“WALWAL IS LIFE”; Walwal like

there’s no tomorrow. Effectivity of

Religiosity in Preventing Student’s Vices.
 CHAPTER I
I. Introduction
The researcher choose this as their topic because they would like to see what’s the effect of
bad vices/habits to a student while they are studying and know how often a student attend church
activities.
“Dependency or Addiction” is defined as a chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized
by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences. It is considered a brain
disease because drugs change the brain they change its structure and how it works. These brain
changes can be long-lasting, and can lead to the harmful behaviors seen in people who abuse
drugs.

Background of the Study

“Wal-Wal is Life” Walwal like there’s no tomorrow. Many teenagers see lots of people

consuming various substances. They see their parents and other adults drinking alcohol,
smoking cigarettes and, sometimes, trying other substances. Moreover, a teenager’s social scene
often revolves around drinking and smoking marijuana. Sometimes friends urge one another to
have a drink or smoke pot, but it’s just as common for teens to start trying a substance because
it’s readily available and they see all their friends enjoying it. In their minds, they see drug use as
a part of the normal teenage experience.
Teens who can’t tolerate being alone, have trouble keeping themselves occupied or crave
excitement are prime candidates for substance use. Not only do alcohol and smoking give them
something to do, but those substances help fill the internal void they feel. Further, they provide a
common ground for interacting with like-minded teens, a way to instantly bond with a group of
kids.
Many shy teenagers who lack confidence report that they’ll do things under the influence of
alcohol or drugs that they might not otherwise. This is part of the appeal of alcohol even for
relatively self-confident teens; you have the courage to dance if you’re a bad dancer, or sing at
the top of your lungs even if you have a terrible voice, or kiss the girl you’re attracted to. alcohol
and other drugs tend not only to loosen your inhibitions but to alleviate social anxiety. Not only
do you have something in common with the other people around you, but there’s the mentality
that if you do anything or say anything stupid, everyone will just think you had too many drinks
or smoked too much.
Many students doesn’t prioritize their studies at all, they prefer doing their vices like
smoking, drinking liquor, and addiction in gadgets . The most common thing that they do
nowadays is drinking liquor.
This kind of vices can bring lots of emotion ups and downs for all teenagers and sometimes
for the whole family. Most of them saying that when they drink, they forget all the memories
with their ex-gf/bf. They don’t think if drinking liquor really helps them, they are just shortening
their life because of what they are doing. Instead of Studying at night most of the students holds
their cell phone and they are very addicted to it and it’s the reason why many home works,
assignments, and task are not yet done because of their vices.

II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The study aimed to know the impact of addiction among the students of Pangasinan State
University, Urdaneta City Pangasinan.

Is there any significant difference in terms of:

1.1 Age
1.2 Sex
1.3 Course/Strand
1.4 How often they are doing their vices?
1.5 Reason behind their vices?

2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a vices?

III. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study wants to identify the factors on being on a worship and the significance of it to
prevent them to do bad vices and they will do good vices. Furthermore, the researcher will try
identify the benefits that they can get in joining worships and religious activities. Furthermore to
inform them that joining worships is a good activity to motivate them to there study and not to do
bad vices.

IV. SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This research paper will intend in acquiring inquiries about religiousity in preventing student
vices. Its purposes, causes, and possible effects. Our focus are the Senior High School Students
of PSU Urdaneta Campus. We will try to make a survey to those students who are often doing
their vices with computer games, surfing in the internet, smoking, drinking liquor and other
things they used to do, also to their fellow students and their friends as well.
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

RELIGIOSITY (FOREIGN LITERATURE)

A review of the scholarship on the relationship between student religiosity and academic
performances revealed two broad streams of research based on the religion of the students in question:
a Christian perspective and an Islamic perspective. A description of studies reviewed under each
perspective is described in the subsequent paragraphs.

