A Report File

of

Information Technology

For Management

MBA – 107

Submitted By: Submitted To:

Yatin Baghla Mr. Amanpartap Singh Pall

Roll No. 171147

MBA-1(A)

Apeejay Institute of Management Technical Campus (Batch 2017-19)

Jalandhar
 Table of Contents

S. No. Topic Page Remarks

1 What is Computer? 3
1.1 introduction 3
1.2 meaning 4
2 Block diagram of computer 5
3 What is the different generation 6
of computer?
3.1 first generation (1942-54) 6
3.2 second generation (1952-64) 8
3.3 third generation (1964-72) 9
3-4 fourth generation (1972-90) 10
3-5 fifth generation (1990) 12
4 What are the five input devices 13
of computer?
5 What are the five output devices 20
of computer?
6 references 25
1. WHAT IS COMPUTER?

1.1 Introduction

Computers were a class of microcomputers entering the market in 1977, and becoming common
during the 1980s. They were marketed to consumers as affordable and accessible computers that,
for the first time, were intended for the use of a single nontechnical user. These computers were
a distinct market segment that typically cost much less than business, scientific or engineering-
oriented computers of the time such as the IBM PC, and were generally less powerful in terms
of memory and expandability. However, a home computer often had better graphics and sound
than contemporary business computers. Their most common uses were playing video games, but
they were also regularly used for word processing, doing homework, and programming.

Home computers were usually not electronic kits; home computers were sold already
manufactured in stylish metal or plastic enclosures. There were, however, commercial kits like
the Sinclair ZX80 which were both home and home-built computers since the purchaser could
assemble the unit from a kit.

Advertisements in the popular press for early home computers were rife with possibilities for
their practical use in the home, from cataloging recipes to personal finance to home
automation, but these were seldom realized in practice. For example, using a typical 1980s home
computer as a home automation appliance would require the computer to be kept powered on at
all times and dedicated to this task. Personal finance and database use required tedious data
entry.

By contrast, advertisements in the specialty computer press often simply listed specifications. If
no packaged software was available for a particular application, the home computer user could
program one—provided they had invested the requisite hours to learn computer programming, as
well as the idiosyncrasies of their system. Since most systems shipped with the programming
language included on the system ROM, it was easy for users to get started creating their own
simple applications. Many users found programming to be a fun and rewarding experience, and
an excellent introduction to the world of digital technology.
The line between 'business' and 'home' computer market segments blurred or vanished
completely once IBM PC compatibles became commonly used in the home, since now both
categories of computers typically use the same processor architectures, peripherals, operating
systems, and applications. Often the only difference may be the sales outlet through which they
are purchased. Another change from the home computer era is that the once-common endeavour
of writing one's own software programs has almost vanished from home computer use.

1.2meaning

A computer is a multipurpose electronic device that can receive, process and store data. They are
used as tools in every part of society together with the Internet. Computers nowadays are
complex; there are a lot of different components inside them, and they all serve different
purposes. They all need to work together for the computer to work; knowing how a computer
works makes it easier to use a computer by being able to understand how a computer will
respond.

A computer is an electronic device that takes input such as numbers, text, sound, image,
animations, video, etc., processes it, and converts it into meaningful information that could be
understood, presenting the changed input (processed input) as output. All numbers, text, sound,
images, animations, and video used as input are called data, and all numbers, text, sound, images,
animations, and video returned as output are called information. Input is the raw data entered
into the computer by using input devices. OR. Computer Is an electronic machine/device which
can input data, process them according to the instruction given and then give out the meaningful
information.

a. The data consists of numbers, text, sound, images, animations, and video.
b. The process converts numbers, text, sound, images, animations, and video (data) into
usable data, which is called information.
c. The information consists of numbers, text, sound, images, animations, and video that has
been converted by the process.
d. The data is inserted using an input device.
e. The central processing unit (CPU) converts data to information.
 f. The information is put on an output device.

A storage device is an apparatus for storing data and information. A basic computer consists of 4
components: an input device , a CPU, output devices, and memory.

g. One of the most common input devices is the keyboard, used to enter text.

