Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Resumen. Esta investigación resalta la variabilidad de la el invierno boreal (nov-abr) coinciden con la fase cálida
precipitación (PP), temperatura máxima (TM) y mínima (positiva) de la PDO, así como condiciones cálidas durante
(tm) y su relación con las teleconexiones climáticas de la verano boreal (may-oct) extendiéndose sobre el noreste de
Oscilación Decadal del Pacífico (PDO) en México durante México. Los resultados confirman las teleconexiones de la
el periodo de 1950-2007. Correlaciones no paramétricas PDO y la amplificación de signos climáticos en México a
realizadas con una significancia estadística del 90% o ma- escalas locales y regionales.
yor, en 550 estaciones climatológicas distribuidas en todo
el territorio mexicano, fueron calculadas a escala mensual. Palabras clave: Precipitación, temperatura, anomalías, PDO,
Los resultados sugieren los siguientes patrones de PDO-PP, Teleconexiones y México.
TM y tm: periodos húmedos por arriba de lo normal durante
*Departamento Forestal, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Boulevard Antonio Narro No. 1923, 25315
Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila. E-mail: jormendezgonzalez@gmail.com; anrale85@gmail.com, cornejo@forestal.org.mx,
azárate@uaaaan.mx
**Departamento de Oceanografía Física, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Forestal, Km. 107 Carretera
Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, 22860 Ensenada, Baja California. E-mail: tcavazos@cicese.mx
Jorge Méndez González, Angela Ramírez Leyva, Eladio Cornejo Oviedo, Alejandro Zárate Lupercio y Tereza Cavazos Pérez
(Mosiño y García, 1974; García 2003). Posee una tencia anual e interanual y homogeneidad de las
extensión territorial de 1 964 375 km² y se enmarca series. Estaciones con registros de 40 años fueron
dentro de las coordenadas geográficas extremas consideradas para cubrir espacios geográficos del
que van desde 14° 32´ hasta 32° 43´ latitud norte área en estudio (menos del 2% de ellas).
y de 86° 42´ a 118° 22´ longitud oeste (INEGI,
2009). Esta gran franja latitudinal lo expone a Procedimientos y análisis estadísticos
fluctuaciones de circulación atmosférica de gran Las anomalías estandarizadas de PP, TM y tm de
escala (Cavazos y Hastenrath, 1990), modulando cada estación climatológica fueron obtenidas como
significativamente el clima del país. lo han sugerido Pavia et al. (2006):
Gran parte de la variabilidad climática en
México está gobernada por la ocurrencia del fenó- α = [x -µ (x)] / σ (x),
meno de El ENSO (Ropelewski y Harpert, 1986;
Cavazos y Hastenrath, 1990; Magaña et al., 2003), donde x es la temperatura (precipitación) del
la topografía compleja, las variaciones en tipos de mes,
vegetación y uso de suelo, cercanía al mar, fenóme- µ (x) es su valor climatológico promedio,
nos físicos como la migración latitudinal de la Zona y σ (x) es su desviación estándar.
de Convergencia Intertropical (ZCIT), ciclones
tropicales, el monzón, la actividad de la corriente Las teleconexiones de la PDO sobre los datos
en chorro, frentes fríos y sistemas convectivos de mensuales estandarizados de PP y TM y tm, fueron
mesoescala (García, 2003). evaluadas mediante análisis de correlación de Spear-
Registros de precipitación anual cercanos a man ρ (rho). Esta es una prueba no paramétrica
100 mm en el noroeste de México y hasta más de que mide la asociación entre dos variables discretas,
4 000 mm en el sureste y costa Sur del Pacífico po- la cual viene dada por:
nen de manifiesto los grandes contrastes lluviosos
del país (Wallén, 1955; Hastenrath, 1967; Mosiño
y García, 1974). En gran parte de México la preci-
ρ=1 - 6∑ D [ 2
/ N (N - 1) ] ,
2
Fuente de datos
Datos diarios de precipitación y temperatura de y puede ser utilizada para probar Ho: ρ=0, así,
más de 5 000 estaciones climatológicas fueron -1≤ρ≤1, aunque ρ=0 no indica ausencia de aso-
proporcionados por el Servicio Meteorológico ciación entre las variables, pero si ausencia de asocia
Nacional Mexicano (SMN), variando desde 1900 ción lineal (Steel y Torrie, 1992).
hasta el 2008. Los datos fueron evaluados aplicando La teleconectividad encontrada con ρ, se veri-
criterios de calidad como se ha sugerido en estudios ficó mediante correlación de Pearson r, sobre una
climáticos (Alexander et al., 2006; IPCC, 2007). muestra aleatoria del 12% del total de las estaciones
Un total de 550 estaciones climatológicas (ec) dis- analizadas, la cual viene dada por:
tribuidas razonablemente en todo el país (Figura
1) fueron seleccionadas, mismas que cumplieron n
criterios como: longitud de registro ≥50 años, que – i - –y) / (n - 1)sxsy ,
r - ∑ (xi - x)(y
i=1
tuvieran más del 80% de la información, consis-
S# S# S# S# S#
S# S#
S#
S# S# S#
S# S#
S#
S## S# S# S#
S S#
30° #
S S# 30°
S# S# S# S#S#
S#
S# S# # S#
S#S# S# S#SS# # S#
S#S# # S #S#
S# S# S S#SS#
S# S# S#
S# S#
S#
S# S#
S#S#S##
S# S S#
S#
S#
S##
S# S#
S#
S# S# S#S#
S# - <- 0 . 5
S# S# S# S#
S#S# S# S#
S##
S
S# S#
- -0 . 4
S## S# S# S#
SS#S# S# S# S# S#
S## S# SS#
##
S#S# SS # S#S# S# S#S#S#S# S#SS## S#S# S#
S# S# S#
25°
- -0 . 3
25° S#S# S#
S# S#
S#S#
S#S# S# S
S# S# S# S# S#S#S# S# S##
S
S# - -0 . 2
S###S# S# S#SS##
SS S# S#
S#S##S#S#S#
S#
S# S# # S# #S 0
S S#S# S#
S# S# #SSS##S# S#S#S#S#
S# S# S# # S#S S# S# + 0.2
S#S#SS##S# SSS## # S# Golfo S#
S#
S# S#S#S#S# S# S#S#S#S#S#S# #
S S# #
S# + 0.3
Oc
S SS
# S#S# S# S# # de México
+
# S#
S ## # # S#SS#S# SS##S#S SS SS# # # S# S# S# S# 0.4
éa
S#
S# S # S#
ífic
# #
S# S# SS# S# S# S#SS#S#S#S#S#SS# S# SS # S#S##S# S# S#S# S#
S#S# S# SS##S#SS#
S#S# S# S# S#S# S#S# #
S# S# S#S S# S#S# S#S# S# S# S#
S# S# S## S# S#S#S#S# S# SS##
S #
S S# #
S Estaciones climatológicas S# S# S##
S# SS# S# S# S# S# S S#S##
___ S# # S# S#S#S# S#S# SS#S##S## S# # S#S#S#S#SS##SS#S#
Límites estatales S S## S# S S#
S# S#
SS##S# S#
S#S##S#S## 15°
15° SS#
SS#
Figura 1. Distribución geográfica de las 550 estaciones climatológicas utilizadas en este estudio.
donde x, y, son dos variables aleatorias con me- y de 1977 a 2007, mientras que de 1946 a 1976 se
dia x, y y desviación estándar sx, sy, respectivamente percibe la existencia de una fase fría. Estos cambios
y n, el tamaño de muestra. “r ”, es independiente de fase (o de régimen) se muestran en la Figura 3
de la escala de medida de las variables, pero a dife- con líneas punteadas, las cuales fueron obtenidas
rencia de ρ, es muy susceptible a outliers o valores mediante el método de Rodionov (2004).
extremos. En este estudio, las correlaciones se realizaron a
Mantua et al. (1997) derivaron el índice de la escalas mensuales a un nivel de confianza del 90%,
PDO de la primera componente principal de la va- usando las series estandarizadas de precipitación y
riabilidad mensual de la temperatura superficial temperatura, buscando que x, y estuvieran a la mis-
del mar (TSM), la presión atmosférica a nivel del ma escala. Ejemplo: PDOαene vs. PDOene, PDOαfeb
mar (P) y el viento superficial del Pacífico Norte vs. PDOfeb, ... , PDOαdic vs. PDOdic y de forma si-
(V). La PDO consta de una fase positiva (cálida) milar para TM y tm. Hare (1996), Hare y Mantua
y una fase negativa (fría), originando climas muy (2000) indican que usar variables estandarizadas
similares a los de El Niño/La Niña, respectivamente (normalizada) en estudios climatológicos es una de
(Gershunov y Barnett, 1998). Los datos de la PDO las técnicas de corrección más comunes.
se proporcionan en forma mensual, estandarizada, Para identificar la influencia anual, posterior al
iniciando en enero de 1900 hasta la fecha, y se episodio de la PDO sobre el clima en México, se
encuentran disponibles en: http://www.atmos. realizaron retardos de correlación (lags) desde uno
washington.edu/~mantua/abst.PDO.html. Datos hasta cinco años (A1, ...A5), ya que Mantua et al.
históricos de la PDO (Figura 2) muestran fases (1997) consideran una persistencia de la PDO de
cálidas desde aproximadamente 1900 hasta 1945 más de 20 años.
-1
-2
-3
Año
50 50
Figura 3. Porcentaje de estaciones
a) b) PP climatológicas con correlación
40 40 estadísticamente significativa
Estaciones climatológicas (%)
20 20
10 10
0 0
50 50
e) f) tm
40 40
Estaciones climatológicas (%)
30 media 30
media
20 20
10 10
0 0
A0 -A1 -A2 -A3 -A4 -A5 En Fe Ma Ab My Ju Jl Ag Se Oc No Di
50
0.5
precipitación (PP), (b) temperatura
máxima (TM) y (c) temperatura
0 0.0 mínima (tm) en México y
promedio de la PDO de fases
-0.5 positivas, n = 29 y negativas, n = 30
-50 (líneas) (eje derecho), 1950-2008.
