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Leaning Outcome
HLR VLR
BTS
SIM PSTN
BSC
ISDN, PSPDN
MSC CSPDN
ME Abis
EIR AuC
BSC
Um A
BTS
Mobile
Base Station Subsystem Network Subsystem
Station
SIM – Subscriber Identity Module BSC – Base Station Controller MSC – Mobile Switching Centre
ME – Mobile Equipment HLR – Home Location Register EIR – Equipment Identity Register
BTS – Base Transceiver Station VLR – Visitor Location Register AuC – Authentication Centre
GSM Block Diagram
GSM Architecture
MS – Mobile Station
• ME – mobile equipment
• SIM – Subscriber Identity Module
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
• BTS - Base Transceiver Station
• BSC – Base Station Controller
• Transcoding and Rate Adaption Unit
(TRAU)
3 main Network & Switching Subsystem (NSS)
subsystem of VLR – Visitor Location Register
GSM HLR – Home Location Register
architecture: MSC – Mobile Switching Center
Gateway MSC (GMSC)
HLR VLR
SIM PSTN
BSC
ISDN, PSPDN
BTS MSC CSPDN
ME Abis BSC
EIR AuC
BTS
Um A
Mobile
Base Station Subsystem Network Subsystem
Station
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Consists of:
• MS – ME + SIM
• BTS - Base Transceiver Station
• BSC – Base Station Controller
• Transcoding and Rate Adaption Unit (TRAU)
MS (Mobile Station)
• Consist of Mobile Equipment (ME)
and Subscriber Identity
Module (SIM) card.
• MS is a cell phones or data
terminal that contain transceiver,
control circuit, antenna,
microphone, earphone and keypad
• Transmit voice/data to BTS and receive voice/data from BTS.
• Provides radio interface for reverse link radio transmitter and
forward link radio reception.
• Base Station
MS sends bursts Subsystem
of information (BSS)
by turn on the transmitter
for short period of time when commanded by BTS at BSC.
• SIM is a small circuit board to identify the subscriber to
Cellular Service Provider.
• When swap SIMs in GSM phones; personnel information, the
phone number, voice and data plans are swapped right along
with it.
• SIM card is used to authentic the subscribers when they
attempt to get services from the provider.
SIM
BSC
BTS
ME
BTS Abis BSC
Um A
Mobile
Base Station Subsystem
Station
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
NSS
VLR – Visitor Location Register
HLR – Home Location Register
MSC – Mobile Switching Center
GMSC - Gateway MSC
Network & Switching Subsystem (NSS)
Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
• Controller of all BTS in service area.
• Provides all of control, switching and mobility management to
MS’s in services area.
• Provides interface between cellular network and PSTN.
• Performs the switching or allocate radio channel to cell.
• Interfaces with Authentication Centre (AuC) to provides
authentication allowing subscribers onto the network.
• Interfaces with HLR and VLR to provides location information
for the network, so that calls can be routed to correct BTS.
• Coordinates handovers between cells or between BSCs.
• HLR and VLR together with MSC provide the call-routing and
roaming capabilities of GSM.
OSS consist of :
• AuC – Authentication Center
• OMC – Operation Maintenance Center
• EIR – Equipment Identity Register
• Types:
• Traffic Channel (Voice Channel)
• Signaling or Control Channel
Channel
Standalone
Half Rate Frequency
Random Access Dedicated Ctrl
(TCH/H) Correct Channel
Channel (RACH) Channel
(FCCH)
(SDCCH)
Slow Associated
Broadcast Ctrl Paging Channel
Ctrl Channel
(BCCH) (PCH)
(SACCH)
Traffic Channel (TCH)
7,8,9&10 - Answer back (ring back) tone is routed from called user to MS via
GMSC, MSC, BSS.
GSM Call Setup Procedure For Incoming Call
Paging
• BTS transmit paging message to indicate an incoming call or
short message to designated MS in a cell via PCH.
• It contains the identity number of MS that the network wishes
to contact.
• The designated MS will respond to paging via RACH.
Mobility Management in Cellular Communication
Roaming
• Defined as the ability for MS to automatically make and receive
calls, use data service, or access other services, when travelling
outside the geographical coverage area of the home network, by
means of using a visited network.
• All cellular subscribers have a home service area dictated by
mobile phones area code number.
• When the MS enters a service area outside the home service
area, the subscriber in the roaming mode.
Handoff @ Handover
• Refers to the process of transferring an ongoing call or data
session from servicing cell to adjacent (neighbouring) cell on the
same network avoid call drop.
• Handover is managed by MSC and initiated when received
signal strength falls in servicing cell below specific threshold.
Mobility Management in Cellular Communication
Mobile Public
Telephone Switched
Switching Telephone
Cell 2 Center Network
(MTSC) (PSTN)
HLR VLR
Hard handover
• Hard HO is a handoff technique that requires the user's
connection to be entirely broken with an existing base
station before being switched to another base station.
• A hard HO is also known break-before-make HO.
• In Hard HO, the MS starts communicating with a new BS
after terminating communications with the old BS.
• Hard HO occurs in GSM.
• Hard HO occurs between 2 channel with different
frequency.
• Disadvantage: Drop call may occur before handoff
process take place
Handover
• Hard HO Process
o MS have only a radio link with only one BS at any time.
o Thus, the old connection is terminated before a new
connection is activated.
o This mode of operation is referred to as break before make.
Soft Handoff
• Soft HO is a handoff technique where MS communicates
with 2 or more BSs at a time before HO take place, so
that when HO occur, the MS is already in communication
with the stronger one.
Node B MSC/
VLR GMSC
RNC
External Networks
Node B
USIM
ME
Node B
RNC SGSN GGSN
Node B
NODE B
• Create 3 or 4 sectors in Node B using more than 1 one
antenna.
• Perform inner loop power control to mitigate near-far effects.
• Measure connection quality and signal strength.
• Support softer handover which takes places between 2
sectors in 1 Node B.
• Cooperate during handover, cell selection and radio resources
allocation process.
Leaning Outcome
4.8 4G Wireless
Communication System
(LTE)
Long-Term Evolution (LTE)
LTE is a standard for high-speed wireless
communication for mobile phones and data terminals.
E-UTRAN
LTE Network Architecture
Packet
Circuit Packet
Core Switched
Switched Switched
EPC
BTS NB eNB
GSM GPRS UMTS LTE
• eNB
resource management (allocation and HO)
admission control
application of negotiated UL QoS
cell information broadcast
ciphering/deciphering of user and control plane data
EPC
Mobility Management Entity (MME)
Serving Gateway (SGW)
Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW)
Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)