Optics (Physics)

NTSE

Optics

• Light is electromagnetic in nature i.e. it is reflected by a magnet.

• Reflection – It is the property of light in which the light rays bounce back in the

same medium after striking a smooth surface. Mirror describes the property of

Reflection.

• Refraction – It is the property of light in which light bends when it propagates in

more than one medium. Lenses describe the property of Refraction

• Laws of Reflection

• The incident ray, the reflected ray and normal lie in the same plane.

• Angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection.

• Note Points on a Plane Mirror

• Plane mirror always forms a virtual and erect image.

• Plane mirror always forms the image of the same size of the object.

• The image distance and the object distance from the plane mirror are equal.

• Note Points on Images formed by Mirror

1. Image formed by a plane mirror is always virtual and erect.

2. Image formed by a concave mirror is mostly real, except when the object is

placed between the Pole and Focus of the mirror

3. Image formed by a convex mirror is always virtual.

• Plane mirror has an infinite focal length.

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• Image formed by a concave mirror

• When the object is kept between the focus and the pole of the mirror

 Characteristics of the Image formed

o Virtual and erect

o Image is formed at 2F

o Magnified (larger)

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• When the object is kept at the focus of the mirror

 Characteristics of the Image formed

o Real and inverted (vertically)

o Image formed at infinity

o Magnified image

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• When the object is kept between 2F and F.

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o Characterstics of the Image formed

 Real and inverted (vertically)

 Formed beyond 2F

 Magnified (larger)

• When

the

object is

kept at

2F

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• Characterstics of the Image formed

o Real and inverted (vetically)

o Image is formed at 2F

o Same size

• When the object is kept beyond 2F

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o Characterstics of the image formed

 Real and Inverted (vertically)

 The image is formed between F and 2F

 Diminished (smaller)

 Inverted (vertically)

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• Image fomed by a convex mirror

 Characterstics of the Image formed

 Virtual and erect

 Between F and pole

 Diminished

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• Note Points

1. The virtual image formed by a plane mirror is of same size as that of object

2. The virtual image formed by a convex mirror is smaller than the object.

3. The virtual image formed by a concave mirror is always bigger than the object

REFRACTION

• Laws of Refraction (Snell’s law)

1. The incident ray, normal and refracted ray lie in the same plane.

2. Ratio of sin of angle of incidence and sin of angle o refraction is constant and

this constant is called the Refractive Index of the medium.

• Refractive Index is the property of a medium that describes the bending ability

of light in that medium. It is denoted by µ

• Refractive Index of a medium decreases as follows:- Solid>Liquid>Gas

• Note Points for Numerical

1. Speed of light in air/vacuum = 3x108 m/s

2. Refractive Index of air = 1.0003 (taken as 1)

3. Refractive Index of water = 1.33

4. Refractive Index of glass = 1.52

• When light foes from a rarer to denser medium it bends towards normal.

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• When a light ray goes from a denser to rarer medium it bends away from normal

(This can be remembered by DRAW i.e. Denser – Rarer – Away from normal.)

• 1n2 = n2/n1 = v1/v2

Where 1n2 = Refractive Index of II medium with respect to I medium

n2 = Refractive Index of II medium

n1 = Refractive Index of I medium

v1 = Velocity of light in medium I

v2 = Velocity of light in medium II

• Important Points about the image formed by Spherical Mirrors

a) Convex lens is considered as a converging lens.

b) Concave lens is considered as a diverging lens.

c) The image formed by a convex lens is mostly real and inverted, except when

the object is placed between the optical length and the focus point of the lens.

d) The image formed by a concave mirror is always virtual and erect.

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LENSES

IMAGE FORMED BY LENSES

• Concave Lens

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• Convex Lens

• Real Image

• Virtual Image

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• Dispersion is the property of splitting of light into its constituent colours and is

shown by a prism.

• A Prism is a device that can split a ray of white light into its 7 constituent colours.

