Editedn Cauliflower

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY-PHILIPPINES
College of Nursing and Allied Medical Sciences
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
INTRODUCTION
Culture media contains nutrients and physical growth parameters necessary for
microbial growth. It could be a solid or liquid preparation for the growth, transport and
storage of microorganism. It is important for most microbiological tests to obtain pure
cultures, to grow and count microbial cells, and to cultivate and select microorganisms.
Differential culture medium contain compounds that allow groups of microorganisms to
be visually distinguished by the appearance of the colony or the surrounding media.
Selective media contain ingredients that inhibit the growth of some organisms but allow
others to grow.
Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) as a selective, differential and indicator medium used to
isolate and identify Staphylococcus aureus from the clinical specimen. Its purpose is to see
if the microbe can ferment the carbohydrate mannitol as a carbon source. This is a medium
that is composed of Peptone, as the source of Nitrogen, Vitamin and Carbon, Phenol Red,
as the indicator for organisms that can ferment Mannitol which is the major and differential
ingredients of MSA and lastly the Sodium Chloride which is 7.5% concentration can inhibit
the other organism that cannot tolerate the high saline levels.
Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium that is found on the skin and
in the nasal passages of about a quarter of humans. It is a facultative anaerobe, meaning it
1
can produce energy either in the presence or absence of oxygen. The bacteria tend to infect
the skin often causing abscesses. However, the bacteria can travel through the bloodstream
and infect almost any site in the body, particularly heart valves and bones. As a Laboratory
Testing, this bacteria is isolated in the mannitol salt agar, with a presence of Growth and
Yellow Medium that indicates S. aureus a Mannitol Fermenter.
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis also known as Cauliflower is a flower that is also a
good source of protein and vitamins and mineral to humans. Since Brassica oleracea var.
botrytis is generally accepted that its extracts contain a variety of components, such as
polysaccharides (i.e. cellulose), proteins, some lectins and polyphenols (e.g. mannitol).
Mannitol Salt Agar and Cauliflower found to have something in common that allows
bacterial growth and differentiate Staphylococcus aureus to other bacteria. This research’
study aims to produce a differential culture medium from the Brassica oleracea var.
botrytis for the growth of Staphylococcus aureus.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study generally aimed to test or determine the effectiveness of Cauliflower as
substitute ingredient for Mannitol in Mannitol Salt Agar to differentiate Staphylococcus
aureus to other Gram Positive bacteria.
The specific problems were:
1. Does the use of Cauliflower as Mannitol in MSA provide a more effective
differential culture medium for growing Staphylococcus aureus than Mannitol Salt
Agar?
2
2. Does Staphylococcus aureus grows faster in MSA substituted by Cauliflower than
in the commercially prepared MSA? Commented [s1]: CHANGE!
STATEMENT OF HYPHOTHESES
The following hypotheses were stated in null form
1. The use of Cauliflower as a substitute mannitol in Mannitol Salt agar does not
provide a more effective differential culture medium for growing Staphylococcus
aureus than in Mannitol Salt Agar.
2. The Staphylococcus aureus does not grow faster in MSA substituted by
Cauliflower than in the commercially prepared MSA.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
In this study, the researcher will be able to produce a substitute Mannitol for
differentiating Staphylococcus aureus from other Gram Positive bacteria.
The result will be focused on the following benefits:
FOR THE RESEARCHERS, they will be able to enhance their observing skills in terms
of experimental research design and in discovering new culture medium that can provide
nutrient and differentiate Staphylococcus aureus from other Gram positive bacteria.
FOR THE FUTURE RESEARCHERS, they can use this study as a guide in pursuing a
deeper study.
FOR THE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY STUDENTS, they will be knowledgeable
about the capability of fruits and vegetables to provide nutrient and differentiate
microorganisms.
3
FOR REGISTERED MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST, they will be able to increase their