2. Block Diagram of Computer

Fig 1 Block Diagram of Computer

Source: http://computerlearnfree.blogspot.in/2013/04/block-diagram-of-computer-and-explain.html
3. Generations of Computers:

First Generation: Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956)

The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were
often enormous, taking up entire rooms. These computers were very expensive to operate and in
addition to using a great deal of electricity, the first computers generated a lot of heat, which was
often the cause of malfunctions.
First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language
understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a
time. It would take operators days or even weeks to set-up a new problem. Input was based on
punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.
a. The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing
devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client,
the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.
b. They were extremely large and occupied a very large space.
c. They used vacuum tubes as memory device.
d. They were very expensive and consumed a lot of electrical power.
e. The operating speed was measured in milliseconds.
f. These computers had low level of accuracy and reliability.
g. Storage capacity was too small only 1 to 4Kb.
h. They used machine level programming language.

The examples are- UNIVAC, ENIAC, EDSAC and EDVAC.

 Fig 2 First Generation Computer
Source: http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Hardware_Software/FiveGenerations.asp

Second Generation: Transistors (1956-1963)

The world would see transistors replace vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers.
The transistor was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers
until the late 1950s.
The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller,
faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors.
Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage,
it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on
punched cards for input and printouts for output.

From Binary to Assembly

Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic,
or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level
programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions
of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in
their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry.
 a. These computers used transistor.
b. They were smaller, faster and cheaper than first generation of computer.
c. They consumed less electrical power than first generation.
d. The operating speed was measured in microseconds.
e. They were more reliable and accurate than the first generation computers.
f. They could understand high level language such as COBOL.
g. Magnetic tapes were used as secondary storage media.

The examples are – IBM 1620, IBM 1401, and CDC 3600.

Fig 3 Second Generation Computer

Source: https://www.kullabs.com/classes/subjects/units/lessons/notes/note-detail/3358
Third Generation: Integrated Circuits (1964-1971)
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.
Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which
drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers
through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the
device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the
memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were
smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.
An integrated circuit (IC) is a small electronic device made out of a semiconductor material. The
first integrated circuit was developed in the 1950s by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments and
Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor.

a. These computers used integrated circuits.

b. They were small, efficient and reliable.
c. Operating systems were developed.
d. Monitors and keyboards were introduced for input and output of data.
e. Magnetic disks were used for secondary storage.
f. The operating speed was measured in nano seconds.
g. They could understand large number of high level languages.

The examples are – IBM 360, ICL -1900, and IBM 370 etc.
 Fig 4 Third Generation Computer
Source: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_third_generation.htm

Fourth Generation: Microprocessors (1971-Present)

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated
circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room
could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the
components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output
controls—on a single chip.
In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the
Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many
areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.
As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form
networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers
also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

a. These computers use LSI and VLSI technologies.

b. Its sizes were reduced to desktop and laptop computer.
c. These computers are highly reliable and accurate.
 d. They have a large memory and high functional speed.
e. The operating speed is measured in beyond picoseconds and MIPS (Million of instruction
per second)
f. Magnetic disk is the common source of external storage.
g. Multiprocessing and multiprogramming OS (operating system) are used.
h. 4GL are also used.

The examples are – IBM PC, Apple/Macintosh, 8086, 80286 SX, 80386 SX etc.

Fig 5 Fourth Generation Computer

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/MukulKumar19/computer-generations-46169507
Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond)
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development,
though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use
of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a
reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face
of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

a. The speed will be extremely high in fifth generation computer.

b. These computers will be using Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) technology.
c. The goal of fifth generation computers is to develop machines that will be able to think
and take decisions.
d. It can perform large number of parallel processing.
e. Biochips and Gallium Arsenide (GaAS) will be used as memory devices.
f. Large uses of natural language processing and user friendly.
g. Able to make decisions like human beings.

Fig 6 Fifth Generation Computer

Source: http://dilshodzaripov.weebly.com/timeline-of-computers.html
What is Input Devices?

An input device is any hardware device that sends data to a computer, allowing you to interact
with and control the computer.

The most commonly used or primary input devices on a computer are the keyboard and mouse.
However, there are dozens of other devices that can also be used to input data into the computer.
Below is a list of computer input devices that can be utilized with a computer or a computing
device.

4. Types of input devices:

Keyboard

A computer keyboard is one of the primary input devices used with a computer that looks similar
to those found on electric typewriters, but with some additional keys. Keyboards allow you to
input letters, numbers, and other symbols into a computer that can serve as commands or be used
to type text.

Fig 7 Keyboard
Mouse

A computer mouse is a handheld hardware input device that controls a cursor in a GUI and can
move and select text, icons, files, and folders. For desktop computers, the mouse is placed on a
flat surface such as a mouse pad or a desk and is placed in front of your computer. The picture to
the right is an example of a desktop computer mouse with two buttons and a wheel.