From the Christian perspective, all but two of the studies reviewed were empirical in nature. These
studies were based on the assumption that high levels of religiosity amongst Christian students would
lead to high levels of academic performance. An important question to ask is, "What are the bases of
this assumption?" Elms’ [6] and Anthrop-Gonzalez et al.'s [7] qualitative studies provide the answer.
Elms [6] and Anthrop-Gonzalez et al. [7] asked ten high achieving American first-year university students
and ten high achieving Latino high school students respectively to describe how their religiosity had
impacted on their academic performances. Four themes emerged from the students' descriptions, and
these provide the bases for the assumption that high levels of religiosity amongst Christians should be
positively related to high levels of academic performance: 1) God excepts them to excel in whatever
they do, 2) God's prohibition of the usual high school and college distractions such as wild partying, pre-
marital sex, drug use and excessive alcohol consumption enabled them to focus more on their academic
work, 3) God was always there to help them be successful in their academic endeavours, and 4) Belief in
God enabled them to see that education was an important part of their ultimate objective in being
spiritually successful.

The remaining Christian studies reviewed were all empirical in nature and are described in the
following paragraphs. All the studies reviewed were conducted in America, and all but two [2],[3], found
a positive correlation between students' religiosity and academic performances.

Regnerus [8] used church attendance as a proxy for high school student religiosity, and students'
average grades as a proxy for academic performance. McKune and Hoffman [9] included belief in
divinity of sacred scripture and students' perceptions of the importance of religion in their lives, in
addition to church attendance to measure the religiosity of high school students. Like Regenerus [8],
they used average student grades as a measure of academic performances. Both studies found
significant positive relationships between religiosity and academic performance.

Jeynes [10], Toldson and Anderson [1] and Butler-Barnes et al. [3] all explored the relationship
between religiosity and academic performance amongst African-American high school students. Jeynes
[10] combined students' levels of religious commitment and attendance of a religious school as a
measure of students' religiosity; Toldson and Anderson [1] and Butler-Barnes et al. [3] also used
students' levels of religious commitment as a measure of students' religiosity, but combined with it
church attendance instead of attendance of a religious school. All three studies used the students'
average grades as a measure of their academic performances. Jeynes [10] and Toldson and Anderson [1]
both found a positive relationship between the religiosity and academic performances of African-
American high school students. On the other hand, Butler-Barnes et al. [3] found that religiosity was not
related to academic performance. They gave two possible reasons for not finding the expected positive
relationship between these two variables: Firstly, they focused only on African-American males whilst
other studies included both males and females. Secondly, they used students’ self-reported average
grades instead of student performances in standardized tests.

Chadwick and Top [11] and Line [4] focused on students belonging the Christian sect of the LatterDay
Saints (LDS); Chadwick and Top [11] surveyed high school students, whist Line [4] focused on college
students. Both studies combined religious beliefs, private religious behaviour (frequency of personal
prayer), and public religious behaviour (church attendance) to measure the students' religiosity. Both
studies also utilized students' average scores to measure academic performance. The findings of both
studies were also similar, with the strongest positive correlations found between private religious
behaviour and academic performance, and the weakest correlation between students' religious beliefs
and academic performances.

Reichard's [2] study concludes this section of the review, and like Butler-Barnes et al. [3], found no
significant correlation between religiosity and academic performance amongst high school students
whose performances at an academic decathlon served as a measure of their academic performances.
The students' religiosity were determined using the Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) which
combines church attendance, frequency of prayers and importance of religion in students' lives. The
author explained that his findings prove that the expected positive relationship between Christian
religiosity and academic performance is not universal.
 Only two studies were found that explored the relationship between religiosity and academic
performance from an Islamic perspective [12],[5]. Surprisingly, both studies did not find the expected
significant positive relationship between the two variables.

Elias et al. [12] surveyed undergraduate Muslim students enrolled in a Malaysian university. The
authors developed a 24-item instrument to measure the students' religiosity, which they called the
"Islamic Religious Commitment Scale". Students' academic performances were determined using their
Cumulative Grade Point Averages (CGPA). No significant correlation was found between the two
variables. The authors did not give a possible reason for their unexpected findings. They only questioned
whether the findings were irregular or whether they represented the general Muslim student
population in Malaysia. They charged future studies to answer this question.

