A PAPER OF PHOENETIC AND PHONOLOGY

“SYLLABLES AND STRESS”

COMPILED BY:
GROUP II
1)
2) D
3) D
4) D
5) D
6) D
7) D
8) F

SEKOLAH TINGGI AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI (STAIN)

WATAMPONE
2017
 PREFACE

First of all, thanks to Allah SWT because of the help of Allah, writer finished
writing the paper entitled “Syllables and Stress” right in the calculated time.

The purpose in writing this paper is to fulfill the assignment that given by Mrs.
Suhartina as lecturer in Phoenetic and Phonology major.

In arranging this paper, the writer trully get lots challenges and obstructions but
with help of many indiviuals, those obstructions could passed. Writer also realized
there are still many mistakes in process of writing this paper. Because of that, the
writer says thank you to all individuals who helps in the process of writing this
paper. Hopefully Allah SWT replies all helps and bless you all. The writer
realized tha this paper still imperfect in arrangment and the content. Then the
writer hope the criticism from the readers can help the writer in perfecting the
next paper. Last but not the least Hopefully, this paper can helps the readers to
gain more knowledge.

Watampone, December 11th 2017

Authors

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

PREFACE .......................................................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. iii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 1
A. ISSUE BACKGROUND .............................................................................. 1
B. IDENTIFICATION PROBLEM ................................................................... 2
C. LIMITATION OF PROBLEM ..................................................................... 2
CHAPTER 2 THEORY AND DISCUSSION ................................................. 3
A. SYLLABLE ............................................................................................... 3
B. STRESS ........................................................................................................ 6
CHAPTER 3 CLOSING ................................................................................... 10
A. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................. 10
B. SUGGEST ..................................................................................................... 10
REFERENCE .................................................................................................... 11

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Issue Background
Humans communicate in various ways to convey a purpose or purpose.
One way of communicating using the most advanced, sophisticated, and often
used tools used by humans, ie language. Wallwork (1969) has used several
language functions, the language as a greeting device, used for ceremonial
purposes, as a means of acting, record keeping, to enliven commands and
information, to portray people, outpourings of heart, and container of mind and
allow one thinking. However, language functions are the most important means
of communication between humans.
Various definitions of language have been advanced by scholars and. John
P. Huges spelled out the language as an arbitrarious system of arbitrary speech
that was used to convey the thoughts of a human to another human. Samsuri
(1978) also states that language is a tool used to form thoughts and feelings,
desires, and deeds. Edward Sapir (1948) defines language as "a purely human
and non-instintive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires
through a voluntarily generated symbol system". Albert B. Cook (1977) has
provided the notion of language as an arbitrary system of symbolic speech and a
marker of knowledge used by members of community groups to communicate,
interact, and move their culture. Nelson Francis spelled the language as a sound
system generated by the articulator and used by a group of humans as a vehicle
or a way to run anything of their community's activities. The Council Dictionary
(Third Edition: 1994) on page 87 defines language as the voice symbol system
used as a means of communication within a group of people. Based on the
definitions that contain, between the essential elements underlying the language
intent of language and language.
Something that needs to be understood is how to talk about questions of
arbitrary sign language, terms and conditions that are systematic. Therefore, the
language that needs to be learned because it makes more sense with language

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and regularly will cause communication to be disrupted. If true circumstances
are true, the individual has actually failed to use the language well and perfectly.

B. Identification Problem
1. How to explain about introduction to syllable ?
2. How to explain about introduction to stress ?

C. Limitation of Problem
1. To know about introduction to syllable
2. To know about introduction to stress

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 CHAPTER II
THEORY AND DISCUSSION

A. Syllable

A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds. For

example, the word water is composed of two syllables: wa and ter. A syllable is
typically made up of a syllable nucleus (most often a vowel) with optional initial
and final margins (typically, consonants). Syllables are often considered the
phonological "building blocks" of words. They can influence the rhythm of a
language, its prosody, its poetic meter and its stress patterns. Syllabic writing
began several hundred years before the first letters. The earliest recorded
syllables are on tablets written around 2800 BC in the Sumerian city of Ur. This
shift from pictograms to syllables has been called "the most important advance
in the history of writing".

