Effects of Livelihood Program in The Life of Inmates

Chapter 1
The Problem and Review of Related Literature
Introduction
Livelihood programs aims at the changes that can
develop attitudes, knowledge and skills through a program of
educationand service.
Livelihood programs can be implemented in an
institution like jail. The objective is to train the
inmates’ livelihood skills, provide services and improve the
moral spiritual aspects of their life. This can be attained
by providing them seminars and trainings regarding
livelihood skills.
Programs such as this have the potential for successful
transitioning inmates from prison to the world of work.
Through these programs, inmates may also learn valuable
employability skills that translate the opportunities for
employment upon release.
In The Philippines, the Bureau of Correction offers a
variety of inmate work programs, from agricultural to
industrial. The purpose of the inmate work program is to
keep the inmates busy, and to provide them money for their
Effects of livelihood
program………… 2|
personal expenses and their families as well as help them to
acquire livelihood skills, in order that they may become
productive citizens once they are released and assimilated
back into the mainstream of society (Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology Manual Revised, 2007)
Different prison and penal farms provide institutional
work programs for inmates. At the Davao Penal colony,
inmates work on the banana plantations of Tagum Development
Company which has a joint venture agreement with the Bureau.
Similarly, the vast tracts of land at the Iwahig Penal
Colony are developed and penal farm also provides
agriculture and aquaculture programs for inmates.
Along this end, the Bureau of Jail Management under the
present Director has encouraged agricultural and industrial
production by providing farming implements, tractors,
fertilizers and other inputs in order to sustain this area
of rehabilitating inmates.
In Cabanatuan City, the Kalikid District jail are also
implemented livelihood programs for the inmates like
handicraft making, dressmaking, mushroom production, welding
and automotive. These programs are implemented in order to
rehabilitate inmates and to make them to become more
productive.
But despite of these goals or objectives of livelihood
program, there are still questions on how this program
affects the life of inmates or what is the effect of the
program to the life of the inmates. There are some issues
raised by some of the inmates of Kalikid District Jail with
regard to the problems that they encountered as a worker of
the livelihood programs of jail. Some of them are discourage
to participate in the work program because of the minimal
share that they can get. And some are complaining that they
are forced to work.
Due to this, the researchers became interested to
conduct study on the effects of livelihood program to the
inmates, in order to know what is really the impact of this
program to the life of the inmates and to know the problems
encountered by the Jail and inmates in implementing
livelihood programs. Furthermore, this study will serve as a
realization on the part of Jail Management and Penology and
Correctional Institution that the livelihood program has a
positive or negative impact on the life of inmate.
Foreign Literature
In California, inmates are involved in a program known
as “joint venture”. The first joint venture opened in July
1991. Now sixteen companies employ 500 inmates throughout

the state prison system doing everything from raising pigs
and ornamental plans to manufacturing office furniture,
stainless steel equipment, rubber products, and electronic
components. About 72,000 prisoners nationwide are employed
in inmate work programs, according to 1998 Corrections
Industry Association Report. An increase in positive inmates
programming has proven to minimize institutional violence
because of decreased idleness. Inmates are involved in
purposeful activities, giving them a sense of being a part
of the larger community (Dunhill, 2006).
Ludhiana,under a unique initiative of Central Institute
of Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology,(CIPHET)
prisoners are being empowered to earn respectful livelihood
in food processing sector. Initiated in Ludhiana central
jail, the training program has gained popularity and soon
the inmates of five more jails will be imparted training by
the CIPHET. Rehabilitation of prisoners after they complete
their sentence is always a big issue for both government and
society. This could only be ensured by providing them
respectful opportunity to earn their livelihood. Aiming at
this, CIPHET has started a series of training programs in
food processing from month of January this year. So far five
programs have been conducted. ‘This included processing of

groundnut for milk and curd, tomato puree manufacturing and
bottling technology, processing technology of guava bars,
RTS beverages, powder making technology of ginger, garlic
and onion, value added meat products (Raj, 2010).
Dr R.T Patil, Director, CIPHET said that lot of
manpower is available in the jails of Punjab and potential
of it could be utilized for developing food processing
industry. He said that CIPHET would be providing complete
training and support to prisoners who would like to set up
industry after they complete their sentence.A lack of
sustainable livelihood causes vulnerability to criminal
behavior. In countries or regions where income is unevenly
distributed and social justice is inadequate, the crime
rate is higher and marked by more violence, for example in
agglomerations and the suburban areas of big cities often
referred to as slums(Patil , 2010).
Local Literature
The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Manual(2007)
one of its objectives is to provide Livelihood Services-
Development of work values, individual worth and
dignity,emotional cantharid and enhancement of individual
creativity.( Chapter 2, Rule 15,pp.134-135).