Taghavinia and Motavassel [5] determined the religiosity of medical students enrolled at an Iranian
university using Gluck-Stark's 26-item questionnaire which contained beliefs, emotions, religious rituals
and consequences. Students' CGPA were used to measure their academic performances. Similar to Elias
et al.'s [12] Malaysian findings, no significant correlation was found between religiosity and Muslim
students' academic performances. The authors concluded that in light of the results of their study, there
was a need for future studies to try to identify other factors associated with religiosity.

The review revealed that a vast majority of the scholarship exploring the relationship between
religiosity and academic achievement have been conducted from a Christian perspective. Additionally,
these Christian studies have all been conducted in America. This study adds to the dearth of studies
conducted from an Islamic perspective, and also provides additional value by providing knowledge
about a different society. Finally, it answers Elias et al.'s [12] call that further research be carried out
amongst the Muslim student population in Malaysia.

CIGARRETE SMOKING AND ALCOHOLISM COMPUTER ADDICTION (FOREIGN

LITERATURE)

Age certainly become an important factor for social networking sites, it supportsthe life phase
concepts. Some people get attracted to these sites and encourage other people toconnect within
families, friends, teachers and students. Social networking sites become viralmultigenerational
that even young people became attracted. MySpace nowadays has historically been a youth sit,
helped by its musical orientation and profile customizations, MySpace has beenadopted majority
by us teens, creating peer pressure for the remainder to join, in addition tolikely pool of online
friends and acquaintances connect to. An additional benefits to thiscomputer-mediated
communication to the youths was the ability to socialize online after schoolrelatively safe
atmosphere, avoiding the often (forbidden) shopping mall visits of earliergenerations. Gender is
also important; MySpace seems to support cross-gender friendshipcompared to the real world.
Boyd and Elison define social networks as web-based services thatallow the individuals to 1.)
Create a public or mid-public profile within the bounded system. 2.)Choose list of people who
used SNS’s with whom they share connection. 3.) New other list ofconnections and those made
by others within the system.
Asthma is a significant and growing public health problem in the United States, with the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimating that about 7 million children under
the age of 18 years are affected [2]. Asthma is considered the most common serious chronic
disease in children accounting for approximately 3 million visits to healthcare providers and over
200,000 hospitalizations annually [2, 3]. It is estimated that asthma affects 5% to 15% of the
pediatric population with prevalence peaking between the ages of 5–17 years [2, 4]. Further,
recent research suggests that the prevalence rates of asthma in children are on the rise; a nearly
72% increase in cases was reported between 1982 and 1994 [3, 5], making pediatric asthma the
third leading cause of hospitalizations in those under the age of 18 years.

The course of asthma may vary in the pediatric population with young children, school-age
children, and adolescents being managed and managing their asthma and related symptoms
differently. Typically younger children rely on a parent or caregiver to monitor their health
status, coordinate visits to healthcare providers, and manage medications, including rescue drugs
(inhalers, nebulizers, etc.). As children age into adolescence, expectations change such that the
monitoring and management of asthma and symptoms are increasingly taken on by the
individual adolescent or young adult. At the same time that adolescents may be assuming greater
responsibility and control for their own asthma management, they are being faced with the same
temptations and motivations that their peers face to engage in “adult-like” health-related risk
behaviors. Cigarette smoking is of particular concern as smoking is known to exacerbate asthma
and directly contradicts the basic tenets of asthma education and health promotion efforts [6–8].
 In the United States, each day approximately 6,000 adolescents, aged 12 to 18 years, try
smoking a cigarette for the first time, and 3,000 adolescents become daily smokers [9]. Most of
these individuals do so without fully understanding the health risks associated with cigarette
smoking both in the short and long term. In addition to being a well-recognized health risk to the
general population, cigarette smoking exacerbates asthma and complicates management [6, 8, 9].
Exposure to cigarette smoke is often associated with increased clinical manifestations of asthma
symptoms (e.g., wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath) and an increased need for rescue
medications and or medical management [9–11]. Almost all asthma health education materials
contain specific references to the hazards of airborne or inhaled irritants and the exacerbation of
asthma symptoms by cigarette use, second-hand smoke, wood smoke, or fumes [7, 9]. Yet,
contrary to healthcare providers’ assumptions and “common sense,” there is growing evidence
that individuals with asthma do smoke cigarettes and that their rates of cigarette smoking may be
comparable to those of peers who do not have asthma or another chronic illness [6, 12–15].