knowledge in making a substitution culture medium that are used to differentiate different
types of microbes.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus is a catalase positive, gram positive coccus usually arranged
in clusters. In laboratory, Staphylococcus can be differentiated with other species by
coagulase test: S. aureus is coagulate – positive. It is a major cause of skin, soft tissue,
respiratory bone, joint, endovascular and wound infection. Growth of bacterial cultures
is an increase in number of bacteria in a population occurs in a geometric or exponential
manner: with each division cycle (generation), one cell gives rise to 2 cells, 4 cells then
8 cells, then 16 and 32 and so forth. There is a required time for the incubation. (Cauz,
2014). Staphylococcus aureus, sometimes called golden staph is a common bacterium
that lives on skin or in the nose. It can cause a range of mild to severe infections and
may cause death. Some strains are resistant to antibiotics. Hospital patients are more
likely to be infected by Staphylococcus aureus because of surgical or by wounds. In
most situations, Staphylococcus aureus is harmless. However if it enters the body
through a cut in skin, it may cause death. (JSM Briones, RPM Castro, JM Ellazar,
MPAD Liwag, & GH Mangulabnan, 2015)
According to the CDC, Food safety, Staphylococcus aureus is a type of bacteria
commonly found on the skin and hair as well as in the noses and throats of people and
animals. These bacteria are present in up to 25 percent of healthy people and are even
4
more common among those with skin, eye, nose, or throat infections. Staphylococcus
can cause food poisoning when a food handler contaminates food and then the food is
not properly refrigerated. Other sources of food contamination include the equipment
and surfaces on which food is prepared. These bacteria multiply quickly at room
temperature to produce a toxin that causes illness. Staphylococcus is killed by cooking
and pasteurization.
Staphylococcus aureus infections are more frequent than those by other
bacteria, particularly in setting with high HIV/AIDS prevalence. This warrants correct
identification of the isolates to achieve better treatment outcomes. (2010, D.P. Kateete,
C.N. Kimani, F.A. Katabazi) Toxin-mediated diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus
include scalded skin syndrome, food poisoning, and toxic shock syndrome. (McPherson &
Pincus, 2011). , Staphylococcus aureus is harmless. However if it enters the body through
a cut in skin, it may cause death. (2015, JSM Briones, RPM Castro, JM Ellazar, MPAD
Liwag, & GH Mangulabnan). Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causes a variety of
infections, ranging from a mild skin infection to blood stream infections and deep seated
infections. As Stapylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) has the tendency to cause
endovascular and metastatic infections, complications can occur at almost all sites of the
body. (Ortega,E.,Abriouel,H., Lucas, R., Galvez A. 2010, August)
In another past studies it is also stated that Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause
of bacteremia, and S. aureus bacteremia is associated with higher morbidity and
mortality, compared with bacteremia caused by other pathogens. The burden of S. aureus
bacteremia, particularly methicillin-resistant S. aureus bacteremia, in terms of cost and
resource use is high. The risk of infective endocarditis and of seeding to other metastatic
5
foci increases the risk of mortality and raises the stakes for early, appropriate treatment.
The incidence of S. aureus bacteremia and its complications has increased sharply in
recent years because of the increased frequency of invasive procedures, increased
numbers of immunocompromised patients, and increased resistance of S. aureus strains to
available antibiotics. This changing epidemiology of S. aureus bacteremia, in
combination with the inherent virulence of the pathogen, is driving an urgent need for
improved strategies and better antibiotics to prevent and treat S. aureus bacteremia and its
complications. (Naber,C.K. 2009, May)
Staphylococcus epidermidis
During the last decade, S. epidermidis has emerged as an important opportunistic
pathogen frequently causing infections linked to medical devices such as intravascular
catheters, ventricular shunts, prosthetic heart valves, artificial lenses and orthopedic
implants. The infection starts with adherence of S. epidermidis to the biomaterial,