-1.0
-100 -1.5
100 1.5
b) TM
1.0
50
0.5
0 0.0
-0.5
-50
-1.0
-100 -1.5
100 1.5
c) tm
1.0
Media de la PDO (1950-2008)
Estaciones climatológicas (%)
50
0.5
0 0.0
-0.5
-50
-1.0
-100 -1.5
En Fe Ma Ab My Ju Jl Ag Se Oc No Di
Meses
nexiones son mayo y julio con 33.4 y 30.2% de ec, En tm, la mayor teleconectividad se presenta desde
respectivamente; octubre y noviembre representan marzo hasta julio, la cual promedia 36% del total
la parte contraria (17%), (línea sólida, Figura 3f ). de ec (n=197) y sólo 18.5 y 13.1% de ec durante
Lo anterior da evidencias de la modulación de tem- septiembre y octubre (barras, Figura 3f ).
peratura (máximas y mínimas) del país después de
la evolución de episodios cálidos (fríos) de la PDO. Teleconectividad PDO-temperaturas
Similarmente, por la mayor teleconectividad de máximas y mínimas: escala espacial
la PDO sobre la TM y tm registrada durante A0 los Correlaciones positivas entre la PDO - TM se
resultados de este estudio hacen énfasis sobre este detectan durante el verano boreal (may-oct) y
periodo. Enero, marzo y abril son los meses con correlaciones negativas durante el invierno boreal
las mayores teleconexiones en TM (barras, Figura (nov-abr) promediando más de 70% de ec en cada
3d) registrando 37.4, 36.7 y 32.6% de total de periodo (barras, Figura 4b). Durante el verano,
ec, respectivamente, en tanto que noviembre sólo la influencia de la fase positiva (negativa) de la
registra 11.2% de estaciones significativas (n=62). PDO en México se traduce en anomalías positivas
++++
-115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90° Figura 5. Patrones geográficos de
++
+ correlación significativa (+ positiva
S# S# #
S#S# S# #S
++ +
+ +
S# S
S# S# S#
>0 .5 + >0.5
+ ++
S# S# S#
-S#
S#
S# S#S#
+ 0. 4 + S#
+S# + 0.4
++ +
(azul), - negativa (amarillo)) y no
S#
30° S#
30° S#
S#
S#
S#
S#S# + 0. 3
30° ++ S#
S#
S# S#S# + 0.3
30°
++ + + +
S# S# S# S# S#
S# S# S#
S#S# S# S#S# -
#
S#SS#S# S#
+ 0. 2 S# S#S# # S# S#
#S#
+ 0.2
S# # S# S#S#S# S# S SS#S#
++ + S# 0
S#
++
significativa (o, en blanco) al 90%,
S S# S# S# 0 S# S#
SS# S# S## S# S# S#
S# S# - S# S# S# S# + S# S# S# #
++
S#S#S# S# S# S# S#S S# S
S# S# S# S# S# S# - -0 .2 S# S#
S# S# S#
S# S# S# S# S#S#
S# - -0.2
S# S# S#
+++ + ++++++++ +
S# S# S# S# #
S#S#S# SS# S#S# S#
-
S#
-
S#
-
S# S# S#S# S# S# S#S# S#S#S# S# S#
# S#
++
S# S#
++
S#
S#S#
S#S#S#S#
S#
SS##
<- 0 .5
S#S#
++
S##S# +
S# S# S
S#S# <-0.5
+
S S#
#S#S#S# S# S#SS##S#S#S#
S#S# S#S# # S# S#S# # S#
+ + + +++
SS#S#S# S## S# S
++ +
estandarizada en México (1950-2007)
S# #SSS# S# S#SS##S#S#S#S#S#
S# + ##S#S## S#S
+ + +
S S S#
+++++++++++++++++ S# S# S#S S# S# S# # S#
Golfo S#
S# S# S# Golfo S# S##S#
S# S# S#S#SS##SSS##
SS# #
S #
S#
++ ++++ + +
S
S# S# S#S#S# S#
de México S# + S# #
S S# S# S# S#
de México
+
S# S#S# S# S# S#
++ + +++++ +++ + S#
S#SS###S#S#S# S#S#S# S# S#S# Océano S# # # # S#S#S#S#S SS#S# S# S#S#
#
+
S#
+++++
Océano S#
-
+ + ++ +
S# S#
S# S S S# SS#S#S# S#S# S##S# S# S#
++ +
#
S#
S #
S S#
S# # #
+ #
SS S#SS##SS# S# + +
S#S# S# S#S#S##S#S#S#S#S#S# S# S#S#SS#S#S##S#
++ ++++ ++- - +
++ +
durante A0.
+ Pacífico
+++ + ++
S#S# S#S# S# S# S# SS#
+
S#
+ +
Pacífico S# S#
++ # S# S#S#
+++ ++
+
# S# S#S# S# S# S# S## S# #S# S#S# S#- S# -
+ -
# # S#S# S## S#S# SS### S#S#S#S#S#SS#S# S# SS#S# SS#SS#SS##S#S#S S#S#
S# S S#S#SS# S#S# S# S# S# S# S# S# 20° 20°
20°
+ 20° S# S#S#
#
S#S# S S# S#
+
S# S# S#S#
++
#S#SS## S#S##S#S#
+ S# S# S#S# ++ + #S#S## S#S#S#S#S#S# S# #S#S#S# #S# ##S# S# SS#
+++ + -
S# S# S# S# #SS# SS S#
+
S# S# S# #S#S# S# #S#S# SS#
SS# S# S# SS#S# S# - S#
S# S# S##S# S# S # SS#S
SS#
S#
#S#S#S#S# SS##
S# S#S##
S##
S#S#
S# S S #
# S#
S# S#S# # S#S#SS#
#S#SSS##S#S# S#
S# #
S# #
S#
S# S#
S# S# S#S#S#
+ S#
#S#S#SS#
S #S# #
S# S# S# # S S#
#
S
-
S
SS## -#S# + S
S#
- S# S#S# S# S# S#SS#S#S#S#S#S#S# S S# S#
#S# S# S#- S# S# S# S#S# S#
S# SS# S# S# SS##SS#S#SS#S# S# S S#S# #S#S#SS##S#
# S# S#S# S# S##S#S# S#S#S#S
S#S# S# S#S# SS##
S# S #
S#S# S#S# S#S# S#S# # S# S#S# S## #
S# S S # S #
SS# #
S#
S S#
S#
S# S#S S# S# S# S#S S# S# S#S#S#S# S#S#
+
S# S#S# S#S# S# S#
#
S # + S#
S#S#S#S# S# -
+ -- S#
##
S
S
S S#S#
-
SS#
+
S# S# S#
S# S# S#
S#
S#
++ S#
S# #
# S S#SS##S#
S# # S##S#S#S# S#S# SS#S##S# S# SS#S#SS##SS#
SS#
S S# S#
- S# # S#S#S#S# S#S##SS#S#SS# S#S# S#S#S##SS#
S S## S
+-
# S#
S#S# S#
S#
S SS
S#
S# # S#
SS##S# S#
S#
S#
15° - S#S#S##
SS##-
15° 15°
S#S##SS##
SS##
S# 15°
-115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90° -115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
ENERO FEBRERO
-115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90° -115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
+
+++++++++ +
++
#S
S
##
+
#S
S # S
+ S#
+
#
S
+ + >0.5
#
S
# + >0.5
++ +
S
+ +
#
S
++ + + ++
# #
S #
S
0.4 #
S #
S #S
S
+ 0.4
++ 30° 30°
30° 30° #
+
+++ +
#S 0.3
+ 0.3 S
+ + +
##
++
#
S #S
S #
S #
S SS
++ +
#
S # #
S
++ +
# #
S
#
S
#
S
+ 0.2 S#S #
S #
S
S + 0.2
++++++ +
#
+
S #
S # #
S
+
#
S #
S #
S #
S #
S #S
S#
#
S #S
S #
S
#
S# # S# 0
+ +
S
S# 0
+
#
S #
#
S S#
+ S#S# SS
#S##
+
# S
S #S## #
S #
S S S#
+ +++
#
S
#S
# #
#S
#S + #
S #
S S S#
#S
-0.2 +++S# #S
S
#
+ #
S S#S - -0.2
++
# #
S S # ##
+
S S #
S ##
- S S
+
S # S
#
S S
-
S
- -0.3
+
# # S
S
++++
#S #
#
#S # S# S
- -0.3 # S # S
S ## #S +
+
S # ## S #S
#S #
#
S # #S#
#S S # S
-
# S
++
S #S #
#
S # # # S #
S # S
S #S
#S
S
# #S #S S #S #S S S #S
-
S # S S#S
# # ## S #S# #
++ S#
# # S S ##S
S S- S S #S S S
S S # # S
S #S #S ## #
S
25° ## S
S # S S # -0.4 25°
-
25° S## S # S # S -0.4 25° #S #
# S # -
++
# # # S #S
#S S
-
#S
S # S #S
#S #
S S# S S S # S# S ## S
S#
#S
+S+##
S
#S
S #
#
S
# S
S # S ## S
S #
S#S## <-0.5
#
#S
S ## #
S
SS#S# #
#S
S # S S #
- -- <-0.5
#S # S# #SS # S
#SS
#S # S S#S##S #S
S #
S ##S #S
S # #S
S #
S # #S
S #
#S # ##S
S #
S#S
S # S# # #S
S
##S S + # #S
S S##S
# #S
#S #
+
# # #S
S S #S
#S #SS #S
S
+ S# # #
S
S
#SS
S
# #S
S #
#
S # Golfo
#
S
S##
##S
S
##
S #
S
S# #
SS ## S # S
S S
S#
#
S Golfo #
S
+ #
S #S #S
#S # ##S S##
S
##S#
#SS# S##
S-
# S #
S S#
# #S
S #S
#S
# SS
# ##S S#
S #S
--
#
# #
# SS
+ de México
S S S
-
S S S #S S
S -## #S
S # #
S
de México Océano #
#S S#S#
# -S ## S
# S
Océano # ## # #
#S-
##S S #S ##
S
-
#S
# ## # # S
S SS
#S####S #S S S##S
# # #
S #
S #
+
S S # #S
#S S
#S ##S
+
####S S # # SS S S #
S S SS # S# S S
#S#S S# S #S# ##S ## - S#
+ # S
S S SS#S#S ##S
S SSS S #S S #
S
Pacífico S##
#S
S
# -S
#- S
#SS -#S S#S #S #