A large body of research suggests that adolescents who participate in one health-risk behavior
are more likely to engage in additional risk behaviors [9, 16, 17]. According to the CDC [9],
75% of high school students report drinking alcoholic beverages at least once. The cooccurrence
of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking documented in the general adolescent population
is now being reported among chronically ill youth [18]. The impact of alcohol consumption on
lung and airway function is dependent upon concentration, duration, and route of exposure [19].
It has been reported in the literature that prolonged and heavy exposure to alcohol may
complicate asthma management in addition to exerting direct negative effects on lung
functioning [19]. However this has not been well studied in individuals who have asthma.

Recent studies have shown that adolescents’ engagement in health-risk behaviors may be
influenced by the social pressures from peers and by their parent role models [6, 20, 21].
Specifically, children who have parents and friends who smoke cigarettes are more likely than
others to smoke themselves [20]. Adolescents who smoke cigarettes may also be influenced by
parents or guardians who do not supervise the activities of their child. Low parental monitoring
has been associated with high school students’ reports of smoking cigarettes, using other tobacco
products, drinking alcohol, and smoking marijuana [21].
CIGARRETE SMOKING, ALCOHOLISM COMPUTER ADDICTION (LOCAL
LITERATURE)

Cigarette smoking is always harmful since it is one of the primary reasons for human death,
however, smoking can be prevented. In the Philippines, there are dearth of studies conducted that
deal with cigarette smoking and anxiety among college students. The main purpose of the study
is to find out the cigarette-smoking behavior among college students and its correlates to anxiety.
The researcher used of questionnaires, standardized test and interviews to gather data. Likewise,
descriptive-correlational method, purposive sampling and SPSS were utilized. Out of 1,866
freshman students surveyed in Isabela State University Main Campus, Philippines, 286 were
current smokers. Findings revealed that most of the participants are in their adolescence stage,
male dominated, received minimal allowance, have parents with high educational attainment,
and their parents’ jobs require physical labor. Results showed that peer, familial, mass media,
environmental factors respectively except for the teacher factor had considerable impact on the
smoking behavior of the participants. Findings indicated that most of the smokers have a high
level of anxiety. Anxiety is significantly related to the developmental stage when one started
smoking and sticks he/she consumed per day. An intervention program aimed at reducing
anxiety and cigarette smoking among students need further research.

Smoking and drinking share many detrimental effects, some of which operate synergistically.
Over 90% of alcoholic inpatients are smokers, with similar findings regarding outpatients. In the
general population, the relationship between smoking and drinking appears positive but modest.
Nicotine appears to facilitate ethanol consumption and vice versa. While ample theoretical
viewpoints exist to explain the covariance of alcohol and cigarette consumption, conclusive data
supporting one or another of these views are lacking. The assumption that alcoholics should be
discouraged from quitting smoking as well as drinking is without empirical basis. Research
should ascertain whether problem drinkers with greater positive association between alcohol and
smoking benefit differentially from quitting both.

Social networks gave a big help to everyone, especially among the students businessman and
other members of the society. Social networks has different features that may enjoy by
the people all around the world, what the problem is, people loses their self-control in using
them.
 Facebook is the most popular social networking site today wherein people may share and
upload videos, pictures, messages and chat. Twitter is also famous to every people nowadays
wherein people can share their feelings, thoughts and ideas. Through twitter, they can easily be
connected to their favorite celebrities and they can also be updated on what is trend all around
the world. Aside from these two, Tumbler, MySpace, and Bing also became a raging craze to
everyone.