followed by colonization of the device surface and formation of a biofilm. Thus, the
ability of S. epidermidis to switch from a harmless commensal to an opportunistic
pathogen, which is closely linked to its capacity to form a biofilm, increases its clinical
importance. (Expert Rev Vaccines, 2012)
Staphylococcus epidermidis is nowadays regarded as the most frequent cause of
nosocomial infections and indwelling medical device-associated infections. One of the
features that contributes to the success of this microorganism and which is elemental
to the onset of pathogenesis is its ability to form biofilms. Cells in this mode of growth
are inherently more resistant to antimicrobials. Seeking to treat staphylococcal-related
infections and to prevent their side effects, such as the significant morbidity and health
6
care costs, many efforts are being made to develop of new and effective
antistaphylococcal drugs. (F.Gomes, P.Teixeira & R. Oliveira, 2013)
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) constitute an indigenous part of the
microbiota of human and animal skin and mucosa. Over a period of several decades,
CoNS and particularly Staphylococcus epidermidis have evolved as important
opportunistic pathogens, primarily causing health care-associated infections in patients
with indwelling medical devices. These infections were previously predominantly
regarded as being of endogenous origin, but considerable evidence has been
accumulated confirming that nosocomial genotypes of S. epidermidis colonize patients
and health care personnel and cause a substantial proportion of health care-associated
infections. S. epidermidis is currently the main pathogen in catheter-related
bloodstream infections and early-onset neonatal sepsis and is also a frequent cause of
prosthetic joint infections, prosthetic valve endocarditis, and other biomedical device-
related infections. (K.C. Caroll, 2016)
Mannitol Salt Agar
Differential media contain compounds that allow groups of microorganisms
to be usually distinguished by the appearance of the colony or the surrounding
media, usually on the basis of some biochemical difference between the two groups.
(Dr. C. Arvidson, 2010)
Mannitol Salt is a selective bacterial growth medium because it has a very
high concentration of NaCl (7.5%). Most bacteria cannot survive in this highly
saline, hypertonic environment. But the genus Staphylococcus has a protective
7
slime layer that protects it in a harsh, salty environment. So Staph grow well in
this media. This growing medium is also differential because it contains a dye that
identifies types of Staphylococcus that produce an organic acids from
mannitol fermentation (eating mannitol, a type of alcohol). The bacterial waste
products generated, organic acid metabolites, change the pH indicator in MSA
from red to bright yellow. Pathogenic Staph, such as Staphylococcus aureus, are
mannitol fermenters, and when growing on Mannitol Salt Agar, their wastes turn
the MSA a bright yellow color. By contrast, nonpathogenic Staph such
as Staphylococcus epidermidis (a.k.a. Staph epi), the normal flora that grows on
human skin, does not ferment mannitol. When Staph epi grows on Mannitol Salt,
the naturally orange-pink color of the agar doesn’t change, since S.
epidermidis doesn’t eat mannitol or produce the resulting organic acid wastes.
(Science Prof Online, 2016) Mannitol salt agar (MSA), a medium generally used
in human medicine for differentiating Staphylococcus aureus from coagulase-
negative staphylococci (CNS), for culturing bovine-associated CNS species.
According to the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. 2008 Incubate plates at
35 ± 2°C in an aerobic atmosphere. Examine plates after 18 to 24 and 48 h for growth,
colony size, pigmentation and selectivity. Typical reactions are as follows: Strains
Growth results Staphylococcus aureus Medium-sized yellow colonies, Staphylococcus
epidermidis ATCC 12228 Small to medium-sized white colonies, medium red.
Based on the research done by Bereda, T.W., Emerie, Y., Mekonnen, R.,
Melese, A.A., Henok , S. (March 2016) Staphylocccus spp. are incubated
and observed at 12 and 48 hours with a temperature of 32°C.
8
Mannitol
Mannitol is added to a wide variety of processed products (simply check the
packaging of your shopping for ‘mannitol’ or food additive number e421 – (Food
Standards Agency, 2014). On top of this, Mannitol is naturally occurring. Cauliflower,
for example, contains 3 grams of Mannitol per every 100 grams of weight. We are all
consuming it on a daily basis. (Simon, 2016) Mannitol naturally occurs in high levels