A word that consists of a single syllable (like English dog) is called a

monosyllable (and is said to be monosyllabic). Similar terms include disyllable
(and disyllabic; also bisyllable and bisyllabic) for a word of two syllables;
trisyllable (and trisyllabic) for a word of three syllables; and polysyllable (and
polysyllabic), which may refer either to a word of more than three syllables or to
any word of more than one syllable.

The syllable can be structured hierarchically into the following components:

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 a. Onset (ω)
a consonant or consonant cluster, obligatory in some languages, optional
or even restricted in others
b. Rime (ρ)
right branch, contrasts with onset, splits into nucleus and coda
c. Nucleus (ν)
a vowel or syllabic consonant, obligatory in most languages
d. Coda (κ)
consonant, optional in some languages, highly restricted or prohibited in
others

The syllable is usually considered right-branching, i.e. nucleus and coda are
grouped together as a "rime" and onset are only distinguished at the second
level.

The nucleus is usually the vowel in the middle of a syllable. The onset is the
sound or sounds occurring before the nucleus, and the coda (literally 'tail') is the
sound or sounds that follow the nucleus. They are sometimes collectively known
as the shell. The term rime covers the nucleus plus coda. In the one-syllable
English word cat, the nucleus is a (the sound that can be shouted or sung on its
own), the onset c, the coda t, and the rime at. This syllable can be abstracted as a
consonant-vowel-consonant syllable, abbreviated CVC. Languages vary greatly
in the restrictions on the sounds making up the onset, nucleus and coda of a
syllable, according to what is termed a language's phonotactics.

There are two ways that syllables formed in English words: open and closed
syllables. Here is a brief discussion of both of those topics.

a) Open Syllable

An open syllable is a syllable that has only one vowel and only one vowel
sound. The single vowel in the open syllable occurs at the end of the word.

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 Examples:

 wry
 try
 no
 go
 a
 chew
 brew

b) Closed Syllable

A closed syllable is a syllable that has only one vowel and only one vowel
sound. A closed syllable ends in a consonant.

Examples:

 clock
 truck
 ask
 bin
 trim
 gym
 neck

A syllable starts with a vowel sound. That vowel most often joins with a
consonant, or consonants, to create a syllable. Syllables will sometimes consist
of more than one vowel but never more than one vowel sound. Syllables create
meaning in language. When vowels and consonants join to create sound, words
are formed. A single syllable makes a single sound. Some words have one unit
of sound, which means they have one syllable. More than one sound means the
word has more than one syllable.

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Monosyllabic Words

Monosyllabic Words is words with one syllable

Single vowel sound

 man
o This word has two consonants and one vowel
o The one vowel sound (the short “a”) joins with the two consonants to
create one syllable
 cry
o This word has two consonants and one vowel
o The one vowel (the long “i” sound formed by the “y”) joins with the
two consonants to create one syllable

Double vowels with single sound

 brain
o This word has three consonants and two vowels
o The two vowels create one vowel sound (a long “a” sound)
o The single vowel sound joins with the three consonants to make one
syllable
 tree
o This word has two consonants and two vowels
o The two vowels create one vowel sound (a long “e” sound)
o The single vowel sound joins with the two consonants to make one
syllable

Words ending with a silent “e”

 lane
o This word has two consonants and two vowels

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 o The “e” and the end of the word is silent to represent a long “a”
sound
o The single vowel sound in this word is a long “a” sound
o The single vowel sound joins with the two consonants to make one
syllable
 tile
o This word has two consonants and two vowels
o The “e” and the end of the word is silent to represent a long “i”
sound
o The single vowel sound in this word is a long “i” sound
o The single vowel sound joins with the two consonants to make one
syllable.