Social networking communities will definitely stay due to its millions of users. In addition,
students today stay on these accessibilities of information they may get in social networks. Social
network may help them in giving knowledge in thesis and journals but still negative effects of
this still overweighs especially about losing their self-control.

Social networks bring a big benefit about communication because through this we caneasily
communicate our loved ones despite of the geographic distance. Social network may alsohelp
celebrities to be more contact to their fans because through these sites they can easily postwhat
are the recent happenings about them. Through social networks we can be updated in every
happening not just in celebrities but also the recent updates to our country and also in the whole
world.

Social networking sites can be a good way to make connections with people who hassimilar
interests and goals. Communication is one of the main things why social networking
had been viral. Social networking sites are the huge place to gather information on what is
trending nowadays. Trending topics regards celebrities, politics, sciences, technologies,
discoveries and amazing facts.

Businessmen have noticed also the value of social networks in our life that’s why theyused it
to promote their products. Social marketing was often used at the present time due to people used
social networks frequently.

Social networks is not always good for us because other people use it inappropriate way
wherein some people are posting pornographies sites and nude photos that frequently students
may see.
 Many studies have shown that the extensive use of social networks can actually cause
addiction to the users. Students tend to focus on cyber games that block the focus on their
studies. A person gets lazy of works due to over usage of social networking sites and online
games.

COMPUTER ADDICTION, CIGARRETE SMOKING, AND ALCOHOLISM (LOCAL

STUDIES)

A recent survey conducted by the Demographic Research & Development Foundation and the
University of Philippines Population Institute, found that current drug use, drinking alcohol and
smoking among young Filipinos aged 15 to 24 have dropped.

The survey showed that young Filipinos who are "current smokers" declined from 20.9% in 2002
to 19.7% in 2013. The same survey also found that young Filipinos who engage in alcohol and
drug use dropped 4% and 7% from 2002, respectively.

"Perhaps smoking, drinking and drug use have become too expensive for them, the youth has
found other vices, or they are just getting more responsible," said survey director Dr. Nimfa
Ogena.

Or maybe they have turned to junk food instead.

The same study showed that majority of young Filipinos include instant noodles, grilled street
food, chips and carbonated drinks in their weekly diet.

Of the 19,000 polled, 68% reported that they consume carbonated drinks at least once a week,
with more than half of the respondents admitting that they include instant noodles, chips and
grilled street food in their diet.

Despite this, young Filipinos still consider themselves generally healthy with 16% giving
themselves "very healthy" self-assessments and 26% saying they are "healthier than average."
 Research suggests that excessive online gaming may lead to symptoms commonly experienced by
substance addicts. Since games are particularly appealing to children and adolescents, these individuals
may be more at risk than other groups of developing gaming addiction. Given these potential concerns,
a literature review was undertaken in order (i) to present the classification basis of online gaming
addiction using official mental disorder frameworks, (ii) to identify empirical studies that assess online
gaming addiction in children and adolescents, and (iii) to present and evaluate the findings against the
background of related and established mental disorder criteria. Empirical evidence comprising 30
studies indicates that for some adolescents, gaming addiction exists and that as the addiction develops,
online gaming addicts spend increasing amounts of time preparing for, organizing, and actually gaming.
Evidence suggests that problematic online gaming can be conceptualized as a behavioral addiction
rather than a disorder of impulse control.

SYNTHESIS OF THE REVIEWED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

The social developmental Theory developed by Hawkins and Weis, (2002),suggests that
individuals develop bonds to groups and organizations when they experience opportunities for
involvement, possess necessary skills for involvement, and receive positive feedback regarding
their involvement. Once an individual bonds to a context they are more likely to behave
according to the group’s norms and beliefs. The Social Development Model highlights the steps
to developing programs that promote bonding and positive behavior development. The following
research to practice points provides specific programming guidelines. Youth will tend to form
groups that engage in similar activities, those using drugs will be able to identify with each other
since they are more comfortable with the same group hence the influence will be equal in the
entire group. Hawkins and Weis (2002) proposes that drug use and deviant behaviors emerge
from interactions with the primary socialization sources--the family, the school, and peer
clusters. The theory further postulates that the individual's personal characteristics and
personality traits do not directly relate to drug use and deviance, but, in nearly all cases,
influence those outcomes only when they affect the interactions between the individual and the
primary socialization sources.