In a recent Association of Government Information
Officers (AGIO) 7 Forum, BJMP-7 Assistant Regional Director
for Operations Supt. Bartolome Sagadal said that “we hope to
make our jails as one of the production centers for economy
and entrepreneurship.”Sagadal said that furniture making,
basket making, fashion accessories, and jewelries are most
of the projects inmates are involved in. He added that there
are also private firms that partnered with them by providing
materials to the inmates and forming assembly production
area in the jails.
Sagadal emphasized that the livelihood program for
inmates intends to give them hope, contrary to the belief
that there is no future for individuals like them.Sagadal
stressed that with this initiative, the perspective of the
inmates as to their worth and usefulness is already
changed. Aside from the livelihood program, BJMP 7 also
offers other services to inmates in the jails in Central
Visayas to include: paralegal services to sleeping cases;
religious and guidance counseling; improvement of the
communication and relation to the community among others
(Sagadal, 2014)
In Cebu, inmates at the Talisay City Maghaway Detention
and Rehabilitation Center are set to get livelihood program
and trainings from the Technical and Skills Development
Authority for them to maximize their time and learn new
skills while serving their sentence. Jail Chief Inspector
Felife A. Montejo said he already requested TESDA to provide
skills training and evaluation to the inmates and
recommended welding, carpentry, and housekeeping.
The rehabilitation division of Quezon City Jail has a
wide range of livelihood projects that tap into that talents
and skills of inmates. The aim is for these talents and
skills to be developed further. From paper-maches to
artificial flowers and from repairing watches to running a
beauty parlor, livelihood projects in Quezon City Jail
evolve with the talents and skills of inmates. The output of
products depends on the number of inmates who participate in
the program.
And one of the effects of livelihood program believed
by Montejo that this program can provide new trainings and
skills to inmates that they could use to provide income from
their families. He stated also that, through the livelihood
programs inmates can develop skills to become more

productive and it can also help them to ease their boredom
and avoid acquiring vices inside jail (Saludar, 2014).
According to Espinocilla, the members' skills have
improved in such a short span of time that they are now able
to turn whatever size of scrap cloth they have into a usable
item. The inmates automatically get half of the income from
the sale of the finished product, while the remaining 50
percent is split between MIGCO and the BJMP (30 percent goes
to the cooperative's capital while 20 percent goes to the
educational and rehabilitative programs organized by the
BJMP's Inmates' Welfare Division).MIGCO's Solar Power Bulb
Project, which it has been doing in partnership with My
Shelter Foundation, has been chosen out of 160 international
entries as one of the five finalists in the 2012 Ashden
Awards.
Foreign Studies
The study conducted by Miceli (2008) entitled
“Analyzing the Effectiveness of Rehabilitation Program”
concluded the good effect of programs in which inmates were
engaging in livelihood activities and one of the
recommendation of the study was the improvement of
livelihood program into more productive skills.

Since most (90%) inmates are eventually released from
prison, rehabilitative programs and treatment services can
prepare inmates for their successful return to society.
Given the high economic and social costs of incarceration,
strategic investment in prison-based, rehabilitative
programs can protect public interest by helping reduce the
risk that former inmates will commit new crimes. National
studies have shown that in-prison programs that teach
marketable skills and change inmates’ criminal behavior can
help offenders prepare for a law-abiding life after release.
( Opagga, 2007 ).
Inmates also often have access to another form of
education: life-skills training. These programs, which are
sometimes seen as counseling interventions, are predicated
on the notion that upon release to society, many offenders
may not have the kind of basic understandings that are
integral to functioning in American society. Thus, courses
will teach such varied skills as how to apply and interview
for a job, how to manage one's money and household, how to
live a healthy life, how to parent and be a spouse, and how
to secure a driver's license (Silverman and Vega).
Finally, to prepare inmates for employment, many
correctional institutions offer vocational education. A 1994

program………… 10 |
survey of forty-three correctional systems found that over
sixty-five thousand inmates were enrolled in programs aimed
at training them in vocational skills that could be used to
find employment upon release from prison (Lillis, 1994). It
is also estimated that nearly two-thirds of all inmates are
given a work assignment (Stephan). This duty may include
institutional maintenance, working in a prison industry, or
laboring on a prison farm. The assumption is that the
discipline of working while incarcerated—regardless of
whether marketable skills are learned—will translate into
steady employment once the inmate is released. This
assumption is tenuous and remains to be confirmed. Instead,
it seems that the major function of most work programs is to
reduce inmate idleness and, in turn, to keep institutions
orderly.
Local Studies
In the study conducted by Escabel,et.al (2014)
published European Journal Research in Social Science
entitled “Effectiveness of Therapeutic Community Modality
Program Implemented in Batangas City Jail,
Philippines,through the Provincial Government-Environment
and Natural Resources Office (PG-ENRO) program, inmates can
learn how to make bags and otherfashion accessories with the

used of trash. The livelihood program aims to
broadenenvironmental consciousness and provide job
opportunities for the inmates and reduce wastematerials in
the province, said Arca. (Giron, 2010). As for the effect of
Livelihood program,the inmates become more responsible and
productive individuals. They are able to help theirfamilies
who are outside the jail. Their income also gives them
source for financial needs fortheir personal supplies like
soap, shampoo and the like. (Maximo, 2010)
Narag,(2009)studies resulted that some of the
problemsencountered by Jail in implementing livelihood
programs are lack of space for livelihood projects, small
market and the lack of promoter for their products and the
lack of support from the management. Narag stated that with
smaller space, the project decreased its output as well and
therefore, needed only a few members. The market at present,
is composed of the inmates themselves, the inmates visitors,
and few NGO volunteers. To be sure, there have been attempts
to sell their products outside Jail but these efforts
unfortunately were not sustained, for one reason or another.
Workers also threatened by the growing number of
recreational facilities, which have been eating space
allocated for them by the management. Workers also feel that