Angle A = Angle of Prism

µ = Refractive Index

λ = Wavelength

δ = Angle of Deviation

• µ ∝ 1/λ2 or µ = A/λ2

• δ ∝ 1/λ2

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• δ = (µ-1)A

• Scattering of light depends on the wavelength of a colour as scattering ∝

1/(Wavelength)4

• Wavelength of red colour is maximum whereas that of violet is minimum.

• Defects of Eye

1. Myopia

2. Hyper myopia

3. Astigmatism

4. Cataract

• The least distance of a clear vision is 25 cm.

• Power of a lens depends on the focal length of the lens as

Power (p) = 1/Focal Length (f)

• Unit of Power of a lens is Diopter(D)

1D = 1m-1 = 1/m

• The power of concave lens is taken as negative while that of convex lens is taken as

positive

• Light has a dual nature (It has a wave and particle nature)

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• Wavelength = Velocity of light / Frequency i.e. λ = c/ν

• Critical Angle is the angle of incidence in a denser medium at which angle of

refraction becomes 90° is known as the critical angle.

Rarer Medium

Denser Medium

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• Total internal reflection is caused when angle of incidence is greater than the critical

angle and the ray gets reflected in the same medium. Optical fibres use the property

of total internal reflection

• A well cut diamond shows brilliance due to total internal reflection.

• Lateral shift in a glass Slab

Air

Glass Slab

Air

Lateral Shift

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• Questions

• When a light ray strikes normally on a plane mirror, the change in angle

preferred by angle of incidence and reflection will be

a) 0°

b) 90°

c) 60°

d) None of these

Ans. a) 0°

• The main difference between real and virtual image is that the real image

a) Can be found on a screen

b) Is always erect

c) Is always inverted

d) None of these

Ans. (a)

• A plane mirror is approaching you with a speed of 10m/s. The speed of your

image with respect to you will be

a) 5 m/s

b) 10m/s
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c) 15 m/s

d) 20 m/s

Ans. (d)

• The relation between the focal length (f) and radius of curvature (r) is

a) F = 2r

b) 2f = r

c) r = f/2

d) None of these

Ans. (b)

• A man finds his image in a mirror is of same size of himself. The focal length

of that mirror is

a) 1

b) More than 1

c) 0

d) Infinite

Ans. (d)

• Which of the following words do not show lateral inversion

a) IHX

b) HOX

c) HZB

d) HOH

Ans. (d)

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• Convex and Concave mirrors are respectively considered as: -

a) Converging and Diverging mirrors

b) Diverging and Converging Mirrors

c) Both a and b are possible

d) None of these are possible

Ans. (d)

• Refractive Index of Glass and water with respect to air are 3/2 and 4/3

respectively. Find out the refractive index of glass with respect to water?

a) 8/9

b) 9/8

c) 4/6

d) 2

Ans. (b)

• Refractive Index of Glass and water with respect to air are 3/2 and 4/3

respectively. Find out the refractive index of water with respect to glass?

a) 8/9

b) 9/8

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c) 3/2

d) 2/3

Ans. (a)

• If the Refractive index of glass is 1.5. Find the velocity of Light in it?

a) 3x105 m/s

b) 2x105 m/s

c) 2x108 m/s

d) 3x108 m/s

Ans. (c)

• If the Refractive index of turpentine oil is 1.47. Find the velocity of Light in

it?

a) 2.04x108 m/s

b) 3.04x108 m/s

c) 4.04x108 m/s

d) 1.04x108 m/s

Ans. (a)

• If the Refractive index of water is 1.33.Find the velocity of Light in it?

a) 2.24 x108 m/s

b) 2.25 x108 m/s

c) 3.24 x108 m/s

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d) 3.25 x108 m/s

Ans. (b)

• Refractive Index of glass is 3. How long will a light ray take to pass through a

glass slab of thickness 5m?

a) 0.25µ sec

b) 0.30µ sec

c) 0.35µ sec

d) 0.40µ sec

Ans. (a)

• A convex lens has a focal length of 25 cm. Find the power of the lens?

a) +5D

b) +4D

c) -5D

d) -4D

Ans. (b)

• A concave lens has a focal length of 5 cm. Find the power of the lens?

a) - 20D

b) - 15D

c) + 20D

d) + 15D

Ans. (a)

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