Fig 8 Mouse

Source: http://www.logitech.com/en-ca/product/mouse-m100

Microphone

Sometimes abbreviated as mic, a microphone is a hardware peripheral originally invented

by Emile Berliner in 1877 that allows computer users to input audio into their computers. The
picture is an example of Blue Microphones Yeti USB Microphone - Silver Edition and an
example of a high-quality computer microphone.
 Fig 9 Microphone

Source: http://www.hmv.com.hk/goods/1002408.html
Joystick

Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor position on a monitor screen.
It is a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball
moves in a socket. The joystick can be moved in all four directions.

The function of the joystick is similar to that of a mouse. It is mainly used in Computer Aided
Designing (CAD) and playing computer games.

Fig 10 Joystick

Source: https://forums.warframe.com/topic/237956-warframe-on-a-joystick/
Light Pen

Light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen. It is used to select a displayed menu item or draw
pictures on the monitor screen. It consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small
tube. This is a pen like device with a light sensor at its writing tips. It receives information from
the screen and feed it back into the computer memory.

When the tip of a light pen is moved over the monitor screen and the pen button is pressed, its
photocell sensing element detects the screen location and sends the corresponding signal to the
CPU.

Fig 11 Light Pen

Source: http://penalysis.com/computer-hardware/
Scanner

A scanner is a device that captures images from photographic prints, posters, magazine pages,
and similar sources for computer editing and display. Scanners come in hand-held, feed-in, and
flatbed types and for scanning black-and-white only, or color.

Very high resolution scanners are used for scanning for high resolution printing, but lower
resolution scanners are adequate for capturing images for computer display. Scanners usually
come with software, such as adobe photoshop product, that lets you resize and otherwise modify
a captured image.

Fig 12 Scanner

Source: http://pngimg.com/img/electronics/scanner
Output Devices

An output device is any device used to send data from a computer to another device or user.
Most computer data output that is meant for humans is in the form of audio or video. Thus,
most output devices used by humans are in these categories. Examples include monitors,
projectors, speakers, headphones and printers.

Monitors

The display is how you see the output of the computer. The display is the external monitor on a
desktop or the attached monitor on a laptop. Although displays used to be made with cathode-ray
tubes (CRT), flat-screen panels have replaced that technology. Flat-screen liquid-crystal display
(LCD) monitors are lighter and have better display quality than older CRT monitors.

Fig 13 LCD Monitor

Source: https://www.quietpc.com/trimon
Printer

A printer is a device that prints output to a page. Printers come in colour or simply black and
white. Inkjet and laser printers are the most common home devices. Most businesses have laser
printers since the quality is better and the output is faster. Printers can be connected to the
computer or networked using a print server.

Fig 14 Printer

Source: http://www.computershopper.com/printers/reviews/brother-mfc-7460dn
Speakers

Speakers are attached to computers for the output of sound. Sound cards are required in the
computer for speakers to function. Speakers range from simple, two-speaker output devices to
surround-sound multi-channel units.

Fig 15 Speakers

Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/548876273306106647/
DVD or CD-ROM

A DVD or CD-ROM is a media device on which the user can write data and information. DVDs
have replaced CD-ROMs since they hold more information than legacy discs. DVDs are
normally used as storage backups to save documents and applications in case of a hard drive
failure. They are also used to create installation discs for software development.

Fig 16 DVD Rom

Source: http://ixbtlabs.com/articles2/dvd/dvd-sony1611-test.html
Headsets

Headsets are a combination of speakers and microphone. A headset is used mostly by gamers,
but it is also great tool for communicating with family or friends over the Internet using VOIP
software.

Fig 17 Headset

Source: http://thewirecutter.com/reviews/best-gaming-headset/
Projector

A projector is a device that uses light and lenses to take an image and project a magnified image
onto a larger screen or wall. Projectors can magnify still or moving images depending on how
they are built. The image must be shone through a sealed tube or frame when passing through the
lenses to maintain focus.

Fig 18 Projector

Source: http://www.technocare.co.in/projectors
 References

Web Links

a. www.tutorial.com
b. www.technocare.co.in
c. www.computerhope.com
d. www.webopedia.com
e. https://en.wikipedia.org
f. www.computerworld.com

Books

a. Sinha P.K., Computer Fundamentals, BPB Publishers

b. Turban, Rainer & Potter, Introduction to Information Technology, John Wiley & Sons
c. Roger Jennings, Microsoft Access 2010, Pearson Education
d. A.K. Saini & Pradeep Kumar, Computer Applications in Management, Anmol
Publications