the management is not giving them any importance (Narag,
2009)
Espinocilla, (2011) said some ofthe inmates, along with
a number of members of the BJMP and the local government,
thought of putting up a green cooperative early last year to
help augment the detainees' meager income from their
existing livelihood program without the need to spend more
money on new raw materials.He said: "We realized that the
benefactors who donate to the inmates are businessmen who
probably have waste materials that they just throw away. So
instead of asking them for fish, we thought of asking them
to help us fish by giving us the equipment and recyclable
materials to work with. They can give us what they don't
need so that we can recycle them. Colored slippers while the
use of recycled materials in jail-based livelihood programs
is not new—with prisoners from other jails known to weave
baskets or make pen holders from rolled up sheets of an old
telephone directory—what makes Makati City Jail Integrated
Green Producers Cooperative (MIGCO) different is the amount
of support it has been getting from its partners.
Pedreset.Al.(2011) concluded that the health and
livelihood programs of the San Jose City Jail were very much
attained. The Administration provides the needs of detainees

regarding the health and livelihood programs. To maintain
the good health conditions and to help their family on their
financial needs.
Conceptual Framework
The study entitled “ Effects of Livelihood Program in
the life of Inmates, aims to determine the effects of
livelihood in the inmates and to identify the different
problems encountered in the implementation of this programs.
Livelihood programs put inmates to work in modern
programs that are aligned closely with outside companies.
Work opportunities allow detainee to earn money, learn job
skills develop work ethic and enhanced self-esteem. The
livelihood programs are enhances their opportunity to land a
job after their release.
Livelihood program in Kalikid district jail Cabanatuan
City are established and implemented to give the detainees a
chance to earn so they can support themselves and stand on
their own feet independently so much so that when they step
outside the prison, they can find a work similar to what
they used to do during their days inside the jail.
To further discuss the conceptual framework of the
study figure 1 present the paradigm. The independent and

dependent variables, the independent variables deals with
the profile of the respondent, effects of livelihood
program, and the problems encountered in the implementation
of livelihood programs, while the dependents variables deals
with the effectiveness of livelihood programs in
rehabilitating inmates.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES
1. Profile of the
respondents.
2. Effects of
livelihood programs.
3. Problems encountered
in implementing
livelihood programs.
Effects of Livelihood
Programs in Life of
Inmates
Figure 1
Paradigm of the Study

Statement of the Problem
This study entitled “Effects of Livelihood Program in
The Life of Inmates” in Kalikid District Jail. Specifically
it seeks to answer the following question.
1. How may the profile of the two groups of respondents
be described in terms of:
1.1 JAIL GUARD
1.1.1 Age;
1.1.2Gender;
1.1.3Civil Status;
1.1.4Educational Attainment; and
1.1.5Years in Service?
1.2 INMATE
1.2.1 Age;
1.2.2 Gender;
1.2.3 Civil Status;
1.2.4 Educational Attainment; and
1.2.5 Years in jail?
2. What are the effects of livelihood program to the life
of inmates?
3. What are the problems encountered by jail management in
implementing livelihood programs?

4. What is the implication of the study to the inmates way
of living upon release?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study entitled “Effects of Livelihood Programs in
the Life of Inmates” is beneficial to the following:
Jail Personnel. The study will serve as an eye opener for
them to know the importance of livelihood program in the
life of inmates, and to know that they can provide possible
solution to the identified problems encountered in the
implementation of livelihood program. This will also help
them to provide solution on the identified problems
encounter in implementing of livelihood program.
Inmates. The study will help them to realize that the
livelihood programs of jail is helpful in rehabilitating
inmates, through the work programs of jail and they could be
able to develop skills and talents that they can apply when
they are already back to the community.
Other Researchers. This study provided baseline data
needed for further study and acquire more knowledge in
conducting research, put in practice what they had learned
in their subjects and develop their communication skills.
Scope and Limitation
This study was focused on the Effects of Livelihood
Programs in the Life of Inmates in Kalikid District Jail in
Cabanatuan City. The respondents of the study was the

selected ten (10) Jail personnel and fifty (50) inmates of
Kalikid District Jail. The study used descriptive method of
research and delimited only on the profile of the
respondents, effects of livelihood programs, and the
problems encountered in implementing livelihood programs.
The study conducted for a period of one (1) semester
from July 2014 to June 2015.
Definition of Terms
For the better understanding of the reader, the
following terms are defined operationally:
Boredom - the listless and dissatisfaction resulting from
loneliness and homesickness of inmates.
Correctional Institution - is a facility in which
individuals are forcibly confined and denied a variety of
freedoms under the authority of the state as a form
of punishment.
Criminology - the scientific study of crime as a social
phenomenon, of criminals, and of penal Treatment.
Homesickness- the longing for home of an inmate.
Inmate - a person who is confined in Kalikid Provincial Jail
and the target of rehabilitation program.

Jail - a place of confinement for persons held in lawful
custody; specifically : such a place under the jurisdiction
of a local government (as a county) for the confinement of
persons awaiting trial or those convicted of minor crimes.
Jail guard – Corrections officers that are responsible for
the care, custody, and control of individuals who have been
arrested and are awaiting trial.
Livelihood - a way of earning money in order to live.
Rehabilitation- program undertaken by the administration of
Kalikid Provincial Jail to reform the inmates.
Chapter 2
Research Design and Methodology
This chapter presents the following: research design,
participants, research site, material and instruments, data
collection and data analysis and how samples are chosen

employing the appropriate samples procedures and the data
gathering that was used.
Research Design
The study used the descriptive method of research. This
type of research work needs more specification on data
gathering. This research method commonly used and has
significance in the research methodology because the data
necessary for the completion of this work.
According to Aquino(1997), descriptive research
involves the current status of the subject. Sanchez (1998)
cited the process of descriptive research as beyond mere
gathering and tabulation of data. It involves the elements
of interpretation with the meaning of what is described.
Thus, description is often combined with comparison and
contrast involving measurement, classification,
interpretation and evaluation.
Population and locale of the study
The respondents involve in this study were the Ten (10)
selected jail personnel and Fifty (50) selected inmates of
Kalikid District Jail in Cabanatuan City. The two groups of
respondents are chosen through accidental sampling design.

