth showing
thickness of layers on sites between survey stackes)

2. Construction (reconstruction) of road _______________name of road, site performed

by __________ (name of the general Contractor and its departmental subordination)

Who performed works _______________ name of works

And its subcontactors ________________ name of the subcontactors and special kinds of
works

3. Following documents are presented by the Customer to the State Acceptance

Comission
________________________________________
Listing of all documents and materials or listing it in the annexes of this certificate

4. Building and erection works are performed in the period:

Beginning: year and month
End date _____ year and month
Duration of building in accorsdance with approved norms __________
Show actual duration time of construction and period according to the norms

The Acceptance Commision in the base of the presented by Customer documents and
examination of objects in nature and selective checking of constructions and additional
tests _______________________________________________
(listing all checked constructions and additional tests)
Determines followings:

a. Construction was implemented by the decree No _________ dated on

__________ of the _________________ (name of organization ussied this
decree)
b. Project and estimation documents for construction of automobile road *name of
the road) developed by ______________________ (name of the general
Project organization and other desingning organizations participated in the
page 192 CNT 3.06.03-05

project) and approved by the _____________________ (name of the approved

organization and date of approval)
c. Objects putting into operation ____________(name of these objects, their
conformity or non-conformity by the capacity and other indicators to the
approved project)
d. In the fieled of traffic safety, labor safety, safety techniques, fire fighting
activities and other activities were impelemented following works
____________________________________ (name and features of these
works)
e. Building and erection works performed with mark of __________ (give mark
for each road bed, coverings, tubes, bridges, building, contstructions, quality of
the erected equipment, quality of the design and estimation documents) and
give marks on road in whole _________________ (excellent, good,
satisfactory)
f. During construction works made following deviations from approved project,
design drawings, building norms and rules, deviations from the maturity of
building ________________________________________________ (listing all
reasons, deviations, by whom authorized and when, decree of the acceptance
commission in this subject)
g. Current defects according to the annex No ___________________ (full list of
defects, their estimation cost, time for correction and name or organizations
obliging to correct it) and they are not disturbing for normal operation of the
automobile road _________________________ (name of the object)
h. Full estimation cost (on the approved estimation documents) _________ mln
manats
Actual expedenturies of the Customer _____________ mln manats

CONCLUSION

Building and erection works of the ___________________________

(name of the road, its part)

are performed according to the approved project, building norms and rules and
meet all requirements for acceptance into operation of all objects finished by
building which defined in the part 2 of the SNT 2.03.01-94 and SNT 3.06.03-05

DECREE OF THE STATE ACCEPTANCE COMMISION

__________________________ NAME OF THE AUTOMOBILE ROAD,

STAGE, SITE
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 193

In length of ____ km accept into operation with general mark _______ (excellent,
good, satisfactory)

Annexes of certificate:
1. List of performed works
2. List of defects and time for its correction
3. List of checking measures and tests performed for acceptance of road
4. Graphycal sheme of road with showing of performed works
5. Reports of working commissions on readiness of road for acceptance

Chairman ____________________ signature

Members ______________ signatures

Representatives of the involved organizations

__________________________________________ signature

Experts ____________________ signature

Note: This certificate can be changed taking into account of features of operation of road
and facilities on it.

CONTENT
1. General provisions
2. organisation of road-building works
3. Preparatıon works
4. Construction of a road bed
Preparation of the basis of a road bed
Working out of dredging and erection of embankments
Finishing and stretchening works
Excavations in winter conditions
Erection of a road bed on weak ground
Working out of dredging in rocky soil and a construction of embankments from big fraction
soils
Erection of a road bed on salted soils
Erection of a road bed in sandy deserts
page 194 CNT 3.06.03-05

Erection of a road bed in permafrost regions

Quality assurance of works
5. Performing of additional layers of bases and layers (cold resistance, drainage, isolating
and cappillar interrupting)
Quality assurance of works
6. Performing of bases and coverings from big fraction, sandy clay soils and waste of the
industry strengthened by inorganic and organic binding materials
Bases and coverings from soils, strengthened by inorganic binding materials
Bases and coverings from soils , strengthened by organic binding materials
Strengthening soils by inorganic binding materials at the low and negative temperature
Quality assurance of works
7. Performing of rubble, gravel , slag bases and coverings and roadways
Performing of rubble bases and coverings by wedging method
Performing of bases and coverings from sand and gravel and sand-rubble mixes
Performing rubble (gravel ) bases processed on full depth by sand-cement mix by a method
of hashing
Performing rubble (gravel ) bases. Processed on full depth by sand-cement mix by method of
impregnation (cave-in)
Features of manufacture of works on performing rubble and gravel bases and coverings at
negative temperature
Performing of roadways from chipped and stone, a stone blocks and mosaic draughts
Quality assurance of works
8. Performing of bases and coverings from rubble, gravel and the sandy materials processed
by inorganic binding materials
Preparation of a mix
Performing of bases (coverings)
Features of manufacture of works at the low and negative temperature
Quality assurance of works
9. Performing of bases and coverings from tar concrete mixes, stones and rubble mixes on a
way of impregnation by organic bindings and mixture on road
Preparation of emulsion
Performing of bases and coverings from black rubble and the mixes processed bitumen
emulsion in the amalgamator
Performing of bases and coverings on a way of impregnation
Performing of bases and coverings from rubble, gravel and the sandy mixes processed by
organic binding materials by mixture on road
Quality assurance of works
10. Performing of asphalt –concrete coverings and bases
Preparation of asphalt –concrete mixes
Application of asphalt –concrete mixes
Quality assurance of works
11. Performing of superficial processing of coverings
Performing of superficial processing with use of fractional rubble
Performing of superficial processing with use emulsion mineral mixes
Performing of superficial processing with use bitumen sludges
Quality assurance of works
12. Performing monolithic and modular cement-concrete coverings and bases
Preparation and transportation of a concrete mix
 CNT 3.06.03-05 page 195

Performing of monolithic coverings and bases

Modular ferro-concrete coverings
Quality assurance of works
13. Equipping of roads
Quality assurance of works
14. Acceptance of the performed works
Appendix 1. Recommended means of mechanisation of road-building works
Appendix 2. Obligatoery. An estimation of quality of civil and erection works at building of
highways
Appendix 3 Permissible deviations from the design sizes at taking-over of works on
performance of an road bed, the bases and coverings of the automobile roads
Appendix 4 Certificate on the covered-up works
Appendix 5. Works performing book
Appendix 6. Certificate on acceptance by the state acceptance commision of the automobile
road finished by construction (reconstruction)

The Ministry of Building and Industry of Construction Materials of Turkmenistan

Building norms of Turkmenistan
SNT 3.06.03-05 AUTOMOBILE ROADS
page 196 CNT 3.06.03-05

Developed by the Project Institution Turkmenyoltaslama at the Ministry of automobile

vechicle and automobile roads of Turkmenistan.

Head of developing group: Brozda O.G.

Responsible executors: Mirgorodskiy L.N., Chezlova A.N., technical scientific

candidate Kulm,uradov N.

Prepared for publishing by the Informational-Calculating Center at the Ministry of Building

and Industry of Construction Materials of Turkmenistan.

Technical editor  Chezlova A. N.

Signed for publishing on 09.08.2005

format 60х84 1/8 printed pages.
Number of copies 100 pieces.