Polysillabic Word

Polysillabic word is words with more than one syllable

 baker
o two syllables
o This word has three consonants and two vowels
o “bak”: two consonants “m” “k” plus one vowel “a”
o “er”: one vowel “e” plus one consonant “r”
 growing
o two syllables
o This word has five consonants and two vowels
o “grow”: three consonants “g”, “r”, and “w” plus one vowel “o”
o “ing”: one vowel “i” plus two consonants “ng”
 terrible
o three syllables
o This word has five consonants and three vowels
o “ter”: two consonants “t” and “r” plus one vowel “e”
o “ri”: one consonant “i” plus one vowel “i”

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 o “ble” : two consonants “b” and “l” plus one vowel “e”

Note: The last “e” in “terrible” is not silent. The “e” and the end creates more of
a “bull” sound when joined with the “b” and “l” than an “e” sound would
normally make.

B. Stress
In linguistics, and particularly phonology, stress or accent is relative
emphasis or prominence given to a certain syllable in a word, or to a certain
word in a phrase or sentence. This emphasis is typically caused by such
properties as increased loudness and vowel length, full articulation of the vowel,
and changes in pitch. The terms stress and accent are often used synonymously
in this context, but they are sometimes distinguished, with accent being more
strictly sound-based (auditory). For example, when emphasis is produced
through pitch alone, it is called pitch accent, and when produced through length
alone, it is called quantitative accent. When caused by a combination of various
intensified properties, it is called stress accent or dynamic accent; English uses
what is called variable stress accent.

There are two stress in linguistics:

1. The stress placed on syllables within words is called word stress or lexical
stress. Some languages have fixed stress, meaning that the stress on
virtually any multisyllable word falls on a particular syllable, such as the
first or the penultimate. Other languages, like English, have variable
stress, where the position of stress in a word is not predictable in that way.
Sometimes more than one level of stress, such as primary stress and
secondary stress, may be identified. However, some languages, such as
French and Mandarin, are sometimes analyzed as lacking lexical stress
entirely.

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 Example :

 I hate you
 Have you seen that new film with Tom Cruise?
 I like her

2. The stress placed on words within sentences is called sentence stress or

prosodic stress. This is one of the three components of prosody, along with
rhythm and intonation. It includes phrasal stress (the default emphasis of
certain words within phrases or clauses), and contrastive stress

Example :

 Believe (verb) stressed in last syllable

 Signify (verb) stressed in last syllable
 Earnest (verb) stressed in first syllable
 Information (verb) stressed in first syllable

There are three very simple rules about word stress:

1. One word has only one stress.
One word cannot have two stresses. If you hear two stresses, you hear two
words. Two stresses cannot be one word. It is true that there can be a
"secondary" stress in some words. But a secondary stress is much smaller
than the main [primary] stress, and is only used in long words.
2. We can only stress vowels, not consonants.
3. There are many exceptions to the rules.
The word stress rules in English are complicated. Remember that there are
exceptions to every rule. Use a dictionary to check the word stress of new
words. Soon, you will know English well enough to add word stress
naturally.

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 CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. Conclusion
Syllable is the sound of a vowel that’s created when pronouncing a word.
The number of times that you hear the sound of a vowel in aword is equal to the
number of syllable the word has.
Stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllable in a
word, or to certain words in phrase or sentence. Stress is typically signaled by
such properties as increased loudness and vowel lenght, full articulation of the
vowel, and changes in pitch.

B. Suggest
We authors are aware of this paper that we compile is far from lack and
perfectness. Therefore we are looking forward to the criticism and suggestions
that support our paper.

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 REFERENCES

Anonym. 2011. The Syllable: Introduction. (2017, December 10). Retreived from
http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonology/syllable/syll_introductio
n.html

Anonym. 2008. Study Of English Stress and Intonation. (2017, December 10).
Retreived from https://www.slideshare.net/satheesh985/study-of-english-
stress-and-intonation-presentation

Anonym. 2010. Word Stress Rules in English. (2017, December 10).

Retreived from http://www.really-learn-english.com/word-stress.html

Anonym. 2017. Definition, Examples of English Syllables. (2017, December 10).

Retreived from https://writingexplained.org/grammar-dictionary/syllable

Ikha, Ozzawa. 2016. Makalah Phonology. (2017, December 10).Retreived from

https://www.scribd.com/ /document/332021511/Makalah-Phonology

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