Accidental sampling is a non-probability sampling, wherein
the researchers where only consider those who are available
on the moment when they distributed their checklist.
Data Gathering Tools
The researchers prepare the draft of the questionnaire
and submitted to the adviser and research professor for the
revision and improvement. The questionnaire was based also
on the literature and study presented in Chapter One. In the
process of reviewing the literature, the researchers
stumbled upon instrument which fit purposes of the study. In
the problem changes in these ready-made instruments are
demanded and have to construct the instrument itself.
Questionnaire-checklist. The questionnaire was the main tool
used by this study in data gathering. A questionnaire is a
research instrument consisting of series of items and other
prompts for the purpose of gathering information from the
respondents. This tool used by the researcher because it
does not require much effort like verbal or telephone
surveys and it has standardized answer.
Interview. – The interview technique used to
complement the gathering of the data for the study.
Interview provides information which may be confidential

that may not ordinarily given in writing. The interview is a
technique in which the researchers stimulate the respondent
to give the needed information for the study.
Data Collection Procedures
The researchers secured approval of this research
study through series of recommendation and criticisms from
the adviser and the research professor. The sample
questionnaire that was approved with the permission coming
from the adviser and the jail warden of Kalikid District
Jail Cabanatuan City to allowed the researchers to float the
questionnaire checklist, conduct personal interview, and
undergo actual observation in research locale and explain
the mechanics concepts and answering questionnaire to the
target responded and personal approach was made with the
target respondents. The researcher facilitated through
expeditious and early retrieval of the gathering of data
through the questionnaire- checklist.
Statistical Treatment of Data
Personal Information or Profile of the Respondents.
The data of the questionnaire checklist that deals with
the personal information or profile of the respondents used
the frequency and percentage distribution of the responses.

The data gathered was computed, discussed, and analyzed for
significant findings (Tan, 2006)
Formula
% = f/n x 100
Where:
% = percentage
F = number of responses
N = total numbers of respondents
From the responses, the information provided an insight on
the effects of livelihood program in the life of inmates in
Kalikid District Jail Cabanatuan City and the problems
encountered in implementing livelihood programs. The
weighted mean was computed in order to be able to evaluate
the responses and for the purpose of presentation and
interpretation.
Formula:
WM = TFW/N
WM = Weighted mean
TFW = Total Weighted Frequency

N = Total number of respondents
Where:
AMW = TWM/N
AMW = Average W
Scoring:
For the effects of livelihood program in the life of
inmates, the responses to each item were evaluated
according to Likert’s Scale as shown below:
Rank Class interval Verbal Interpretation
5 4.21-5.00 Strongly Agree
4 3.41-4.20 Agree
3 2.61-3.40 Moderately Agree
2 1.81-2.60 Disagree
1 1.00-1.80 Strongly Disagree
For the problems encountered in implementing livelihood
program, the responses to each items are evaluated using the
Likert’s scale as follows;
Rank Class interval Verbal Interpretation
5 4.21-5.00 Very Serious

4 3.41-4.20 Serious
3 2.61-3.40 Moderately Serious
2 1.81-2.60 Not Serious
1 1.00-1.80 Not problem at all
CHAPTER III
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This Chapter presents the findings of the study, their
analysis and interpretation of data gathered.
1. PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENT

Table 1.1 illustrates the distribution and percentage of the
profile of the respondents as to age.

Table 1.1
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE RESPONDENTS AS
TO AGE
RAN
JAIL PERSONNEL INMATES
AGE
RAN
AGE K
Frequenc Percentag RANGE Frequenc Percentag
K
y e y e
21- 1 10 4 18-22 8 16 1.5
25
26- 1 10 4 23-27 4 8 7
30
31- 0 0 0 28-32 8 16 1.5
35
36- 4 40 1 33-37 7 14 4
40
41- 3 30 2 38-42 7 14 4
45
46- 1 10 4 43-47 7 14 4
50
51- 0 0 0 48-52 4 8 7
55
TOTA 10 100% 53-57 4 8 7
L
58abov 1 2 9
e
TOTAL 50 100 -
As reflected in the table, for Jail personnel
respondents ranked first obtained the frequency of 4 or
40%, were ages ranging; 36- 40 followed by the age group of
41- 45 with a frequency of 3 or 30% and ranked as second;
ranked third obtained the frequency of 1 or 10%, were ages
bracket ranging; 21-25 to 26-30 and 46-50.

In the inmates respondents ranked first obtained
the frequency of 8 or 16%,were ages bracket ranging; 18-22
to 28-32 followed by the ranked second obtained the
frequency of 7 or 14%, were ages bracket ranging 33-37 to
38-42 and 43-47; ranked third obtained the frequency of 4
or 8% were ages bracket ranging 23-27,-48-52 and 53-57; and
the last ranked obtained the frequency of 1 or 2%, were ages
ranging 58 and above.

Based on the findings, the Jail personnel on that age
can naturally adopt themselves to the duties and
responsibilities as a jail guard and authorized law
enforcers.
While in the inmate respondents are ranging their ages
in the bracket 18-22 and 28-32. Most of them are in the
middle ages, wherein they are already mature enough to know
the reason while they are in jail.