+ +- -
## S # S # S -#S S
+ --
S #S #S #S #S#S ### S ##
--
#S ###S
S #S#S##S S #S #S
- +
# S #S # S
Pacífico S#S ##
SSS##S S ##S
-
S S#S ##SS
-
#S ##S
#S
#S
# S #S# #S
S #
#S #S
S -# S# #S
S #
S# # S
S
# #S
S# S#S- S S#S #S
S #
#S #S 20°
+ + - +- +++
20°
+
#S S #S # # S #
S # S ## #
S #
#
S # # S # #
##S S#S ##S ###S #S #S ### S # S #S #S # 20° S # ## S
S ##SS #S## S
S SS S # S ##S
#S #S S #S #S
S # S
20° ## S
S S ## S
#SSS ## S #
SS #S
S
+
#SS
#S #S# #S
S# # S
S #
#S # S #S #S
#S-# S -
#S #- S
S #S
## S#S
#S
-
## S
+ + +
# S #S #S #S ## S
S #S
S#S S #S #S #
S #S #
#S S
# #
S
+ #S SS # S #S #S #
---- - - --
S # #S# S #S # S##S
S S
# # S # #S
S S S # S
#S#S ## S S #S
+ -+
S #S S # ## S# S #S
S #
S S
S#
#
SS#
# S S #
S #
S #
S S# S S# S S#
S S# #
#
S # ## S #
##
S S####
S #
#S ## S
### S ## S
S # # S #S
S#S# #S#S-S#S ##S
S#S
S S #
+ +
S#S ###S#S S
#SS S### SS S
-
#
S -# ##
+
# # # S S #
S
S ##SS S #S
S #S
S #
S #
S # S #S ## S
S #S -
#S S#
SS#S# S # S
S
#S##S
#S
# # S
S #
#S -
+ ++ +
#
S # S
S #S #S S
#S
#S
S#S##S # SS # # S# #S
# # S
S #
#S #
S S # #S #S
S S
S # #S
S #S#S
#S# S# # #S #S
#S # S#S
#S #
#S
S # S
+ S# S#S# S# S#SS
# ## S # S #S#S#S#S #S
S #S
# S#S #
#S# S# S# S -
## S
# S#S
##S
## S
S #S#S #S - #S
S
S#S# S#
- -
#S #
S S S #S# #
S
S#
# # #SS #
- S#S #
S
S
+
S ##
-
++ +
#S #
S #S
S S #
S #
S# # S SS#
S # S# #S # S#S S #S S# #S
S #S ###S
#S
#S
S # S# #S #S##S
## S
##
S
S #S#S
#S
S#S ##S
S ###S
#SS # S# S# #S
# S
##S
# ## S
SSS#S
#- S
##S #S
#
S
##SS
S
#
#
## S ##S # S SSS S
-
---+
SSS SS # #
S #
S #
S
#
S S# #
#
S
#S# #S
S # S
--
S
-S
#S--
15°
S #S
#S
S
#
#
## 15° 15° SS##
## 15°
S
-115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90° -115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
MARZO ABRIL
-115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90° -115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
#S
S #
++
S
#
#S#
#
S+ #S
S
S### +
# S
+
# - S #
S
+
S
+ # S
+
#
S #
S S #
S
>0.5 >0.5
+
#
S #
S
#
S
#
S
#
S #
S
# + 0.4 #
S
S#
- -S
#
#
S + 0.4
S# S S#
30° 30° 30°
+
# #
+
S S
30° #
+ #S
#
+
+++ +
#S
S #
S 0.3 S #
S - 0.3
+ +
#S
--
#
S #
S S# S#
# #
S
+
S #
S #
S # # #
S
-S S
#
S #
S # #
S + 0.2 S#S
#
#
S #S
S# S#S
# # + 0.2
#
S - S# + S# +
S
#
S
#
S
#S
S#
+ S#
#
S - #
S #
S
S
#S
S#
# S# 0
0 # S
+S# +
S# S S## #S
- S
# # # #S
S #S# # S
S # # S
S## #
#S #
S #
S #
S #S
S ##
#S# #
S S S #S
#S S #S
+
S S
# # -0.2
+ +
- S S
#
S #
S S#
#
S #
S S# ##
SS
#
S - -0.2 #
S S# S
S#
#S #
S
S
S
#
# S# #
S#
S
-
- + -
#S
S
+
#S # S
-0.3
+ -+
S # # # #S
# S
# #S# S
-0.3 # S #
## #S
+ # S
# S ## S
# S
S S
#S#S ##
S #
#S S # S # #S S - S #
S # S #S
#S #
S# #
S # #S
#S#S
#
-
#
S #S #S # S S ##S
S #S
-
#S
S #S #
S S S #S #S
S
# #S S ## S # # S # S #S #
# ##
S S ##S S SS S S
-0.4
#S
S ## S
S # S # S -0.4 25° 25° S
#S # S## S # S # # # 25°
-
25° ## S #
# S # S
#S
-
#S # S #S S# # S #
S S # S
S # -
#S
#S S #
S
S #
#
S S
# # S
S # #S
S ## S
S #
S
#
#S #S
S # S S ## S
S #
#S #S
S S
S
## #
S
SS#SS # #
S S# S#S
##
S <-0.5 ###S
SSS# - #
S
S# S# S#S#
S
# <-0.5
# #S
#S # S #S
#S #
#-#S #S#
S ##S #S
S # S #S S
#S
S S# #S
S #
S S # S# # #S
S #
-
+
#S
S# #S -S ###S
S# # #S
S S#
#
#SSS
##S##S# - #
S# S S#
# SS S #S
#S #
-
# S
S# #
S
#
S S# S##S
#S
S
#
#S
S
-
#S
#
#
# #
S
SS## S # S
S
#
#
S #
S Golfo #
S - S#S#S
#S #S #
#S
S
-S
###
SS
##S
#
#
-
# #
S
SS # S
S
- # S
S
#
#
S #
S Golfo #
S
Océano
#
S SS # S##S
# S#
#
-- - ---- +
S
### - S
S#S
## #S
S#S # S#
de México + Océano
S#
-
#
S
-
S## #S
S
-#
#- SS
# -
##
#S
#S
S #
-
S#
de México
# ## #
S #S#S
S #S
# S
- #
S
- #S
S #SS
#S
--
#S #S S ##S
SS#
-
#
S #
- --
#S#S
##
S SS SS #S#S #- S S##S SS -S
# - -- S
##
S S#
- # S
#S S
#S
#S #S##S
S #S
##
#S S#S
##-S - S
# S
- - - --
## #S SS ##S #S #S##S -- S
#
- - - -----
S #S ### S -- S
# S # S #S
Pacífico #
S S # S
#S #S
S
S
S
#S##S #S
#S
#S S
#S
-# S -# ##
#S S#S #
#S #
S + Pacífico #S ##
SS#
S##S
S
## S #S
S #S ##S -#S
S # S
##
#S S#
#S #S
S#
20° ## S ## S
#S
## #S##S -#
#S #S#S # #S - -S ##S #S
#S # # S#S# # 20° 20° # S
#
S
S #- S
##-S ##
#SS
S
##SS ##S
#S #S
S ##S
SS #S
S #S #S##S# S #S# #
#S
-S #S
S #
- #
#S
# S 20°
- +
S -S S
## S S
#S #S #S #S #S # ##S
S
#S S #S S S S#S #S
S#S # S
S S
#S S #-- S #S # SS ## # S
-+
# S S S #S #SS #
-# S
#S ## #S#S # #S # # S #S S
- --- -------- --
S # ##S # #S #S # SS #S #
S # S S#S #S
S #S S# # SS # ## S#
# S
S ###S #S #S
S #S S
##S
#S #S
S# #
S ##
#
S # S
S SS#
#S # S
S #S # #
S # S
S S
### S
+
#S
S S # S S# #
S S S#S S ## S
#S S
## S # S
#
SS
#S #
#
S #
S -
## SS
S #
# # S
#
SS S
#S### #
#
S
S ##
S S#
+
#S
S#S #
- S# #
#S#
S
S##
S
# -
## S
#
S#S
S##
S S # S
+
-+
# S # #S #S #
#S ##S S S S #
S
# SS
+
#S # #S #S #
S S #S #S # S ##S
# #S #S#
#S # S #
+
S # #
# S #S #SS S S # #S# #S
#S# # S
S #
#S S S # S #S #S #SS
S #S
#S S #S
++
+
S S #S # S#S S# #S
S SS#S#
#
S #
S # S
S ## S #S #S# S #
SSS# ##
# SS S S# S# S# #S
S ## S ## S
S #S#S #S#S #
S # S
S #S# #
S
# #S # # #S ## S #S S
## S# S# S# #S S#
S S #S ## S S#SS#S# S# S S
#
S# S# S # S S #
#S #
S #
S
S
+
##
SSS S# ## #
S #S
S # S
#
S#S
#
S
#
#S #
##
S
# #S ##S
S # ## S S##
#S
#S
S
S
#S
#S
#
S
##S
S #S##
#SS#S
# S
S
# #S
S #
S# S# S
#
S #S ##S
# -# S
##S
##
S
S # #S
#S
S SS
#S#S#S
S
##
##
#S
S#S
#S
# -
S S
SS # S
S
S#
SSS#S #S#S
# #S
# S
S#S
# #S
S ## S
#
S
SS #S # S
#
S
++
++
#S
S
#
S # S # #S
S #
15°
S #S
#S #
S
#
S
##
S
S
--- 15° 15°
##S
SSS#S
##
S
S
#
15°
-115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90° -115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
MAYO JUNIO
-115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90° -115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
#S
+S#S# S#S
###S
# #S
S #
S
###S
S #
+
S #
S # S
# S
+ # S
+
#
S
# S
S #
S
>0.5
S >0.5
#
S - #
S #
S -
+
#
S
#
#
S
-S
#
#
S + 0.4
30°
#
S
S#
#
S #S
S #
#
S
0.4
330°
30° S #
+ 30° # #
S
+S# + 0.3
+
S
+ +-
#
#S # #S
0.3 S #
S
-
S #
S #S
S #
S #
S
S # #
S
- #
S # # #
S
+ 0.2
- -S#S# S S
++
# #
S#S
# #
S #S
S ## S
#
+ 0.2 S#S
# S #S
S#
#
#S
S# #
S
S S # S ##S
S
++
#
S S #
# ##S
S S S#
S
S# #
S
S #
S## #
S
#S
S# 0 S# #
S
S# S# #
S
# S##
- 0
#
S # #S ## #
# S
S # # S
# S
S #
S#
#S
-S
##
#S
S
S #
S
#
#
S #
S
#
S
S
#S
S - -0.2 #
S + S#S
# S
S
##
#
#
S
S# ##
S
S S
#
S #S
S - -0.2
# S
S # S S# S ##
S #
S ##
S #S S
#S #
++ # S S S
-
+-
S
- #S -0.3
+
S # #S
# S# #
S# S -0.3 # S #
225°
S
- -
#
#S # S # # # S
S S #S # # # #S #S #
-
# S S ## #
S# S #S S
#S
#S #S
S
+ # #S
#S S # S
#S
# #S #S # #S # S S ##S
S # #- S