CONCEPTAUL FRAMEWORK

Alcoholism
Attending Church

Effect of Attending
Marijuana Use
Church activities in
preventing vices

Church Activities
Computer Addiction

Smoking
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
J. D. Reichard, “Individual Religious Commitment and Interdisciplinary Academic
Achievement: Student Religiosity as a Factor in a National Academic Competition,” Christian
Perspectives in Education, vol/issue: 4(2), pp. 1-24, 2011.

Helena Florendo,(2013) Cigarette-smoking Behavior Correlates with High Anxiety Among

University Students
- https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=2662

Thomas H. Bien & Roann Burge (2009) Smoking and Drinking: A Review of the
Literature, International Journal of the Addictions, 25:12, 1429-
1454, DOI: 10.3109/10826089009056229

Dowdell -Elizabeth Burgess-Posner -Michael A.-Hutchinson -M. Katherine – (2006) Cigarette

Smoking and Alcohol Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults with Asthma
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/nrp/2011/503201/

ABS-CBN(2014)Drinking, Smoking Down Among Young Pinoys

http://news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/02/06/14/drinking-smoking-down-among-young-pinoys

Leigh Angela,(2009) Computer Addiction

https://www.academia.edu/7877190/CHAPTER_2_REVIEW_OF_RELATED_LITERATURE?
auto=download

Roxannie,(2009) Computer Addiction

https://www.academia.edu/8331805/CHAPTER_II_REVIEW_OF_RELATED_LITERATURE_
AND_STUDIES

Claudine Aguiatan,(2014) Vices: Causes And Effects Among High School Students
- https://prezi.com/9lth_dcphwe_/vices-causes-and-effects-among-high-school-students/

J Hawkins-J Weis, The Social Development Theory: An Integrated Approach To Delinquency

Prevention.
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24271382

Online gaming addiction in children and adolescents: A review of empirical research. Available
from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232708784_Online_gaming_addiction_in_children_an
d_adolescents_A_review_of_empirical_research [accessed Mar 21 2018].
 METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology of the study which includes the research design,
respondents of the study, research instrument, data collection procedure, and analysis of data.

Research Design

Descriptive method will be used to search evidences concerning the present situation of
the data. According to Bascos and Baribal (2011), descriptive research involves collection of
data in order to test hypothesis or to answer questions concerning the current status of the subject
of the study.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study are the Senior High School students of Pangasinan State
University – Urdaneta City Campus under School Year 2017 – 2018 (2nd Semester). The
researchers will use complete enumeration survey.

Data Collection Instrument

The researchers will use questionnaire to measure the effectiveness of attending church
activities in preventing the student’s vices. The first part aims to gather data about the socio-
demographic profile of the students and what vices they’re doing. The second part is a survey on
how often they are attending church activities and how often they are doing their vices. The
researchers adopted various test questionnaires on the subject of this study from books and
internet sources in the construction of their questionnaire and consulted their adviser for its
validation.

Data Collection Procedure

Before the administration of the questionnaires, the researchers will seek the permission
of the Principal of Senior High School Department to conduct the study.

The researchers will ask the permission of the subject instructor and will administer the
test personally. The accomplished questionnaires will be collected for the tabulation and
interpretation of gathered data. The results of the test will be kept confidential by the researchers.
Analysis of Data

The gathered data will be subjected to statistical analysis in order to answer specific
problems.

To answer problem number 1 on what are the advantages and disadvantages of having
vices.

To answer problem number 2 if attending church activities are effective nowadays.

To answer problem number 3 if attending church activities really help to prevent

student’s vices