Table 1.2 illustrates the distribution and percentage
of the profile of the respondents as to gender.
Table 1.2
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS AS TO
GENDER
RESPONDENTS
GENDER
F % R F % R
MALE 9 90 1 50 100 1
FEMALE
1 10 2 0 - 0
TOTAL
10 100% 50 100%
As revealed in the table for the jail personnel rank
first was male that obtain a frequency of 9 or 90% and
female with a frequency 1 or 10%.

The second group of the respondents ranked were male,
acquired all the response, having a percentage distribution
of 100%.
As can be gleaned from the findings, jail personnel
were assigned in (KDJ), Kalikid District was dominated by
males because most of the inmates are male. It is said in
the Manual for Jail Management and Penology that male
inmates will be guided by male personnel and males are
presumed to have much physical strength than female, so they
can provide security and better safety especially in
rehabilitating inmates.
On the part of male inmates having a percentage
distribution of 100% was supported by the Annual reports of

Bureau of Jail Management and Penology from 1997 t0 2001
that most of the criminal that become inmates are male.
Table 1.3 illustrates the distribution and percentage of
profile of the respondents as to civil status.

Table 1.3
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIONOF RESPONDENTS AS TO
CIVIL STATUS
RESPONDENTS
CIVIL STATUS JAIL PERSONNEL INMATES
F P R F P R
MARRIED 7 70 1 24 48 1
SINGLE 2 20 2 21 42 2
SEPARATED 1 10 3 5 10 3
WIDOWED - - - - - -
TOTAL 10 100% 50 100%
As shown in the table, for Jail Personnel ranked first
were married, with a frequency of 7 or 70% followed by
second rank with a frequency of 2 or 20% were single, ranked
third with a frequency 1 or 10% is separated.

The second group of respondents ranked first were
married with a frequency of 24 or 48 % followed by second
ranked with a frequency of 21 or 42 % were single and third
rank with a frequency 5 or 10 % were separated.

Based on the interview and result of survey conducted
while gathering data, majority of the jail personnel’s are
married because they are capable of having a family since
they have stable job and they are mature enough give a
reliable assessments with regards to effects of livelihood

programs in the life of inmates. While majority on the
inmates are also married. This findings can support by
Fagan(1995) in his study entitled “The Real Cause of Violent
Crimes, states that “poverty is the primary cause of crime and
most of the offenders are the people who most need money which
are the married people.”
Table 1.4 illustrates the distribution and percentage
of the profile of the respondents as to Educational
attainment.
Table 1.4
TO EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT.
EDUCATIONAL RESPONDENTS
ATTAINMENT
Doctorate degree F % R F % R
Master degree - - - - - -
Masters graduate 2 20 2 - - -
Masters unit - - - - - -
College graduate 8 80 1 2 4 4
College - - - 7 14 3
Undergraduate
High School Grad - - - 17 34 2
Elementary Grad - - - 24 48 1
TOTAL 10 100% 50 100 -
As shown in the table, for jail personnel ranked first
were College Graduate, with a frequency of 8 or 80%,
followed by second rank, with a frequency of 2 or 20% were
Master’s Graduate.
While in group of inmates ranked first were elementary
graduate, with a frequency of 24 or 48%, followed by High
School Graduate with a frequency of 17 or 34% are ranked
second; and third ranked with a frequency of 7 or 14% of
percentage distribution were College undergraduate and the
last ranked were college graduate, with a frequency of 2 or
4%.Furthermore, previous studies estimate that the stigma of
a criminal conviction is larger for white collar workers
than blue collar workers (Kling (2002) and Natale (2010)and
an article named Literacy and Policing in Canada stated that
the inability to read and write well may not be a direct
cause of criminal behaviour, but low literacy and crime are
related. Daily life is harder for people with low literacy,
so they are more likely to feel frustrated and dissatisfied.
People with low literacy skills usually have equally
inadequate problem-solving skills. People who have low
literacy skills tend to be less active citizens than other
people. They are less likely to get involved in community
activities like sports, school groups, church groups, and so

on. As a result, they often feel isolated and vulnerable,
and many of them feel like outcasts. This may partly explain
why people who have low literacy are statistically more
likely to be involved in crime – either as the offender or
the victim. It may also help to explain why crime rates are
higher in neighbourhoods where a high percentage of people
have low literacy.
As can be gleaned from the findings, All of the Jail
Personnel were college graduate; principally because
Republic Act 8551 also known as PNP Reorganization and
Reformation Act of 1998 mandates the professionalization of
the members of the Tri-Bureau, they must have at least
obtained a baccalaureate degree upon their entry in the
organization.
In the part of inmates’ respondents were dominated of
Elementary graduates only because of the lack of knowledge
with regard in the violation of law and most of the inmates
said that having an elementary level was not enough to have
a stable job that will support to their family and that’s
why they committed a crime. Similarly, they have lack of
knowledge regarding of what is wrong and against to the
human law because of the educational attainment they have
obtained.
Table 1.5 illustrates the distribution and percentage of the
profile of the respondents as to length in service
Table 1.5
TO YEARS IN SERVICE. (JAIL PERSONNEL)
YEARS IN SEVICE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK
1-5 3 30 1.5
6-10 - - -
11-15 1 10 4.5
16-20 3 30 1.5
21-25 2 20 2
26-30 1 10 4.5
31 above - - -
TOTAL 10 100% -
As shown in the table, for Jail Personnel obtained a
frequency of 3 or 30% who had been in the service for about
1-5 years and 16-20 years in service were tied as ranked
first, followed with the frequency of 2 or 20% had been in
the service for about 21-25 years in service. Lastly earned
the frequency of 1 or 10% who had been in the service of 11-
15 years and 26-30 years were tied.