-
#S # S S S# S # S #S S #S
# S # # S #S #
S # S # # S # S #S # S S S
-0.4
# SS
#S
S S
+
S
-0.4 25° #S
S
++
# S #
-
-
S# # S S
25° #S
S ## S
S # # # 25° ## S #
# S
--
## S #S # S #S #
S #
-
-
#
# S S # S S # - S S
#S ## S
S #
#
S + S# S # S
S
#
S
# S
S # #S
S
## S
S
S
#
S#
<-0.5
#
S #S
S # S S #
<-0.5
--------
##
#+
S #
# S#S#- # SS
S S# # S
S S##
#S #
S S #
S
++
S# #S#
#S
#
S S
#S#
-
#S #
#S #S# S
+
SS##S S S#S #
S #
S
++ + ++
#S S# # #S
S # ##
#S
-- - - -
SS# # #S
S S##S #S S #
# S #S
S
#
S S# #SS
S
# #
Golfo #
S
#
S #S
S
# -
S Golfo # S
S
#
SS# -
-
S
S## #
S #S
S S
# S# # # # #
S ##S
#S # S # S
# #S # ##S SS# S #
SSS#
S S #
S# S# #
S #S #S ##S
#S # # SS #S #
# SS
- -- -
S
S S # S#
de México
##
S #
S
++
# #S # #
Océano
S
# ## # # S
S
#
#S#S #S
S #
#S
S #
#S
#S
S S
de México Océano #
S + #S
#SS
S
## S
##S
#S
# #S
# SS
#S S
#S
-# # S
## #S
S #
S #
+
S S #S #
#S
# -S
S #S # ##S #S #
S #S##S #S S
--
#S S# S #
S S #S #S #S #
# S S SS # S#S # #S # ## # S
S ##S
220°
#S #S S#S
S###SS S
- - -+ +
S ##S S ##S #S
## S Pacífico S# # S #S# S#S S #S #S#S ##S # #S
#S S# -
+++ - -+ + + + +
SS S ##S #S #S #S###S #S
#S
# S# SS #S#S S ### -
+ - -- -- -
Pacífico #S
# S #S#S #S
##S #S #S # SS
S
#
S#S
#S
# S ##
#S S#S# #S
S ##S
###SS # S
S ###SS#S #
#S
S S# #S #
S
-## S #
#S #
S
- --
S S #- S
#S S
##S #S #S
20° #- S
S #
##S
S
#S S
#S
## S##S
S #S ##S
#S #S
## S
S
# S
#S ##
S
#S
S
#S
##
S##S#S#S
#S #S
S #
S#S
#S
S
#S
#
#S # # S
S #
#S
#
20° 20° S# S S#S
##
#S
S #S
S
#S #S
S
#
-S
#S S
#S ##
# -S #
S
# #S
S
#S SS
# # S
##S#S
S
#S
# S #
#S
# S
S #S #
#
#S
S S
##S
S
## SS # #
#
-
+-
#S #
S
# S
S #
##
S
S#
S
#S
S
+ #S
S #S #S S
S
# # S
S #S # S #S
#S #S #S #S
#
SS
#
S
## S
S#S
S ##
#S #
S
#
S
#
S #S
S#
#
S #
S
- + + -
S
S
#
#
S
- S#
S#S
- S #S#
#S
S
#S
S #- S
S #S
S
##-S ## S
# SS
S
S
# S
S
##
S
#S
#S
S#S#
S#
#
#
S S#
##S
#S
S# #S
##S
#S
###
#S
S#S#S
# S
#
# #
S#
S #
#S
S#
-- -#
S S
#S#
S
S
#S
#S
#S
### SS
#
S#
S #
#S#S
S# # -
--
S #S #S
S S S
S S S #
S # SS
#
S ## - S S # S
#S
# #S #S# # S
#S #S #SS
#S##S
## S S # S
##S
#S # S #
S
-S# S #S # S #S #S ##S#S S #
++-
# S
S # S #S #S S #S#S # S #S # S
S #
#S #S
S #S
S # #
SS S #
S #S #S
S # #S
#S #
#SS #
- #
S #
S S #S #S # S
#S
- -- - - - ---- -S#
#S# #S #S #S
#S # #S #S S
S
S# #S #
S #S #
S
S
# # S
#S S # S
#S
S
## S
S
#S
#
#S#S
S#
#S
S # S
#- #
S
#
S
S
#
-#S - #S
S # S
#S
S
#
#
#
S #
S
S
#
S
#
S
S
## S
#SS#S#
# S
#
S
#
S
#S
S #
SS # S
## ## #S #
# S# S #
SS S## # -S
S - -#
#S S S## ##S S S S# #S #S # S #S #S
##S
#S
# ## SS
-
S #S # # S S##S
# ## S #S #S#S
S
## ##S
S # #S #S
S #
S S
S#S## S SSS#SS S S #S
S # S#S# S #S S
# S#S
-S##S#-S##
S #S
S
115°
#
S # S
#S # #
S#
S
#S
### S#S
#S
15°
S #S
S
S
S#
S
##
S 15° 15° S#
JULIO AGOSTO
-115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90° -115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
++ + #S ++
++
#S
S
## S
#
++
S S
## S
#
+
#
S S S#
+
S# #
S #
S
#
S
>0.5 #
S #
S >0.5
#
S
#
S
+ +S#
#
S
# #S
S #
+ 0.4
+
+ S
- #S
S #
# 0.4 30°
#
S
# 30°
S
30° # S
+
+
30° #
#S
#
S
+ 0.3
#S
S #
S #S 0.3
+
S #
S #
S #
S S#
#
S #
S #
S #
S # #
S
S # #
#
S
+S#S#S# #
S #
S
+ 0.2 S#S
#
#
S #S
S# #SS
S #S
#
S
#
+ 0.2
+
S#S #
S # S
# #S
S# #
S #
S #
S S ##S
S
S #
#
S #
S #
S #S
S
## S# # #
S S# 0
++++++
S S
S# #
S S#
#
S
#
S
#S
S# 0 # S
S # # S
S#- #
#S #
S
S##
S
#
S #
S #S
S #S##
# #S ## S#S #S
# S
S #
S#
S #
S #
S #
S
#
S
S
#S
S - -0.2 #
S S# S
S#
#S #
#
S S# S# #
S#
S
#
S S - -0.2
# S S# ## S#
S # S#S
#S
S
#
# #S #
#
S
#
SS
S# S - -0.3
#S
S
S
# #S
# S
# # S
S #
#
S # S #S#S ##
S #
#S S
S# S
#S
#S
#
# #S
S #S # - -0.3
-
# S # S ##S #S
++ +-
# S
S S #S ##
S # #S #S # #S
S ## # S
S # # S #S S #S #
##S S
-
#
S # S #S S #S
#S #S #S # SS #S
S
#S
S -#S# # S
S #
-
S # S #S S
##S # 25° S
#S # S## S # # # -0.4 25°
-
S # S
25° # SS # S#S # # -0.4 25° S #
S #S
S # S
S #S #S
## S
S S#
-
# S # S
S # S
#S
S #
S #
S #
S #
S #S #S S S# S#
#S #S
S # S #
# S
S # S ## S # <-0.5
S#
#S
##
S
#S
S #SS #
#S
S #
S# S#
S #
S#S##
S <-0.5 S
S
S
#SS
#S#
# #S
#S###
#
S + S# #
S
#S
S #
S#S##
S
# ##S S #S
#S ++
# S #
S ###S
S #
S
---
#
#S
+
S SS
# #S
#S
S # #
S
S
S#S #S#
S S#
S#
S# #S S
#SSS
# #S##S#
S#S # S
S #S ##S #
S S ##
S
#
S #S#S # #S
###S # #S
S #
S S S Golfo #
S
# # # Golfo SS
#
-
-
S # S
S
- # S S ##
S #
S #
S S#S#S#S #S #S
#S#
##
S #
-- +
#S
S ##
#S# S# S
S S #
S S# S#S S# #S #
Océano
#
S S #S
#S #S
# SS
S
# ##S #
#S
S
#S
S
S
## #S
S
# S #
S# - #
S de México Océano #S#S #S ##S S
## #S# S
#S
#S#SS #S ##S
# #S
S
+
## S
S
S # SS
###
#S
#
S
#S
S
S
de México #
S
S
-
# -- # # S ## #S
#S
S ##S
#S -
#S
#S
##
#S ##S #
S
## S #S #S- #S
S S #S #S S#S
##S -
#
--
#S S # S # # S S #S ##S
SS # S#S #S#SS#S S# S
- #
S S# # #S
# #S #S #S ###S # #S
#S
++
#S #SS S SS #S #S # S ##
Pacífico S## S
S #S# S
#S
#S S##SS
S #- S
#S #S #S
S
##S##S
# #S
#S # S ## Pacífico #### S
#S #S #S
#S
#S S
#
##S
#S #S ###S
# SS
SS S #S
#S #S
##S #S
#S
#S
S #
#S
#-S S#S # --
#S
S#
+
## S #
S S #SS ###S ##S #S # # #
#S
#S
S
#
S -# #- S #S ###SS#S # #S
#S ## #S #S S#S #
#S #S
S#
20° 20° S
#S
S S
S
#S ## S
S
S
S S S##
+
S#S
# #S #
#S #S
S S#S #-S
S #
S S 20°
- -- -
#- S # SS S #S ##SS #S # #
#S##
20° S S
#
S ##
#S#S S#S #S -#S
-#
S#SS
## S
#S
S #S
S #S
# #S
S
-
##S
S #S#S S #S#
S
##S
#S
##SS
#SS
#S#
S #
#S
# S
S
# S
S ##
S S S# #S # S# S
S #S S
S#S
# #S#S #S #
#S
S
S
#
S
#
S
S#S #
S
##
##
S
#
S
----
S #S ##S #S #
S # S # SS
-
#S #S # -S
--
S #S # S S #
-
#S ## S
-S
-#
-S
- SS
# #S # S#S #
#
S
#
SS#S# S #
S S
#
S
# #
S # #
S
##
S #
S# #
S S #S
S#S #
S
S#
S #
#S ##
S
SS
##S
# S S#
###S
#
SS # S
#S
#S
S #
S S
-
#S
S#
-
S
-
#S #S
#S
#- S
S
#S
# ###-S
#S# S
#S # S
S
-
S
#
S
-
# S
S # S
S #S ## S
S #S #S #S
S #S
S
##S
##S
S
#S
S
## - S
S # S
#
# # -
#S
# --
S S# S #
-
#
S
-
#
S -SS S## S #S
S - S #
S #
S # S S #S
#S #S
# #S #S #S
#S ##S# S # S# #S
#S# ## #
S S#S S# #S ## S
S #S#S #S#S # #S
S # S#S
#S #
--
S S #S # #S S ## S #
#S
S S #S # #S # S# #S
#S
+
S# # S #S#S # #S
#S S #S
S #S# S# S S-#
# S #S# ## S
S
S #S #S #S #S
S # S # #
S S #S #S# S #
S #
S# #S #
S S
#
S##S # S# #S
S SS # S# # S #
--
#
S S # - S -
+
S #S #
S# S #
S S # S
S #S # S #S #S
S #S
##S #
S - S# #S
S #S # S# S ##S -S# #S #S S
# #S
#S
S
#
#S
S # # S
S
#
S
#S
#S##S
#- S
# S
#S
S#S
S## - S
#S
##S # S
#
#S
#S
#S
-#S
##S
#S #S
S
#
#
#
#S #
#S
S #- S
#
S
S#S
#S#S# #S
S #
#-
#
S
#
S
+ -+
S #S S
---
#
S S
S#S
# #S
S##S
S S
#
S ##S
#S ## 15° 15° ##
S
S 15°
15° SS
S
#S
##
S