in a range of fruit and vegetables like watermelon, clingstone peaches, button
mushrooms, cauliflower, celery, snow peas, butternut squash and sweet potato
(Monash University App, 2016; Muir et al., 2009). According to Canada NewsWire
Press Release, Mannitol has a long history of safe consumption in many products
commonly used and consumed by pregnant women, including folic acid supplements,
vitamins, candy and baked goods. Mannitol also occurs naturally in many foods,
including cauliflower, mushrooms, snow peas, and peaches. The amount of mannitol
used as a non-medicinal ingredient in medications is extremely small—usually less
than 0.25 grams. The amounts of mannitol found naturally in foods are much higher.
For example: cauliflower has about 2.6 grams of mannitol per 100 grams; mushrooms
have about 2.6 grams of mannitol per 100 grams; snow peas have about 1.2 grams of
mannitol per 100 grams; peaches have about 0.5 grams of mannitol per 100 grams.
Cauliflower contains a type of sugar-alcohol, or polyol, called mannitol.
The mannitol is poorly absorbed in many people diagnosed with IBS and avoiding
foods containing mannitol can help alleviate the symptoms. (2017, A. Jacob)
Cauliflower
9
Cauliflower is a member of the cruciferous vegetable or brassicaceae
family-along with broccoli, cabbage, kale, brussels, sprouts and some other less common
varieties.
Recent studies suggest that cruciferous vegetables are an excellent source
of natural antioxidants due to their high levels of various phytochemicals, as well as good
suppliers of essential vitamins, carotenoids, fiber, soluble sugars, minerals, and phrenolic
compounds. In fact, its believe that brassica vegetables are the largest source of phenolic
compounds in the human diet. (Dr.Axe,J. 2015)
Plants as Alternative Medium
According to a research, a vegetable waste was used to formulate a cost
effective media. Media with minimal ingredient was formulated. The growth of different
microorganism was comparable with regular media. (2015, Dr. C. Berde and Dr. V. Berde)
Cassava starch has been used successfully in plant tissue culture media, and
its potential and culturing fungi was evaluated for cost reduction since agar is expensive.
Cassava starch showed some level of gelling ability. The cassava starch alone cannot be
use for culture media unless blended with some amount of agar. (2012, C.K. Kwoseh)
A past study of Ravathie Arulanantham et.al., 2012, uses a legume seeds
that have found to have a good protein source for nutritional purposes. Different protein
source is also use in the study for growing a bacteria such as E.Coli, Bacillus sp., Klebsiella
sp., Staphylococcus sp., and Pseudomonas sp.
10
11
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Control
Positive:
MSA Staphylococcus Growth of bacteria
aureus
Negative:
Staphylococcus epidermis
Experimental group
Cauliflower Agar
Effectiveness of
Cauliflower as substitute
to Mannitol MSA
12
Chapter 2
METHODS AND PROCEDURES
This section deals with the procedures and methods of research to be apply in this
study. The manner how the study is designed and executed are also presented.
Research Design
The design used in this study is Experimental Research Method. In the experiment
only the post test is measured.
 CONTROL GROUP: Mannitol Salt Agar (Y)
 EXPERIMENTAL GROUP: Cauliflower Agar (x)
GROUP A: Staphylococcus aureus (no pretest) > X > O
GROUP B: Staphylococcus aureus (no pretest) > Y> O
GROUP C: Staphylococcus epidermidis (no pretest) > X > O
GROUP D: Staphylococcus epidermidis (no pretest) >Y > O
There is only one experimental group used in the experiment, the plate with the
cauliflower powder substitute for mannitol where the Staphylococcus aureus and
Staphylococcus epidermidis is cultured and observed. The Mannitol Salt Agar plate serve
as the control group assessed during the experimentation to obtain desired result.
13
Research Setting:
The Cauliflower to be pulverize is collected from Cabanatuan City Public Market.
It is bought only in one stall at the same day. The culture of organism to be tested will be
ordered University of Santo Thomas, Espanya, Manila and also the pulverization process
is held at the Medical Technology Laboratory in Wesleyan University-Philippines. The
streaking of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis is done at Wesleyan
University- Philippines Laboratory and there it is observed and analyzed the result.
Subject, Materials and Equipment
Collection of the sample
10kg of Whole Cauliflower will be purchased from the Cabanatuan City Public