As indicated, majority of Jail Personnel respondents
had rendered their service ranging from 1-5 years as well
as the respondents rendered their service from 16-20 years
are guided by other Jail Personnel who had rendered their
services lengthy than them, it shows that they are being

guided by Jail Management and they are already aware in the
different program that was implemented in jail.
Table 1.6
TO YEARS IN JAIL (INMATES)
YEARS IN FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK
JAIL
1-5 41 82 1
6-10 9 18 2
11 above - - - As
TOTAL 50 100% -
reflected table, ranked first and got the frequency of 41 or
8%, had been stayed in the jail for about 1-5 years; second,
obtained a frequency of 9 or 18% for about 6-10 years and
detainees stayed for more than 10 years in that said
detention. Majority of the inmates respondent are new
detainees only, but they are already exposed in the
different programs of rehabilitation.
The Local Government Code (RA 7160) authorizes local
government units (LGUs) to put up and maintain jails and
detention facilities. Specifically, provincial governments
supervise, control and operate provincial and sub-provincial
jails for offenders convicted with a prison sentence of six
months and one day to three yearsand detainees whose cases
are being tried by regional trial courts.It support the

reason why most of the inmates in KDJ are in the bracket of
1-5 years in jail.
Table 2
DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES AS TO LEVEL OF EFFECTS OF
LIVELIHOOD PROGRAMS IN THE LIFE OF INMATES
RESPONDENTS
ITEMS JAIL PERSONNEL INMATES
WM VI RANK WM VI RANK
1. Livelihood Program
help the inmate to earn 4.8 SA 1 3.46 Agree 4
to support their needs.
2. Inmates can develop

skills through 4.7 3.5 4.32 Strongly 1
livelihood programs SA Agree
experience.
3. Livelihood program
can give an inmate hope 4.7 4.1 Agree 2
in getting possible SA 3.5
employment after
release.
help the inmate to ease 4.7 3.94 Agree 3
boredom. SA 3.5
help the inmates to 4.7 3.22 MA 5
avoid vices inside the SA 3.5
cell.
TOTAL WEIGHTED MEAN 4.72 SA - 3.80 Agree
Legend:
WM = Weighted Mean
VI = Verbal Interpretation
R = Rank
TMW = Total Weighted Mean
OVI = Overall Verbal Interpretation
As indicated in the table, the Jail Personnel described the
level of effects of livelihood program in the life of
inmates based on the following statement: Livelihood Program
help the inmate to earn to support their needs with a
weighted mean of 4.8; inmates can develop skills through
livelihood programs experience with a weighted mean of 4.7;
livelihood program can give an inmate hope in getting
possible employment after release with a weighted mean 4.7;
livelihood program help the inmate to ease boredom with a
weighted mean of 4.7; livelihood program help the inmates to
avoid vices inside the cell with a weighted mean of 4.7. The
total weighted mean of this particular category is 4.72 with
an overall verbal interpretation of strongly Agree

The inmates describe the level of effects of livelihood
program in the life of inmates based on the following
statement: Inmates can develop skills through livelihood
programs experience with weighted mean 4.32; livelihood

program can give an inmate hope in getting possible
employment after release with weighted mean of 4.1;
livelihood program help the inmate to ease boredom with
weighted mean of 3.94; livelihood Program help the inmate to
earn to support their needs with weighted mean of 3.46;
livelihood Program help the inmate to earn to support their
needs with weighted mean of 3.46; livelihood program help
the inmates to avoid vices inside the cell. The total
weighted mean of this particular category is 3.80 with an
overall verbal of Agree.

As can deduced from the findings, the jail personnel
respondents strongly agree level of effects of livelihood
program in the life of inmates.
Table 3
Distribution of Responses in terms of Problems encountered
by Jail Personnel in implementing livelihood program.
Problems encountered in implementing Jail Personnel
livelihood Programs
Statements WM VI R
1. No market and promoters for the

3.2 MS 3
finished products.
2. Lack of space to be used in

3 MS 4
production and display of finished
products.
3. Lack of supports from the
3.5 MS 1.5
management of the Prison.
4. Insufficiency of supplies of raw
3.5 MS 1.5
materials.
5. Un-equal sharing
1.5 NPA 5
TMW & OVI 2.94 NS -
Legend:
WM = Weighted Mean
VI = Verbal Interpretation
R = Rank
TMW = Total Weighted Mean
OVI = Overall Verbal Interpretation
As indicated in the table, the Jail Personnel
respondents described the degree of problems encountered in
implementing livelihood programs in rehabilitating inmates
based on the following statement: . Lack of supports from
the management and insufficiency of supplies of raw
materials with a same weighted mean of 3.5; No market and
promoters for the finished products, with weighted mean of
3.2; Lack of space to be used in production and display of
finished products, with weighted mean 3.0; Un-equal sharing

