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The goal of this assignment is to give a detailed explanation on how a rectangular and
linear frequency modulated signals work, their properties, and behavior regarding autocorrelation,
c
As we are starting to discuss two out of many types of signals in electrical engineering, we
must first define how it is that we are going to study them. In order to study, deal and analyze
signals, we need to implement what is called Signal Processing. This area is a part of electrical
engineering, systems engineering, and applied mathematics, and we can use all the available tools
in order to perform operations on these signals. There are many signals that we can work with
What is a signal? A signal isc͞a formal description of a phenomenon evolving over time or
space (Prandoni 1)͟, and by signal processing we mean any kind of operation which modifies,
and signal processing, usually in switching circuits and it is usually used as a clock reference. But
before getting deeper into discussing this signal, we must first define what an p pp is. An
envelope detector is an electronic circuit that ͞takes a high frequency signal as input and provides
As we can see in Figure 1, we have a transmitted signal and its envelope is highlighted in
Figure 1
Knowing this, we can now discuss the behavior of the rectangular monotone signal. First of
within the function. In this case, the limit is ½ being t an absolute value. Or similarly, the
The
of a signal is a series of values obtained by summing the individual
values of the signal multiplied by the shifted version of itself. The process of doing autocorrelation
is exactly the same as computing the variance of the signal. Where the variance is defined as the
maximum value of the autocorrelation function, and also the variance is the measure of the power
in the signal.
Where Px=Rx(0)=Variance
The autocorrelation is derived from a very extensive algebraic and differential process, but after
p(t +)p(t ) dt=A2T[1-/T]; T
-
Figure 2
ccc 2cccc2
ccccccccc x()
A2
-T 0 T
The ` c of a signal, is the representation of that signal but in the
frequency domain. The rectangular wave in the time domain is represented as follows in figure 3:
Figure 3
function:
Figure 4
The
c`
is used to characterize the range and the Doppler resolution of a
radar waveform (Li 265). The function returns the distortion of a returned pulse, which is reflected
And we find that for a rectangular wave, the ambiguity function is:
Figure 5
Linear FM signal
This signal is the linear frequency modulated pulse. This signal has de advantage of having
a larger bandwidth while keeping the pulse duration short and envelope constant (wiki). Radars
may use LFM waveforms so that both range and Doppler information can be measured (Mahafza
124).
Where µ=ȴw/T, the desired frequency slope at the dispersive delay output (the rate of frequency
sweep)
The signal͛s
is given by:
&c
2
'cc
c( cc( c
As mentioned before, the c is obtained by taking the fourier transform of the
Figure 6
As we can see in the picture, the signal changes in frequency as time varies. This means that when
Figure 7
It is interesting to see that with the fourier transform, we can approximate |S(f)|with a rectangle.
signal defined by
Therefore, after some algebra, the ambiguity function for an LFM signal is:
The ambiguity function of the LFM signal yields the following plot:
Figure 8:
K
c
c Signal Processing is a very important tool in communications today. In this case, we can
implement these functions in radar signal processing in order to do detection, tracking or imaging.
The characteristics discussed in this paper help us understand better the signals behavior, and how
the analytical process yields important data that can be traduced into graphical results.
Works Cited
Li, Jian, and Stoica Petre. Mimo Radar Signal Processin. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2009.
Mahafza, Bassem. Radar Systems Analysis and Design using Matlab. Alabama: Chapman & Hall.
2000.
Nathanson, Fred. Radar Design Principles. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc. 1969.
Prandoni, Paolo, and Vetterli Martin. Signal Processing for Communications. Florida: CRC Press.
2008.