Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Topics Discussed:
Reality Television (Reading page 1)
A Picture is Worth 1000 Words (Listening Activity page 6)
Internet Language (Reading Page 27)
Censorship (Listening Page 31)
Vocabulary:
UNIT 1
UNIT 2
Grammar Points:
-Affirmative Agreement Too/So
-Negative Agreement Either/Neither
-Prepositions of Time (AT, ON, IN, FOR, SINCE, DURING, BY, UNTIL)
-Prepositions of Place
-Phrasal Verbs and Idioms
-Prepositional Phrases
-Adjectives/Word Order
-Participial Adjectives (Present and Past)
-Nouns functioning as Adjectives
-Comparatives and Superlatives
-Comma
Affirmative Agreement Too
Affirmative statement + and + subject + verb + too
- Used to show affirmative agreement, when someone agrees with an affirmative
statement
- Verb preceding too should be the corresponding auxiliary verb, when applicable
- Remember that verbs like can and be d
o not use auxiliary verbs**
Affirmative Agreement So
Affirmative statement + and + so + verb + subject
- Used to show affirmative agreement, when someone agrees with an affirmative
statement
- The verb following SO should be the corresponding auxiliary verb, when applicable
- Use a subject pronoun after so + verb (I, you, he, she, it, we, they)
- Remember that verbs like can and be d
o not use auxiliary verbs**
Prepositions of Time (AT, ON, IN, FOR, SINCE, DURING, BY, UNTIL)
-Prepositions indicate a relationship between a verb and a noun
● At: specific times, with age
○ AT + time
○ Ex. At midnight, At 6 pm
● On: used for dates and days
○ ON + day/date
○ Ex. On Monday, On September 5th
● In: used for longer periods of time; can refer to the future
○ IN + period of time
○ Ex. In 10 days, In September
● For: used to tell how long something has lasted
○ FOR + a period of time
○ Ex. For a while, For 10 days, For a month
● Since: used to tell when something started
○ SINCE + specific time
○ Ex. Since Tuesday, Since last year
● During: used to say when something happened
○ DURING + noun
○ Ex. During the movie, During Monday’s Class
● By: used to indicate “no later than”, often used with future (will + have + past
participle)
○ BY + Time
○ Ex. By 10 am, By Monday morning
● Until: tells how long a situation lasts
○ UNTIL + time/clause
○ Ex. Until Friday, Until you are finished
Prepositions of Place
COMMON PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE (USED TO INDICATE WHERE SOMETHING IN IN
RELATION TO OTHER THINGS):
-AT -BENEATH
-ON -NEXT TO
-IN -ABOVE
-OVER -ON TOP OF
-UNDER -BY (meaning near)
-BESIDE -AT THE BOTTOM OF
There are a few clear cut rules for use of prepositions of place, especially IN/AT/ON/BY
● At: talking about where an event takes place; also to speak of the event itself
● On: usually speaking of a surface
● In: emphasizing the place; being enclosed used w/ verbs of motion or direction
● By: means near when used for place
Special Notes:
Tom is in school until four pm.
I dropped him off at school this morning.
At Lakewood Community College, we strive to be the best
I live in Cuenca.
The Parthenon is in Athens.
Does this train stop at Pine City?
We stopped at a small village near the lake on our way to Chicago.
Some prepositions of place are static ( ex. in) while others indicate movement or
direction (ex. into)
Other types of prepositions indicate means, give descriptions, or have other functions
such as: with, despite, in spite of, by, as
Idiom: Commonly used expression whose meaning does not relate to the literal meaning of its
words
● Opposed to
● Excited about
● Responsible for
● Fed up with
● Accustomed to
● Intrigued by/at
● Famous for
● Nervous about
● Careful of
● Safe from
● Aware of
● Related to
● Ready for
● Good at
● Slow at
● Ashamed of
Prepositional Phrases
ANY PREPOSITION* + noun phrase
-Begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or noun phrase
-MUST be followed by a noun
-To use a verb after a preposition, must be in the gerund form (noun form of a verb)
Ex. after swimming
*BY, IN FRONT OF, ON, IN, FOR, NEAR, AFTER, WITH, NEXT TO, SINCE, ABOUT, AT,
DURING, UNTIL, TO, INTO*
Adjectives and their Word Order
● Used to describe nouns, pronouns, and linking verbs
● Come BEFORE nouns they describe and MAY follow a linking verb
○ Linking verbs: show relationship between subject of the sentence & the noun or
adjective being linked to it)
■ Be (am, is, are, was, were, has been, are being, might have been, etc.),
become, seem
■ Appear, feel, grow, look, prove, remain, smell, sound taste turn (if you can
substitute am, is, or are
● They are never plural (exception: these and those)
● There are 2 types
○ Descriptive: describe color, size, or quality of a noun or pronoun (both opinions
and facts)
■ OPINION: Beautiful, dangerous, big, careful, green, fat, silly, ugly
■ FACT:
● S - Size & Shape (big, round)
● A - Age (old, young)
● C - Color (red, green)
● O - Origin (Chinese, local)
● M - Material (metal, cotton)
● P - Purpose (raincoat, dining table, school uniform)
● Fact word order: Sit And Cry Or Make Plans
○ Limiting: place restrictions on the nouns they modify (quantity, distance,
possession, etc.)
■ Cardinal numbers: one, two
■ Ordinal numbers: first, second
■ Possessives: my, his, our
■ Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
■ Quantity: few, many
■ Articles: a, an, the
● Order: Limiting → Descriptive (Opinion → Fact)
SUPERLATIVE:
● Compares three or more things, one of which is superior or inferior to the rest
● Subject + Verb + The + Superlative Adjective
● Ends in -est or comes after “most” or “least”
● Least used to show a lesser degree between the entities
- Use commas before and, but, or, nor, for, so, and yet when they link main clauses
- Not necessary when the main clauses are short and their meaning is clear
- Use commas after introductory elements: adverb clauses, long phrases, transitional
expressions (first, next), interjections (OH! hey!) and introductory yes or n
o.