weighted mean of 1.5; The total weighted mean of this
particular category is 2.94 with an overall verbal
interpretation of Not Serious.
Based from the findings, the jail personnel respondents
described the degree of problems encountered in implementing
livelihood is not serious, jail personnel are encountering
lack of supports from the management, and insufficiency of
supplies of raw materials, it means most of these are within
the area of policies institutions with regard to
implementing livelihood programs.
As Narag (2009) stated that some of the problems
encountered by Jail in implementing livelihood programs are
lack of space for livelihood projects, small market and the
lack of promoter for their products and the lack of support
from the management. (Narag stated that with smaller space,
the project decreased its output as well and therefore,
needed only a few members. The market at present, is
composed of the inmates themselves, the inmates visitors,
and few NGO volunteers. To be sure, there have been attempts
to sell their products outside Jail but these efforts
unfortunately were not sustained, for one reason or another.
Workers also threatened by the growing number of
recreational facilities, which have been eating space

allocated for them by the management. Workers also feel that
the management is not giving them any importance.
What is the implication of the study to the inmates’ way of
living upon release?
The result of the study had favorable implication to
the life on inmates based on the level of effect of
livelihood program in life of inmates, they are very
effective in terms of implementing livelihood program among
the inmates because livelihood assist the inmates to earn
money back to the society we become productive citizen. In
this study, the researchers found out that the effect of
livelihood program in the life inmates was effective in
implementing livelihood program among the inmates.

CHAPTER IV
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of findings, and the
corresponding conclusion derived in the conduct of the
study. It also provides recommendations that could be
pursued by the researchers.
Summary
The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of
livelihood program in the life of inmates; specifically it
sought to answer following questions:
1. How may the Profile of the two groups of respondents be
described in terms of
1.1 JAIL GUARD
1.1.1 Age;
1.1.2Gender;
1.1.3Civil Status;
1.1.4Educational Attainment; and
1.1.5Years in Service?
1.2 INMATE
1.2.1 Age;
1.2.2 Gender;
1.2.3 Civil Status;
1.2.4 Educational Attainment; and
1.2.5 Years in jail?
2. What are the effects of livelihood program in the life
of inmate’s?
3. What are the problems encountered in implementing
livelihood programs?
4. What is the implication of the study to the inmates way
of living upon release?
The following findings were obtained:
1.Socio- demographic profile of the respondents
For Jail Guard
1.1. Age
Four or 40% were ages ranging from 36-40; three or
30% were age 41-45; one or 10% were ages ranging
from 21-25, 26-30, 46-50 years old

1.2. Gender
Nine or 90% male jail personnel; one or 10% is
female.
1.3. Civil status
Seven or 70% were married; two or 20% were single;
one or 10% is separated
1.4 Educational Attainment
Eight or 80% were college graduate; two or 20% were
master graduate.
1.5 Years in Service
Three or 30% have rendered their service from range
1-5,16-20 years, two or 20% were from 21-25 years,

One or 10% ranges 11-15, 21-30 years in service.
For Inmates
1.1. Age
Eight or 16% were ages of 18-22 and 28-32, seven
or 14% were ages ranging from 33-37, 38-42, 43-47,
four or 8% were age ranging from 23-27, 48-5, 53-
57, one or 2% were age ranging 58-above
1.2. Gender
Fifty or 100% were male inmates
1.3. Civil status

Twenty four or 48% were married , twenty one or 42%
were single and five or 10% were separated.
1.4. Educational Attainment

Twenty four or 48% were elementary graduate,
seventeen or 34% were high school graduate, seven
or 14% were college undergraduate, two or 4% were
college graduate.
1.5. Years in jail

Forty one or 82% have rendered serve a sentence
from 1-5 years, nine or 18% to serve sentence from
6-10 years
2. The level of the effects of livelihood program in the
life of inmate’s?
The total weighted mean of this particular
category, as described by Jail personnel, is 4.72, with

overall verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree; and
total weighted mean in this category, as described by
the inmates respondents is 3.80 with an overall verbal
interpretation of Agree.
3. The degree of problems encountered in implementing
livelihood programs
The total weighted mean of this particular
category, as described by Jail personnel, is 2.94 with
an overall verbal interpretation of Not Serious
4. What is the implication of the study to the inmates’
way of living upon release?
The result of the study had favorable implication to
the life on inmates based on the level of effect of
livelihood program in life of inmates, they are very
effective in terms of implementing livelihood program among
the inmates because livelihood assist the inmates to earn
money back to the society we become productive citizen. In
this study, the researchers found out that the effect of
livelihood program in the life inmates was effective in
implementing livelihood program among the inmates.
Conclusions
Based on the above findings, the researchers carefully
concluded the following:

1. The Jail personnel on that age can naturally adopt
themselves to the duties and responsibilities as a
public servant and authorized law enforcers. Therefore,
most of the jail personnel in the Kalikid District Jail
are dominated by males because all inmates in that said
detention are males therefore, males are presumed to
have much physical strength than female, so they can
provide security and better safety especially in
rehabilitating inmates in Kalikid District Jail and
most of jail personnel are married because they are
capable of having a family since they have stable job
and they are mature enough to support the family needs
and to make a reliable assessments.
2. As the effects of Livelihood Program it helps the
inmate to earn and to support their needs inside the
Jail as well as their families outside the
constitution, also inmates can develop skills through
livelihood programs experience that can be useful after
serving their sentence, livelihood program can give an
inmate hope in getting possible employment after
release livelihood program and it also helps the inmate
to ease boredom and to avoid vices inside the cell.