-115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90° -115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
SEPTIEMBRE OCTUBRE
-115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90° -115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
#S
S +++ #S
S #
#S
S
S##
# +
+
# #
S # S
+ +
#
S #
# S # S
S #
S
#
S S #
S
>0.5 >0.5
+ #
S #
S
#
S #
+ 0.4 #
S
#
S
#
S #S
S #
+ 0.4
++
#S
S
++
# #
S # #
S
+
S S
# #
S
30° 30° #
S 30°
S
+
30°
+ ++
#
+ #S 0.3
+ 0.3 S
+
#S
++ +++ ++
#
S # S
+
#
S # S #
S #
S # # #
S
#SS S
0.2
+++
+ #
S + 0.2 #
S +
+
# #S
+
S S # #S
S# S #S
# #
S
++++
#
S #
S # #
S #
S ##S
S
++
S #
+ S
+
#
S S#
+ S# 0
++ + + + + ++ +
# S# 0 #
S
#
S
## S#
#
S S
# S
S # #
S +# # S
#S
#S
#
+ #
S #
S
+
#
+
S S
S #S
#S #
S -0.2
+ -0.2 #
+
# S S -
++++++
# S #
S S # #
S #
+++++
S - S S# S
# S# #
S
+ ++ +
#
++
S S# S #
S # #
S
+
S
-
+++ + + +++++
# #S
++ +
S
- S# #
+ -0.3
+ ++ + +
-0.3 # S #
+
# S #
S
+
S
+
#
+
# S # ##
+++
S S #S
#S S #
S # #S
++ -
S # S
++ + ++
S # S#
++++ +
# S # #
S S
-
# S #
S #
S # S
S # S #
S
# S # #S
S # # # SS #S
S
-0.4 25°
S #
S S
-0.4 25° 25° #
+ ## S
S # #
-
S #
25°
++++ + # S
#S S # #
-
# S
S # #
S # #S
S #
S S # S
S # #S
S # S
++
S # ## #
#S #S
S # S
++
S S
# S
<-0.5
+ ++
# S
S
+ + <-0.5 ##
S #S
++
#S#SS S# S ##
S
++
S #
++ ++++++++++++ ++ +
##
S # S
+ #
S S
S # #S
#S S
###
#S
# S
+ #
S
+ + +
##
S # S S# S##
SS ###S S #S ##S
++++++++ ++
S # S
S S #S
+
## # #S #S S # #S#
S S S
# ##S
# # SS#S
#SSS
+
#S S
S
+ ++ #
S #
S Golfo #
S
+ ++
# #
Golfo
+
S #
S S
S S#
++
SS
# #
S #
##S # S
++
#S # S
S #S #
#S# #S
+
#S
+
S S #
S
+++++++++++ ++
# # # #
+ + + S
# # #
+ #
S S #S
S S
de México
+ +
S #S S
de México Océano
+ ++ +
S
++++
Océano
+ ++ + ++ ## S
S
#S # ##S
S #S #S
# S
# #S # #
S
+
# S ## #S
#S#S ## S #S ## S #
+
S
+
#S # #S
++++++ + -
# S #S
+++
## #S
#S # S
++++++++
S #S S S
+ ++
S S #S S
++ +++ ++ S#S
# S #S S ##S
S #
S
+
+
SS
## ##S
+ #S # S
##SS
+ ++
S #S##S ## S #
+++ + + +
#S #S #S S
++++
# S # S
+ # # S S # # Pacífico #S
S #S ##
-
++
S S S ##S #S
Pacífico S
+
# #S # #S #S #S #S S
+++ ++++ + -
## S #S S #
++
S #S S # #S #S #
++
S #S #
S S S #S
# SS
+ ## S # S S # #S #S
++ S # S
## #
#S #S
20° 20° #
S S
# SS#S#SS#
#
#S S ## #S
S #S
#S S
## S #S# ##SS # #
#S 20°
++ + +
#S
20° S# ##SS #S
S S
## S #S# ##S
#S # S S #S ##SS
#S #S
#S # S
S
+ # S #S ##SS
# # S
S #S S #S # S S #S #
+
# # #S # # # S
# S # #S S SS
#S #S S #S S
++ +
S S #S # #S S
## S
S ## #
S # S #S S SS
S
# S#S# #
S ## ## S
S #
-
++ + +
# #S
S #S
S#S SS #S ## #
## S S # S# S # S
S
## S# S
S #S
S #
#S S
S
+ # S
# # S
+++++
# S SS ##S # S SS
+
S # S #S
S # ##S # S
#S #
S S# S #S
S#S# #S
#S
#-S
S
#S
#### S
S ##S
#S #
-
--
##S
S #S # #
S S S S#S #
++
S# #S ##S S #- S #S
#S
S S#S S #
S
S S # S #S # #S ##
SS ##S
S # S # S# -#S# # S # #
S
+++++
# S # #S #S
#S
#S # ##S
S # S # S
#S
S #S
#
S# S S# S #S # #S # - # S #S
-
+
# S #S #S #S
#S S #
S S
+
S S #S #
S #
#SS S##S #S# # S #S# #S
#S #
+
# S# #S
#S # S S# S #S## S ## S # S #S # S
S #
#S
S # #S # S #S# S
#S S # #S #S
## S #S #
S S #
S #S S# S
S# #
S #
S S# S ## S #S
S S#S # #
S S #
S
# S S#S# #
S
S #S S# #S
S
S # #S
S S #
S
#S
#
S
# # S
-
#S #
#-S
-
S
-
S #S # S## - #S
+
#S # #
S #S S # #S S #S ##S
S #S
S # # S
S #S##S# S S##
#S #S#S
#S
S #S
#S ##S
S # ##S
#SS # #S
S # S# S
S#S## S
# S
#S
S ##S
#S #S #S #S
#
#S #SS
#S #
#
S
#S
S # S #S
S#S #S#S# # S
#S
#
#
S S S#
#S# S #
S
S## S
#S # S
- -- S#S
#S#
#S
#S
S 15°
15° #S
#S
SS
##
#-
S 15° 15° #
#
S
#
S
-115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90° -115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
NOVIEMBRE DICIEMBRE
++ +
-115°
S#S
-110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
+S## S#S
###
-115°
+
-110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
Figura 6. Patrones geográficos de
correlación significativa (+ positiva
#
+ +
##
S S
# S
-
# # S S
-
S S S# S #
S
< - 0.5 < - 0.5
++ +
#
S #
#
S
#
#
S #
S - S
S
#
S #S
S #
-- -- 0.4 #
S #
S -- - - 0.4
- 30°
++ +
##
#
S
- #
S ##
SS
#
S
+ - #
S SS
+
#
S
-S#S#- ---
##
- #
S
- 0.2
+
#
S - - 0.2 S#S #S
S S -
--
#S
+
S# #S
S# # #
S #
S
-----
#
S #
S #
S ##S
S #
S#
#S
-
S
-- S# 0
--
0
++
# S# #
+++
S # S
# #
S
- -- S
-
significativa (o, en blanco) al 90%,
S
# S
S
## # - #
S
- #
# S
-S## # # -
----- ---
S #S #
S S
#
S S
-S#
-
#S
0.2
+
#S
#S S 0.2 # S
+ + S +
-- ---- --- -
# S #
S #
S S# S#
S #
S S# # S# #
S #
+
# S S
-
S S#
#S
+ 0.3 #S
S # S
- + 0.3
+
S
-- -------
# S
## # S # - ##
S #
S # S
#
----- -
# S S # #S# S#
S # S# S # #S S
++
S #
S
+ 0.4
# S #S S
-- -
S # S # S
+ 0.4 -
# S S ## S # # S# #
S
- # #S #S # S
++
# SS #S
25°
----
# S #
25° S#
#S
# 25° 25° S # - S #
S -
-
#S
#
#S #
-S#S# #
+
#S # # S #S
+
S #
S S S #S S S
+
# S #
S
- > - 0.5
# S #
S
#S
S ## S
S > - 0.5 #
- #S
#S #
- - - - ----
##S
SS #
S #
S S
#S#S #
S S
#S
-#S##
#-S
#S ## #
++
#S
S ##
S #S
S # S #S
#S #S
S
##S # -
--- ----- -
- S
S
##S #S# S#
-S# # -SSS -
-- - -
# ## S S #
S
- -- -
S #S
S # S
S # Golfo
-#S#SS###-S# S#-## S# -S#S# S#-
#
S -##S# S# S S
#
S
# Golfo #
S S
S -
-#S #S
- + - -- -- --- - -
S # S #
S -S #S ## #
-
#
S # # S SS
# - S #
-S de México #
S
# -
#+
S
-##S#-- S#S- S#S#S# - S# de México
#-
S
Océano # #S #S Océano S#S
# -# S
S# -S - S #S #S S - #S ##S #
#
S
- #S#S # # SS
- S #
+ #-
# S #S #S#-S #S #S# S # S #S #S#
- --+
#S S S S S
--
S #S #S S# #
## S
S # ## S
Pacífico S #S
#
S- S S # SS #
SS
-#S#S#- -##S#S#S#SS##S-#SS##SS#S#S#SS+
###S S # - # S #S #
Pacífico #S S S S #S ## # S
-
#S #S S S S
20°
++ -- - - -
# #S #S # #S
- S#S#S#S#SS- SS## -# SS##+
S S S # ##- S
20° # S # S
SS ##S
##S #S #S # S
#S # #- - 20° 20° S S #S #S S#S # S
#+
- ##-
S S S ## S #S #- S #S #S S S #
## -
#S # #S
# S
-
# #S S S
--
S#S S #
S S # S# # S ##S
S
# ##S
S # #S #
#SS
#
# S #S
# # S S #
S
+
#S #S #
+ - +
S S# S #S SS
#S # ##S
S ## S#
#S #S
+S#SS#S# # --S# SS#S# S# S#S#+ -- S#S#S#S#S#S##-S#
# S S # S # S S S #
+ + -- ---
S S ## S ## # S S # #
S # S #
# S
S # #
S #S
#S
S S# S
#
S# S# # # S ##
S
S
# +
## S
- #SS
- #
S
+++ ++
S ## -
S
#
S S##
S #
S SS## #S #S
#S
S # ## S
S ##S
# #S # # S
S #S #SS
#S #
#S #S
S # S #S
S # S #S# #S
S ##S
S ##SS
S#
#
S
# S # SS
##S #S #S
S #SS #
+
SS # # S # #S
+
SS #
S # S
# S
S # SS
+
S #S
S# S#
+
#
S #
+++
+ ++
+
#S
15°
##
#S
S
S
#
#S
S 15° 15° #S
S
S#
#
##
S 15°
S## S#
-115°- -
-110° -
-105° -
-100° -
-95° -
-90° -
-115° -110°- -
-105° -
-100° -
-95° -
-90°
ENERO FEBRERO
+
S #
S #
S
#
S - #
S < - 0.5
+
#S#
- - 0.4
+
#
S S
--