Market and cut into small pieces before it is used in the experiment. (Figure 1)
Source of Pure Bacterial Culture
The pure culture of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis is
obtained at the University of Santo Tomas, Manila. (Figure 2; Appendix 1)
Culture media
Mannitol Salt Agar serve as the control medium which contains 7.5% NaCl, 1%
Mannitol 1.5% Agar, and Phenol Red, the pH is adjusted to 7.4 at 25°C. (Figure 3)
14
Sampling Procedure:
The cauliflower to be used in the experiment will be bought on one stall of
Cabanatuan City Public Market within one day (morning). The samples were cut into very
thin slices, air dry and put in the blender until finely powdered.
General Procedure:
PREPARATION OF CAULIFLOWER POWDER
The researcher will be using 10kg of Whole Cauliflower, it will be washed and
weighed using a triple beam balance. It will be cut into a smaller pieces and air dry to be
dehydrated (Figure 4). Using a grinder to turn it into a powder (Figure 5). This will be kept
in an air tight container for the next procedure (Figure 6).
PREPARATION OF THE CULTURE MEDIA
Sterilizing the beaker, flasks and stirring rod by autoclaving at 121 Celsius for 15
minutes before using it (Figure 7). The 25 grams powdered Cauliflower is mixed with 15
grams of Agar, .25 grams of Phenol Red and 75 grams of NaCl. Powder mix with 1000 mL
of distilled water and boiled for 15 minutes (Figure 8). It is allowed to cool and autoclave Commented [s2]: Minus sa 122 na dinivide pa sa 4 kaya
25?
).
at 121 Celsius for 15 minutes. The 100 grams powdered Cauliflower is mixed with 15
grams of Agar, .25 grams of Phenol Red and 75 grams of
NaCl. Powder mix with 1000 mL of distilled water and
PREPARATION OF MANNITOL SALT AGAR boiled for 15 minutes (Figure 8).
A 111 grams of Mannitol Salt Agar is dissolved in 1000mL distilled water. Gently heat to
completely dissolve the medium for 5 minutes. Then, sterilized by autoclaving at 121
Celsius for 15 minutes.
15
PREPARATION OF AGAR PLATES
The prepared culture medium will be poured on the disposable petri dish and allow
to stand for a minute, then it will be refrigerated at 15°C. Researchers will be doing a
triplicate sample of each Agar Plate. (Figure 9)
STREAKING OF BACTERIA IN THE AGAR PLATES
The pure culture of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are
inoculated from the Nutrient Agar. Using the overlapping streak plate method, the bacteria
from the pure culture is streaked to the Mannitol Salt Agar and Cauliflower mixed with
NaCl, Agar and Phenol Red. The inoculating loop is a sterile plastic to obtain
uncontaminated culture. Commented [s3]: Hanu daw re?
INCUBATION
After streaking of the bacteria into the prepared agar plates, it is placed inside the
incubator with an optimum temperature 37°C. Direct observation and monitoring of the
agar plates were to be done 12th, 24th and 48th hours of incubation. Commented [s4]: ???? Picture
Data Gathering tools
The following were the ingredients, instrument and apparatuses used during the
experimentation phase:
Erlenmeyer flask. It is a container suitable for heating liquids. It was also used for
the preparation of microbial cultures.
16
Graduated cylinder. Used to measure the volume of distilled water.
Incubator. A device used to grow and maintain the bacterial culture. It maintains
the optimal temperature, humidity, and other conditions for bacteria to grow.
Inoculating loop. A tool used for transferring and streaking an inoculum from the
cultured bacteria to another agar plate.
Petri dish. A flat dish with a lid which held the prepared solid agar. It was used in
culturing bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Staphylococcus aureus. The bacteria use to grow in Cauliflower Agar.
Staphylococcus epidermidis. The bacteria use to grow in Cauliflower Agar.
Sterile container. Used to contain the powdered cauliflower.
Analytical Balance. Used for measuring /weighing the desired amount of agar.
Refrigerator. Used for cooling the agar.
Biosafety Cabinet.
Data management and analysis
Upon finishing and gathering the data, the researchers immediately coded the data
on Microsoft® Excel. Data analysis/computation was aided by Statistical Package for the
Social Sciences (SPSS).
For the statement problems 1 and 2, descriptive statistic was utilized. For the
remaining statement of the problem, researchers will be using an Independent t variable
test was employed (mean comparison). Commented [s5]: HANU DAW RE?
17
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. ACHARYA, T. (2013, August) “Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA): Composition, uses