3. There are some problems that completely affect the
livelihood programs among Inmates, no market and

promoters for the finished products that’s why products
get stuck on the constitution for a long time and never
sells, Lack of space to be used in production and
display of finished products that leads to
minimization of production, Lack of supports from the
management like funds and raw materials and most is Un-
equal sharing that makes a great impact on Inmates,
they tend not to work because they get less shares on
their products.
4. Upon Release of the Inmates, Livelihood education
Programs helps them to start a new way of living with
the help of their families, a new life with the
knowledge on how they can be more useful in the
community, Livelihood Program also turns Inmates to be
more responsible in life instead of committing crimes
and violence.
5. Recommendations
In the light of the above conclusions the following
conclusions are drawn:
1. Maintain the maturity, being knowledgeable and
experienced among all jail personnel in providing
safety and security to the inmates

2. Continue providing livelihood programs to the inmates
so they can provide personal expenses and also in that

way, they can also provide for their families outside.
They can also acquire livelihood skills in order to be
productive member of society once they are released in
the real world.
3. Coordinate to the management to support the livelihood
program of the inmates and provide buyers for the all
the finish products of the inmates. Provide space
inside for the livelihood programs and promote the
products outside especially to the other establishment
selling the products.
4. To the government, we, the researchers recommend that
providing other livelihood program outside focused on
the ex-convict will really help them to be good and
productive member of society especially once they are
released in the prison.
5. Similar study should be conducted in the other way,
time and settings to validate or negate the findings
and conclusions gathered in the conduct of this study.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. PUBLISHED MATERIALS
Watson, Albert J. JR. (2009). The police and the public.New
haven, CT Yale University press.

Atty. Pullen N. U. (2012) . NEW LEGAL HANDBOOK AND REVIEWER
for: PNP officers, PNP entrance and promotional examination,

law and criminology students. MARYJO PUBLISHING HOUSE, Inc.
Quiapo Manila.
Mumola, C. (2000). Incarcerated parents and their children.
Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. Washington, DC:
Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Annual Reports, 1997
to 2001
Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Manual Revised(2007)
Provincial Public Safety Command briefing handbook (2012)
Miceli, Victoria, "Analyzing the Effectiveness of
Rehabilitation Programs" (2009). Senior Honors Projects.
Paper 158.
B. UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS
Joseph Pedres, Norway Bontiago,Gerwin Marc Pader, Alexis
Ambrosio, Jaypee Santiago, HilarioCabuang Health and
livelihood Program of San Jose City District Jail (2011)
C. ELECTRONIC SOURCE
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/who_commits_crime
www.inquirer.net/videos/pdf/annex-on-normalization
www.slideshare.net/calabangamps3/pnp-motivesplans
pro8pnp.gov.ph/index.php/plans and programs.
http://moseswright.articlealley.com/criminal-
rehabilitation--working-towards-a-better-life--for-
inmates-and-their-families-129534.html
www.oppaga.state.fl.us

Effects of Livelihood Program in The Life of Inmates

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Chapter 1

The Problem and Review of Related Literature

Livelihood programs aims at the changes that can

develop attitudes, knowledge and skills through a program of

Livelihood programs can be implemented in an

institution like jail. The objective is to train the

inmates’ livelihood skills, provide services and improve the

moral spiritual aspects of their life. This can be attained

by providing them seminars and trainings regarding

Programs such as this have the potential for successful

transitioning inmates from prison to the world of work.

Through these programs, inmates may also learn valuable

employability skills that translate the opportunities for

employment upon release.

In The Philippines, the Bureau of Correction offers a

variety of inmate work programs, from agricultural to

industrial. The purpose of the inmate work program is to

personal expenses and their families as well as help them to

acquire livelihood skills, in order that they may become

productive citizens once they are released and assimilated

back into the mainstream of society (Bureau of Jail

Management and Penology Manual Revised, 2007)

Different prison and penal farms provide institutional

work programs for inmates. At the Davao Penal colony,

inmates work on the banana plantations of Tagum Development

Company which has a joint venture agreement with the Bureau.

Similarly, the vast tracts of land at the Iwahig Penal

Colony are developed and penal farm also provides

agriculture and aquaculture programs for inmates.

Along this end, the Bureau of Jail Management under the

present Director has encouraged agricultural and industrial

production by providing farming implements, tractors,

fertilizers and other inputs in order to sustain this area

In Cabanatuan City, the Kalikid District jail are also

implemented livelihood programs for the inmates like

handicraft making, dressmaking, mushroom production, welding

and automotive. These programs are implemented in order to

rehabilitate inmates and to make them to become more

But despite of these goals or objectives of livelihood

program, there are still questions on how this program

affects the life of inmates or what is the effect of the

program to the life of the inmates. There are some issues

raised by some of the inmates of Kalikid District Jail with

regard to the problems that they encountered as a worker of

the livelihood programs of jail. Some of them are discourage

to participate in the work program because of the minimal

are forced to work.

Due to this, the researchers became interested to

conduct study on the effects of livelihood program to the

inmates, in order to know what is really the impact of this

program to the life of the inmates and to know the problems

encountered by the Jail and inmates in implementing

livelihood programs. Furthermore, this study will serve as a

realization on the part of Jail Management and Penology and

Correctional Institution that the livelihood program has a

positive or negative impact on the life of inmate.

In California, inmates are involved in a program known

as “joint venture”. The first joint venture opened in July

1991. Now sixteen companies employ 500 inmates throughout

the state prison system doing everything from raising pigs

and ornamental plans to manufacturing office furniture,

stainless steel equipment, rubber products, and electronic

components. About 72,000 prisoners nationwide are employed