#
S -- - - 0.4 30° #
#S
#
S
S#
30°
- 30° - - 0.3
+ - - ---
30° S
- #
S -
+++ +
-
#
#S - - 0.3
S
-
#
S
- #
S S#
+
# # ##
S - #
S
S
#
S
S S
#S
S# #
S
-##
S S - #
- - 0.2
S#S
#
+ #S
# - -
- 0.2 #
S SS
#S
#
- --
S #
#
S
--
S
-
-
#
S
++ 0
# # - S#
S #
#S # S
- -S#
--
# S S S#
S#
++
S - #
S 0 #
# S
S
## # #
- #
S S #S
#S #
S S
-
#- S
S S #
#
S ## # # #
S # S
S #
S S
+ 0.2
- S S
---- -
#
- #
+ # S
+
S S S #
#
S + 0.2 S
+
#
-- ---
S #
#
+ S# #
S S# S
+ - -- - - - - -------- -
S #
S #
S #
S #
S
- - + 0.3
#S
S # #
S S# #
#S # S + 0.3
- ------
#S
+
S # # #
S #
S S# #
# S # S
S # #
#S #S S# S # # S # S #S
+ 0.4
S # S
S S# # S
S #
S #S# S #
- S# S # S #S #
S
+-
#
S
-
S
+ 0.4
## -
S # S
S S # #
S #
S #
S
25° S# #
#S - S # S # S #
25°
--
25° # # #
+
# # S # # S S # S S
+
S S # S S # S
25° #
#S # # S# #
S S
+ +
# S
S # S #
S S #S #
#S S#
# S S > - 0.5
-
S
# ## S
- --
> - 0.5
+
S S ##S
SS #
S
## S
S #
S
- ##S
- -- - -- - --- - -
##S
SS #
S
--
#
S S #
S #S#
##S
#S
## #S# S##
#S S ##
S
+S S #S S #
- #S
- -
S#S - S# S# S # #S
-
# # #S
## S S S #S #
-
- - -
S S## S#
S # S S
-- -
# SS## # S
+- +
# #
#
S
- S
Golfo
S
S - S #
S
S# Golfo
-- - -
S #S ## S
- S # S
-
#
S #
S#S
##- #
S
- -
#
S
#S# SS
# SS
# #S ##S
#S S#
- - -- +
#S # -# S S #
-
#
S -S#S #
S
- # S S de México
- -- -
S
-- - +
#
S #S
S #
#S
Océano # -
S# #S #
#S ## # S #S#S# #S #
#S S# S #
S #
++
- ++ ---+++--- -+-- - -
S #S ##S #S # # S#S SS #S #S S#S#S# S # S
# SS # S ##S S
--
## # S #S #S
#S # S # S -##S
# S
S #S SS #S S #S #
S
-S#
S
## - # S
S #S ## S###S
--
+## SS
## S Pacífico S S #S # -S # S S#SS # S#
-+
S #S ## S #S S##
Pacífico #S #SS # S S#S #
S S ##
--
S # S S # #S S#S
#S
#S##S #S # S # SS
#S
#S
##S
# S ##
#S # #S ##S
S## S ##S S ##S
# #S S S #S - S# #
S
20°
#S #S
20° ##
#S ##S # ##- S S# S #
- - --
20° # S #- S
#S S## #S
#S# # #S
##S # ##- S
#S
###S #S
#S # S #S#S # 20° ## S
S
S S
#S S
##S
#S SS S# S#S
## S S #S#S S### S
#S #
S
## SS
-
S S
# #S S #S
#S S #S #S #S ### S #
SS
S S S #S #S #
S S SS S
#
S # S # #S S S
S#S## #
-- - -+ -
S S #
# # S S
# ##S
S ## # #S #
S#S #S # S
- #S
S #S #
S
-
#S S S#
- - - -++
S
- # #S S #S # #
+ - -+-
#
S #S
S S#S
#S S# #
S S # S
S S
# #S # #
S S S S# ##
S
# S
S #
S
#
#S SS # #S
S #
# S##S
# S S - S #
-#
S #
S
+#S
S#
+
S# S #S
#S # S #S # S ## S
S #S S
-
- --
#S
S#S S ## S ##S## # #
S # #-S # #S #
S
#
- #SS S - # # S # -S S #
+ +-+
# S # # #
++
S S S
## S S S #S S # -#
- SS
#
S #
S ##S
S # S #S
S ##
#-S
- S
##
- - ++
#S # #S #S #S
#S
# SS S
+
S
S S# # S
# S
##S
#S#S
#S S# S # S S# S #S
#S #S
S S S
+ + ##
#
#S #
S S# S ## S # S #S#S #S
#S
# S#
+
# S
S #S # #S #
S
# S
S
#
S
# # S
SS #S
## #S
S
#S #S S # S
#S #S
#S #
#S# #
S
-+
#S #
#S S# #S # S
# S #
S #S # S S # S #
++- ++++
S S #
S S ## S#S
# # S
+
S S
+ +++++
#
S # ## #
S
- S #S
+
#S ##
S S #
S # #
S #
S S## #S SS ## # #
S
#
S#S #
S # S
S #S#
S
##S
##S
#S # ## S ##S## S #S S #S
#S S ##S
##S # S # #S
S ##S# S
# # #S
SS #S SS
# S S
+++
S S
# S S S #S# S S SS S S # #
S
SS #
S #
S
#
S S#
+
#S
S
++
#
S # S #
+
S#
15° +
+- S#S
#S
S
#
## 15° 15° +
+
#S
S
S
S
#
#
#
15°
MARZO ABRIL
-115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90° -115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
++ ++ + #S
S
++ +++
##
+++ +
#
S S ##
S
+
#
S S
-
#
S #
S
- < - 0.5
+
< - 0.5
+ +
# #
S
+
S
# #
S
- - 0.4
S #
- - 0.4
#S
S # #S
S
#
S #
S
30° #
#S
S#
- - 0.3 30° 30° + #
S S#
- - 0.3 30°
-
# #
S
+++ +
+
S S
++++ +
#S # #S
S
#
S #
S
#
S S #
#
S
S #
S - #
S #
#
S
+
#
S #
#S
- 0.2 # S
#
#S#S - - 0.2
+
- S S
#
S #S
S#
+ SS#- #
S
#S
S
#S
S#
#
S
# #
S
#S
S#
+
# #
S # S# 0
+ ++
# S# S
#
S S 0 #
S ##
- +
#
# S ##
--S#S#S# S# S#S#
SS #S #S
++
#
S S#S ## # S# # S
S # # # S S#
S # S S
+
# # #
S
-S#
S S
#
S #S
S
+ 0.2 - S
##
#S
#S S
S
S# #
S
#
S #S
S + 0.2
+
# S
++
S# S #
-
# S
# #
S
+
--
S #
S
+ 0.3
+ + S#S#S#S#S# S#S# +SS##S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S# S#
#S
#S
- + 0.3 S
+
S # #
+
# # # S # #
S
# S #
S S #
#S S
+
#
S
+-
##
# ++ # S
S
++ - # SS# S #
S #S S #S #
++ + 0.4
S #S
-- -
#S # S
S # S # #S
S
# S ## S
+ 0.4
S S# # S #S# # #
-
#S# #
S #S
S # S S
- -
S
25° #S# S #S
S# # 25° 25° #
S
#
S #
S S# 25°
+
# # # S
S # #
S S #S#S #
S
S #
S
+ ##S
# S # S #S #S S
+
S # S S S # S # S S
#
S
#
S #
S
> - 0.5 S#
#S S#S # > - 0.5
## S
S - +-
#S # # S#S
##
+-+-
S
+
###
SS #
S # #
S
# #S
S #S#S #
S S #
S S
S #S
S #S ## #
++ ++
S S #S
+
#
##S #
S S#S S #S #
#S
S # #S # # S# #S #S
S
# -#
S # #S
S #S
# #SS
# #S
S
#SS
# #S#
+ ---- + +- - ++++ + +-
S SS#S
#SSS #S# #
S S# # Golfo S
#
S S#
#S
S
S
Golfo ##
S #
S S
S### S S
# #S
# S #
S #
S
# # S ##S#S
+--++ +
S #
S #
++++++++++++++++
S# # S#S
-- +-- ++-++
# #S S# S # S ##S
#S S
++
S # S ##S
##S S
S # S # S
de México
#
S #
-++
# S #
S S # S
de México Océano
++
# S
-- + -
S S S# #S
S #S
#S
Océano #
# #S #
#S
++++
# #S #S
##S
S #S ## S
+
# S #S #S # S
S # # #
S
+ ++++
S S # S #S #S
S # # #
S # S# # S #S # # S #
S
#S ## S S SS S S #
+
S# S #S #
S # S S
### # S
++
S
-S#
+ ++ ++
# #S S #
# S S S
+- + ++
#S # #
++-++++
S S
Pacífico
+++
SS # S #
S
#-S #S #
+- ---+
S # S ## S ## S###S
++ +
- + ++++
# # # #S -#S
Pacífico S #
#S #S S
--
# S
+
S S ## S S#S #S #S #S ##S
S # # #S
--#
-S S S #
+++
S ##
#S # #S ##
S S S #
S S 20°
++ +++- ++ +
# S ##S S # #
+- +- +
S S #S 20° # # #S
+ #SS
# S S #S S
20° #S S # #S #S #
+
S #S #
# S
S
S ## S #S # S # S #S #
#S S #S
++-- +-++- + --
#S #
20°
+
##S #S S# S ###S S # #S ## #S
+
S# S
#
S #S #S
S#S #S ##S # # #S S #
S
S S S#S #S #S
#S S # # ## S
S #S
++
S # S S #S # S #
+ + + +
SS
# S ## ## SS
S # #S
+
## ## # #S #
S#S
S
# # S # #S S SS # #S
#S
-# S
S -# S#S S#S # #
S S
++
S S
+ + +++
S SS S # S ##
+
# S S S# S S S S
#
S S #
S
#
#S S S# S
## SS
S
#
# ##
S
# S
## S# S
# S #-S - S # S
#S
S ###
S
# S
#
S #S S ##S # S
+ -++-+ + + +++++ +
S #S #S
+ ++
#
S #
#S #S
S # S S # S# S #
S#
S
## S
S # #S # #S
S#S S## S #
S S# S #
S #
S #
#S
##S #S
S #
S #
S # # S #S #S # ##S# S- # #S #S
# # S
S S
+- +-+-+ -++ ++
# S # S # ##S# S #-S
##S
##S # # S
S S S # S # S #SS #S
S #S
S-# #
+
S # S # S SSS
#S # S # #
S S
## S #S S# ## #S #S #S
# S#S #
++- +++++++++ ++
#S# S# S ## #S #S
# S#S# S # S## S S #S #S S#S # #
S
# S # #
S #
#S
S#S
SS #S
S #S
#
S #
S #
S # S
S #S
#
S S S# S S# S#S S#
S
S # # S #
S S # #
S
#S
++ +
#S
S # #
S # #S
S #
#S
S #
S #S S ##
S
S# # #
S ##
S # SS
S ##S
#
#S
##S
S #
# S
S # S## S ##S
# S S #S
S #S##S
S#
#
S
##
S S S # S ###S
S # S
++
S # #S # #
++
#S
S # S # S
S SS S S