and colony characteristics” Retrieved from: https://microbeonline.com/mannitol-
salt-agar-msa-composition-uses-and-colony-characteristics/
2. Bush,L.M. (2017, September)“Staphylococcus aureus Infections(Staph

Infections)”
Retrieved from: http://www.msdmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-
infections/staphylococcus-aureus-infections
3. ACHARYA, T. (2010, July) “Bacterial Culture Media: classification, types and

uses”
Retrieved from: https://microbeonline.com/types-of-bacteriological-culture-
medium/
4. Jacob, A. (2017, July) “Lectin Avoidance Diet”

Retrieved from: https://www.livestrong.com/article/302561-a-diet-for-b-positive-
blood-group/
5. Dr.T.V.Rao Dr.T.V.Rao (2016, Febraury) “Skills in Medical Microbiology”

Retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/doctorrao/skills-in-medical-
microbiology
6. Scott,A., Watson,K. (2016, May) “Let’s Talk about Mannitol & the Low
FODMAP Diet”Retrieved from: http://alittlebityummy.com/all/let’s-talk-about-
mannitol-the-low-fodmap-diet/
7. Canada News Wire (2017, October) “Mannitol as a non-medicinal ingredient in

medications for pregnant women” Retrieved from:
http://news.morningstar.com/all/canada-news-wire/20171013C3201/information-
update-mannitol-as-a-non-medicinal-ingredient-in-medications-for-pregnant-
women.aspx
18
8. Widerström, M. (2016, May) “Commentary: Significance of Staphylococcus

epidermidis in Health Care-Associated Infections, from Contaminant to Clinically
Relevant Pathogen: This Is a Wake-Up Call!” Retrieved from:
http://jcm.asm.org/content/54/7/1679.full
9. Jacob A. (2010, May) “Which Vegetables Are Bad for Irritable Bowel
Syndrome?”
Retrieved from: https://www.livestrong.com/article/459313-which-vegetables-
are-bad-for-irritable-bowel-syndrome/
10. Kateete,D., Kimani,C.,Katabazi,F., Okeng,A.,Okee,M., Nanteza,M., Joloba,M., a

nd Najjuka,F., “Identification of Staphylococcus aureus: DNase and Mannitol salt
agar improve the efficiency of the tube coagulase test” Retrieved from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2927478/
11. Chen,J.,Guibord M.(2010)“Differential Media” Retrieved from:

http://learn.chm.msu.edu/vibl/content/differential.html
12. Simon (2016,December) “Mannitol and Parkinson’s disease” Retrieved from:

https://scienceofparkinsons.com/2016/12/28/update-mannitol-and-parkinsons-
disease/
13. Mellaert, L.V., Shahrooei,M., Hofmans,D., Eldere,J.V. (2012, March)

“Immunoprophylaxis and Immunotherapy of Staphylococcus Epidermidis
Infections” Retrieved from: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/760579_2
14. Arulanantham,R., Pathmanthan,S., Ravimannan, N., Niranjan,K. (2012)

“Alternative culture media for bacterial growth using different formulation of
protein sources” Retrieved from: www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com
15. Dr. Berde,C., Dr.Berde, V. (2015, March) “Vegetable waste as alternative

microbiological media for laboratory and industry” Retrieved from:
www.wjpps.com
19
16. C.K.Kwoseh, M. Asomani-Darko, K. Adubofour (2012) “Cassava starch-agar-
blend as alternative gelling agent for mycological culture media” Retrieved from:
dspace.knust.edu.gh
17. Dr. Axe,J. (2015) “Cauliflower: Benefits, Nutrition & Recipes” Retrieved from:
draxe.com/cauliflower/
18. Ortega,E.,Abriouel,H., Lucas, R., Galvez A.(2010, August) “Prevalence of Toxin

Genes among the Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and its Clinical
Impact” Retrieved from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4557147/
19. Naber,C.K. (2009, May) “Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: epidemiology,

pathophysiology, and management strategies.”
Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19374578/
20. De.Visscher, A., Haesebrouck,F., Piepers, S., Banderhaeghen, W., Supre, K.,
Leroy, F., Van Coielle, E., De Vliegher, S. (2013, October) “Assessment of the
suitability of mannitol salt agar for growing bovine-associated coagulase-negative
staphylococci and its use under field conditions.” Retrieved from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23809647/
21. Briones J.S.M., Castro R.P.M., Ellazar J.M., Liwag M.P.A.D., & Mangulabnan
G.H.(2015) “Growth of Staphylococcus aureus in Blood Agar Plate Containing
Different Anticoagulatant” Wesleyan University-Philippines, Mabini Extension,
Cabanatuan City
22. United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (2008). The United States Pharmacopeia
31/The national formulary 26, Supp. 1, 8-1-08, online. United States Pharmacopeial
Convention, Inc., Rockville, Md. Retrieved from:
http://www.dilaco.com/img/presentaciones/211407.pdf.
23. Bereda Tesfaye Wolde , Emerie, Yohannes Mekonnen, Reta, Melese