# #
#
S S # SS
S #
++
#
S
15° +
#S
#S
S
S
S
#
#
S
#
15° 15° ++
+ S##
#S
S
S
S##
S
#S
##
15°
-115°- -
-110° -
-105° -
-100° -
-95° -
-90° -
-115° -
-110° -
-105° -
-100° -
-95° -
-90°
MAYO JUNIO
-115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90° -115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
++ +++
#
+#
S
#
S
S#S##
# #S
S
# S
-
S
#
S
S# # S
S
#
+ -< - 0.5
S#
+
S #
S
- < - 0.5
+
+
#
S #
S
+ -- - - 0.4
#S#
#
S
+ #S
S #
#
S - - 0.4 #
S #
S S
30°
#
S
30° 30°
-
#
30° +S# S#
# - - 0.3 #S
S -
- #
S
# ##
S - - 0.3
++ +
S S
++ + +++
##
S S
++
#
S #
+
S
++
#
S S # #
S # #
S
S #S - - 0.2
#
#S
#
S - - 0.2 #-
S #
S S ##
S
+
#S
S S #S
S S
# #
S # ##
S # ##S
S
S #
S
S# 0 S # S# 0
++
#
S # S ##
+
#
S S S #S##
- +
# S
- +
## S
#
S S
S #S
#S ## S #
# S ## #
#S
#S #
S #
S #
S S S#
#S
S #
# S ##
#S #
S #
S #
S #S S # S
0.2
#S S - # #S
S + 0.2 # S # S +
+ +-+
S S# S S S# S#
+++ -- ++
#
S S# #S
S # S# S
+ ++
#S # #
S
++ ++ ++
S #
S
+ 0.3
#S
S
+ 0.3
+ ++
# S
## #
+
#S S #
+ +-
S # S# #
S S# S # # S
S # S
#
S #S #
#S # # #S # #S # S
S # #S
S #S #
S #S
S # S#
+ 0.4
#S S #S S #S S #S
#SS # #S
+
# #S# # S #
+ 0.4
S S #
S S ## S
## S S
25° + #S
S # #
S
S# S # S
S## S # S#S
#
S -
#
S
25° 25° S#S
## S #
S #
#
S S
#S #
S #
S 25°
+
#
S # #S # # S #- S #S#S
+
# S
S # # S
S # - #S S S S# S # S
S ##S - #
#S S#
#
#S
S #S
S # S S #
> - 0.5 ## S
S
S
#S > - 0.5
## S
S
-
##S # S#S
## -
##S
SS - S# #
S
S ##
S
+
SS # S S# S #S
#S S ## #
+
## ##S #S
+ +
# S S S
++
## S #S S#S
++
S S # #S #S #
SS
# #
S # S #S
S
##
#
#S #S
# S S# #S#S
# #S#S
S #S##S ## #
S SSSS#S #
++ +-+- + +-
S SS
#
S #
S
S#
## -
#
S
S# #
S
##
S S Golfo #
S
+
#
S
#S + S
S#S
# #
#
S
S#
Golfo -S#S
# S#
#
S #
S #
S
#S S
#
S S S #S #S
++ + - +++++
# #S ##S
##S##
#S
#S # S
++++ ++ +++-- +
# S #
#S S S
+
S # SS - # S #
S # #
S ##
S
de México Océano
S S #
#S de México # S#S S
++++++++ ++ +- -
#
Océano
+
#
#S S# S
+ ###
S S #S
+++++++++ +++
## S #S ###S#S
++
## S #S # # SS#S # SS # # S
# SS
#S #
#S S S#S #
#S # #
S # # S #S
# S #S#S #SS #S#S #S ## S S
#
S S#S
+ S#S # S S S
SS
## - S S###S ## S S
#S
- + + +-+
## ## S## S
S # S ##SS #S
S S#
S
# S
S# #S
S # S ##S#S S#S #
S Pacífico S #S ## #
- -+ ++++
S
Pacífico S SS ## SS
#S #S#S # S #S # #S #S ##S #S #S# #S
S
++ + -+ ---+
# # # #S #S #
##S # #S
+
S #S S S S S #S
#S
S ## S ## S S # #S S # #
#S # ## #S
S
S#S## S ###S
S S
# ##- S + S S #S #
20°
++ + - -+ + ---- + ++
##S # #S# S ##S #
20° # S
# #S
##S##S ##S#S #S# S # SS # 20° 20° # S
#
S
S ##S
#S S # S
S ##S
#S # S#S #
#S
+
S
S S #S
-+ +
#S S #S # #S
S ## # S #S S#S#S
#S
#S # S
S # #S S S S S
##S
S # #S # SS#S
# # S
++
S #S
+
S S # #S # S # #S S
# # # #
S S #S #S
S #S #S
S #S S# SS # #
S #
S
# S S S# # # S # S # # S #
+ + ++-+
# S
S #
S #
S S S S# S #
S S S # S ###
S
- +
#S
S# # S
S - S ## SS # S # #
S # S #S
S #
##- S # #S ##S S
+++++++ + + - ++-++ ++
#S #S
S S #
S S
#S S #S
S # #S#S
### S #S #
S #S #### S S #
#S #S
S# ## S
S
#S +#S -
S S
# S
## S
S
###S# #
S #
S #
S # S #S ## S
#
#S #S S##S
#S
#
S
##S
S
# SS
#
S S###
# SS#S # S
S
#
S #
S #
S
# S #S #S #S
#S # S
S S
+
S# S #SSS #
+ - -+- +
S # S S #S
# #
S #S
S S # # - #S
S
#S # S# #S # # S # S #
S #S #
S S# S
#S # S # S #S
# S#
+
S ## S # S S
S## S# S #S S# # # S # ## S #
#S S#
-
# S # # S S
++++
S S S #
S # S ## SSS #
#S #
S S ##
S
++
#SS
+
## S #
- - ++ +++
#SS #
S S
+-
S # S S# #
S #S
S# S
# #S #- S## S
#S
# SS #
#S #S
S S#
#S #S
S # S
S #S
#
#S
#S#
S S # # S #S ##S
S #
#S #S # ## S # ## S S #S
+++
S ###
+++++
S #S #S
+
#
S #S
S#S S # S
S # #
S SS# SS S S #
S
# # #
S # SS
S #
S #
S
15° + S##
#S
S
S
#
#S
S
## 15° 15° ++ S#S
#S
S
S
S
###
##
15°
-115°- -
-110° -
-105° -
-100° -
-95° -
-90° -
-115° -
-110° -
-105° -
-100° -
-95° -
-90°
JULIO AGOSTO
-115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90° -115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
+S## S
-
#S
#S
#
# #S
S #
S#S
#S
#
# -
# S # # S
- -
S S
+
S #
S # S #
S#
- - < - 0.5 S
#
S
S
#
S < - 0.5
++ ++
-
#
S #S
S #
-- - - 0.4 #
S
-S
#
#
S - - - 0.4
30° 30° 30° 30°
- -
# #
#S # - - 0.3 #S - - 0.3
S
#
S
#
S
#
S
#
S
-
S# #
S
S #
S - - --
#
S
#
S
#
S ##
SS -
++
#S
S #
S #S
S ##
S - - 0.2 S#S #
S #
S -
- 0.2
--
# #
#S
-
S # S #
S # #S
S# # #
S #
S
#
S ##S
S
S # #
S #
S S #S
S
#
S#
S S# 0 # S 0
-
#
S S #
S
#-
-- S ##
#S - S# ##
#S
-
# # S
S
# S
S # ## S # # S S# #
# S ## # # # S S#
- + S
S
# S
S#
#
S
S# -
S S
#
S #S
S + 0.2
S
- S#
#S
S
# S
S
-- #
S -S#
S S
#
S #S
S + 0.2
S# S #S# S# #
S
+ 0.3
S -
#S#
- -- S#S# -S#S#S#S#S# S# + 0.3
- --
-
#S
-
S # S
- S# S#S#S#S#-
# S S # S
S
# S## # S
S # # # S ## # S
S #
+
S #S#S
# # #S # S #S#
# S
S # #S #S #S S #S # S #S
+ 0.4
#S S S S #
+ 0.4
S#S# # S
S # S# S # S ##S #S # #S
S # S
S S
+
S #S# # #
S
#S # S # 25° #S # S 25°
# -
S S
##
S #
25° ## S #
S S#S # # 25° S
## S
- - #
#S #
S S##
+
# # S #S SS S #S ## #
+
S # S S ##S S # S # S
S #S S S
#
#S # S
S # S S # #
#S S S ##S
S
S
- -
-
S#S#
#
#
S
S# S# S#S
##
S
> - 0.5 #
S
-S#-S#- - S
#
S #
#
S#S
##
S
> - 0.5
##-S
#S# S #
S S
#S #
+
S #S# #S #S#
++
S #
+
S#S #S # S S
S#S
# S#
S# #S #S
# #S
##
S
SS#S# #
S S# #S #S
#S
#
#S
SS #
S ##S
# ##
+
SS#S
#
S #SSS SS
+- -
# # #
S
S
+ S#S
#
S #S
S# + ##
S S Golfo #
S #
S
S#S#S
#
SGolfo S#S
S ##
S S #
S
+ ++ ++ +++
S S
###
S S ## S
#S
#S#S # #-#
# SS #S#- S# #
S #S
-S # #-# ## # S
++
#S #
S # SS #S
++++++
S # S
Océano
#
S S #S S #
#S S## S
S #S # S#
de México Océano
#
S S S #
#S de México## S
S #S # #
S
+
S #S
++
##S # #S#S #
#S S-#S # #
#S
# ##S S#S # # #
S S## S S S #
#SS#S #S #S# S # # # SS # S S
+-+-+
##S # S
+ ++
#S
# S# S #S#S S #S S #S
# S #S #S #S #S #
S
+++
#S #S
S#S S S # S #S S # S #
S
+ #S
###SS #-S
#S
+++++
#S
++
#
- +- +
S# ## S #
+++++++ + + +
#S
S S # # S
Pacífico #S
S S #S # S ##S S
Pacífico #SS #- # S #
#S
# S #S S
#S
+ #S
S # S #S # S
##S # S #
S#S #S S
++
#S
S # #S
S # S #S ##
#S #S# #S
S #
#S #
S S # #S
# S
#
S # S # #S
+ +
# S S # #
# #S
+++
## #S S S #S S S S #S
20°
+
# S ### #S # #
20° S
#S# #S #S # #S #SS #S #S#S S 20°
+ ++
# #S# #S ##S #
20° #S #S#
+
## S
S
S ##S
#S SS #S #S # #S # #S
## ##S S #
#S
+
#S ## S # SS ##S #S#S #
# S # #S#S
-#S S S # S S S #S #S #S #S #S #S
-- -+
S ##S S #SS S
## SS
#S
+++- +- + +
# S S # S # #S S S ## SS
S #S ##S
S S
+ #S #S #SS #S
S#S # #S S
# #
S
#S #S # S S #S#S S
+
#S S - #S
S #S# #
S S S S S S # S #S # #
S
+
# S S
+ +-
# S
S # #
S #
S # S
S #
S# S #
#
S #
S ## S###
S # #
S S S # #
SS S# S# #
+ ++++ +
# S # S #S
# # S # # S
#S S # S #