Abate, Asfaw, Henok Sileshi (March 2016) “Microbiological Safety of
Street Vended Foods in Jigjiga City, Eastern Ethiopia “ Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299604331_Microbiological_Safe
ty_of_Street_Vended_Foods_Microbiological_Safety_of_Street_Vended_F
oods_in_Jigjiga_City_Eastern_Ethiopia
20

Editedn Cauliflower

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Editedn Cauliflower

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY-PHILIPPINES

College of Nursing and Allied Medical Sciences

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

storage of microorganism. It is important for most microbiological tests to obtain pure

Differential culture medium contain compounds that allow groups of microorganisms to

be visually distinguished by the appearance of the colony or the surrounding media.

Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium that is found on the skin and

in the nasal passages of about a quarter of humans. It is a facultative anaerobe, meaning it

Yellow Medium that indicates S. aureus a Mannitol Fermenter.

botrytis for the growth of Staphylococcus aureus.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study generally aimed to test or determine the effectiveness of Cauliflower as

substitute ingredient for Mannitol in Mannitol Salt Agar to differentiate Staphylococcus

aureus to other Gram Positive bacteria.

The specific problems were:

1. Does the use of Cauliflower as Mannitol in MSA provide a more effective

in the commercially prepared MSA? Commented [s1]: CHANGE!

The following hypotheses were stated in null form

provide a more effective differential culture medium for growing Staphylococcus

aureus than in Mannitol Salt Agar.

2. The Staphylococcus aureus does not grow faster in MSA substituted by

Cauliflower than in the commercially prepared MSA.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

differentiating Staphylococcus aureus from other Gram Positive bacteria.

The result will be focused on the following benefits:

FOR THE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY STUDENTS, they will be knowledgeable

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Staphylococcus aureus is a catalase positive, gram positive coccus usually arranged

in clusters. In laboratory, Staphylococcus can be differentiated with other species by

is an increase in number of bacteria in a population occurs in a geometric or exponential

2014). Staphylococcus aureus, sometimes called golden staph is a common bacterium

likely to be infected by Staphylococcus aureus because of surgical or by wounds. In

most situations, Staphylococcus aureus is harmless. However if it enters the body

MPAD Liwag, & GH Mangulabnan, 2015)

According to the CDC, Food safety, Staphylococcus aureus is a type of bacteria

temperature to produce a toxin that causes illness. Staphylococcus is killed by cooking

Staphylococcus aureus infections are more frequent than those by other

C.N. Kimani, F.A. Katabazi) Toxin-mediated diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus

Liwag, & GH Mangulabnan). Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causes a variety of

infections. As Stapylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) has the tendency to cause

body. (Ortega,E.,Abriouel,H., Lucas, R., Galvez A. 2010, August)

of bacteremia, and S. aureus bacteremia is associated with higher morbidity and

bacteremia, particularly methicillin-resistant S. aureus bacteremia, in terms of cost and

recent years because of the increased frequency of invasive procedures, increased

numbers of immunocompromised patients, and increased resistance of S. aureus strains to

available antibiotics. This changing epidemiology of S. aureus bacteremia, in

complications. (Naber,C.K. 2009, May)

During the last decade, S. epidermidis has emerged as an important opportunistic

pathogen frequently causing infections linked to medical devices such as intravascular

implants. The infection starts with adherence of S. epidermidis to the biomaterial,

ability of S. epidermidis to switch from a harmless commensal to an opportunistic

importance. (Expert Rev Vaccines, 2012)

Staphylococcus epidermidis is nowadays regarded as the most frequent cause of

nosocomial infections and indwelling medical device-associated infections. One of the

are inherently more resistant to antimicrobials. Seeking to treat staphylococcal-related

antistaphylococcal drugs. (F.Gomes, P.Teixeira & R. Oliveira, 2013)

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) constitute an indigenous part of the

CoNS and particularly Staphylococcus epidermidis have evolved as important

opportunistic pathogens, primarily causing health care-associated infections in patients

with indwelling medical devices. These infections were previously predominantly

regarded as being of endogenous origin, but considerable evidence has been

accumulated confirming that nosocomial genotypes of S. epidermidis colonize patients

infections. S. epidermidis is currently the main pathogen in catheter-related