+
S #S
++
# S ##S#S # S S # #S ## S #
S S ##S
S #S S #S S #S #S
S #S
##S S
# # S #S #### S S #
+ S#
#SSS
### S #S #
S
++ - + +
## S S #
S # ## S
+
S# S#S #
S #
S S S S ## S
S #
S #
S
S# S #S S# S #S #S #S
S#S
#S #
S
#S
# S# SS # S
##S
##S # S# #
S S S
# S# #
# SS S # SS##
#SSS
#S#
S
#S# S # S ###S
# #
S
# #S
S
# SS
S
- # #S
S S
+ #S
#
+
#S # #S
#S #
+ +++++++++
S S# S ## S ## # S # S - #S # # # S # S #
S # S #S ##
# S #
S #S
#S #S
S S#S
#S# S #
S #S S ## #S
S
# S S
#S #
S
+ ++++ +
S S # #
S S S #S
#S
+
S # S#S S # #
S S
S #S #
#
S
#S
S
#
S
#S #
#
S
#
S
## S ##S
# ## S
#
S
#
S #S
S
##
S SS
#S #
##S
S
#
##SS
#S#
#S
S
- # S
S
##
#SS#
S#S
#
S
#
S
##S ##
S
S S#S#S
#S
#
#S
S
#S##S
#
#
S
#S
++
S #S # # S # ## S
# S SS # S
++
# # S # S SS # S#S
+
SS S S #S
S #
#
S # SS
# # #S
S # + S #
S
S
S#
-
+ ++
#S
15° #S
S
S ##
S
##
# 15° 15° ##S
SSS#
#
S 15°
S
S# S##
-115°- -110°- -
-105° -
-100° -
-95° -
-90° -
-115° -
-110° -
-105° -
-100° -
-95° -90°
SEPTIEMBRE OCTUBRE
-115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90° -115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
#S
S
## S
+S## #S
S
S
##
# S
#S
S
#
S
# S
+ S#
#
+ S# -
#
S
S
# #
S
-
#
S
- - < - 0.5
+
S
< - 0.5 #
S
-
#
S - #
S
+
#
S #
S
-S
#
-- - - 0.4
#
S #S
S #
#
S - - 0.4
- 30° 30°
-
#
-- 30° #S
--
30° # S #
S - - 0.3
#S
S
- - - 0.3 #
S - #
S ##
SS -
- ---
#
S #
S -
- -
-##
S #
S
#
- 0.2 S#S #
S S
-
- - 0.2
+
# S - # #S
# #
-
#S
S S S #
S
# #S
S# #
S #
S #
S S ##S
S # --
-
# #
S S
S
- #
#S
S
- -S#-
S# -
- #- - -- S# 0
- S# 0
-
#
S #
S S
- # S#- # S
S
# ## #
-
# S
S #
S #
S
# S
S #
+ #S
#S ## S #-
S
- #S
#S
S
# S -S# + 0.2
-
#S S
-
#
#
S + 0.2 S S #
S
- - -- - ---- --
-
# S #
S S# S S#
# ---
S S# S #S# S# #
S #S# #
S
S#
+ 0.3
-- -S#S# S#S# S# - SS##S#S#SS-#S## - --
#S
S
+ 0.3 # S
- ---
#S ## #
S #
-- - - -- - - -- --- --
S # S # S S
# S
S ## #
S S # S
S # #S
S #S
# S# S# S
#S
S + # S
-
# S
S # #
S #
S
+ 0.4
#S
S#S# #
S
+ 0.4
#-
# S # ##
S
25° 25° #S
S 25°
---
#S ## S
25° S
## S S
- #
S #
+
# # S
+-
#
#S # #S S # S S ## S
+
S # S S #S # # S
-
# S #
#S S S
S
-- > - 0 .5
-----
#
S #
S S
> - 0.5
- ---------
-- --
#S
S
## S
S ##S
SS
- ##S
S #S
#
S #
S #
S
#S #
S ## #
#S
- --
S##SS## #S
S # S## S S
S#S SS
##
#
S
## - #
S
- -
# #S
S ## S
-
#
S
- - - # S # S S
#S S
S ##S
- - --- - --
#
S S Golfo
- -
#
S Golfo #
S
-- -
#
S #S
S##S# #S
S## S S#
#S ## S
S ## S
S - # S
+ -- ---
#S -S# # S S# #S
#S#S #S #S# #
S# S#S # ##
# SSS
# S # S #S
S
-- - - + + de México
#
Océano
S
#
S
# S
- -
S
-#
## -S -S
#S
# #S
S#S S
### S
#S SS
# de México Océano S
# -
S
S
#S
S
#
S#S
#S#
-
-#
S#
SS#S S
S
#
#
## S
S #
#
#
S
- -+-- +-- +- - - + -
#S #
- + --+ + +-
#S #S #S #
#S #S #S #S S
+
# S #S
#S #S # #S #S#S #S
S #S ##S S# #S# S #S# #S #S#S#S # S # S S#
#S # S S ###S
# SS
## S## S ## S #
Pacífico S
#
S -# S
S #S
S
S###S# #S #S # ## S
#S #
S Pacífico #
S # S
#S #S #S
#S #S S
--
S #S S ## S SS SS
##S ##S
+
#S
#S ##S
S #S ##S ## # # ##S # #S
+
#S #S #S #S S # #S #S S # #
+ ++ -++- -+-- -
# S #S S # #- S S #S
+
#
#S ## S #S 20°
+
## S # SS S
#S S
###S
S S SS #S #- S S
--+-- -
S
20° 20° ###
+
#S S #S #S # S S
20° SS #S # #S #S #S # # #
++
S# S
#
S # #- S##S #S ##S #S #S#S #S# # S
#S # S S S #S #S
#S #S #S #S#-# #S
# #S
#S#S #S ## #S #S # S
-#- S
S S #S #S -# # S
S
# S
S
#
S S -
S# S
S
#S
S
+- #
S +
S
S
#S ##S
S S #-
#
SS
S
S
S
#S
###
S S#S #
S#
##S S
S
S
#
#SS
#S
#S
S
##
## SS##
# ++ S#
S #
S # S
S
# S
S
#S
## --#S
S #S #S
S - S
#
#S
S##- S
S #S #
#S
S
S
#
S
#
SSS
S# #S
S#
#
## S-S
#
S
++ +
#S# - # S SS S #
S S S#
--
#S #S
S ###S
#S #S
S # #S #S S
S#S S ##S S S#S #S # S # #S #
#
# S #S## S
# # S
#S #S S##S
S
#
#S
##S
#
### S
S
# SS
##
S
-- --
#
S ##S
S
S ##S
#S # S# S #
#S
#
S #
S #
S
#
# S #S## S # # S##S
#S #S
S
#
##S
S S # S#
#
SS#
#
S#
S - #
S
- #
S #
S -
+ -+
S S # S## # #
+ -+ +
S S# S #S #S
SS # #S S# S SSS S # ##S
#S
S ## S
# S S
+ #S
#S S# S ## # # S#S
#S # S#S S# #S ## S # #S #S
S # S#S
#S #
S
# S
S # #
S ##
S
S
## S
SS # # S
S #
S
S#S
S#S# #
S # S
S # #
S SS
SS
# # #S
S #S
#
S
#S
S
S#S# #
S
# #
#
++++- +
# S # S
#SS #SS
#
# # #
S #
S
#S
S
#
S S
#
S ##S S#
#S
S - ##
S SS
#S
#S
#S
##S
S #
#
##S
#SS #
S #
S #
S
# #S
S
S
#
S ## # S
#S
S
#S #S
#S
#S##
##S #
+
#S # ## S # ## S S S # ## S ## S #S S
#S #S
S ###S
- -
+++
SS# S SSS#S #
S #S
# S #
S S SS# S # S
S #
SS
SS S S #
S
#
S
+ #S #S
+
S S
++
#
+
# S # S #
15° + ##S
S
S ##
S 15° 15° #S
S#
+
+
+ 15°
-115°- -
-110° -
-105° -
-100° -95° -90° -
-115° -
-110° -
-105° -
-100° -
-95° -
-90°
NOVIEMBRE DICIEMBRE
-115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90° -115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
Figura 7. Patrones geográficos de
+ ++++ ++ ++++
correlación significativa (+ positiva
#S
S # # #S
S #
#
S S
+
++ -
# #
S
-
S
++
#
+
S# S
< - 0.5 < - 0.5
+ +
#
S #
S
#
S
-S
#
-- - - 0.4 #S
S #
#
S - - 0.4
+
S #
S S ##
S ##
S
- #
S S
+
#
+++
S S # S
#
S #
S #
#SS
#
S
- - 0.2
S
+S#
#
S #
#S # - #
S - - 0.2
+ +
S#S S #S - S
++
# S#
#S # S #
S
+ ++
# #S
----
# #
S #
S #S
S #
S S S
##
-
S ## S
- --
S S# 0
-
significativa (o, en blanco) al 90%,
#
S S# 0 #
S
+- +
S## S#
#
S #
S -S#
++
# #
-# S #
# S #
--
S
# S #
+ #
S S
-
S #S #
S S #S
#S S#
0.2 S # # + 0.2
+S# S #
S + S# S
- - -- - -- -
S# # ##
++
#
S #
S S # #
S S
+
S ##
S S
++
#S #
S # S #S
# #
S
- S # S
S #
- #
S
- + 0.3 S
- S #
+ #
S #
S
- - -- ## #S
S
-
+ 0.3
- #S #
S # #S #
-
#
#SS # # #S -S#S S
--- -
# #S S S
+ 0.4
entre la PDO y temperatura mínima
S #S S ##
## SS
+ 0.4
#S S
S #S#
+ # S
S # S ##S
S ##
##S #
S ## S
-
-
## S S ##
+ ++++
# #S S
25°
+
SS
25° #S# # # # -S
S S
- # 25° 25° S
#S #
#S
# S
S# # S S #
+
#S # S # # S #S S
-
# S #S
+
S S S S # #S
S S S S S# S # S ##
S
S #
S # #
S# #S
S #
- > - 0.5 S #S
S > - 0.5
+
#
+
## S S#S##
+
S #S S
+ ------
#S
S #S# #
S - S # # #
S
#SS# #
S S S#
#S##S #
S S#S #
##S
-- +
S
+ - - +-
S # #
S #S
S S#
+- -
S# # S# #S S
##SS S# #S# S # #S
---- - -++ - --
#
S #S#S
#S # ##S # #
# -SS
#S
S S # S #S S S
+
S # S #
S
S # - -S #S #S # S#
de México S
- # ##
S #S
S # S#
de México
+
### S #S
Océano S#S ## S Océano # S
+ -#S S
-
S#-#S
####S #S# S # # -# # # S
S #S
S#S#S S#S #S S#S
# #
S # #
S #
S
# # SS # S #
+--+ - + ---+
S
- +
#S
S #S #S#S # SS SS S ##-S #S #
S S S# #
SS S S ##
S #S#S# #
SS# S S
## #S #S ##
#S S##SS #S
-
S
+ ---+
S
++++- +++++
S # ## S S ### ##S #
###S #S
+
#SS#S # #S # S
Pacífico S
- + + - +
Pacífico #
S #S
S # S #S
SS
#S
#S
##S
#S #
S S #S
S # S #S
##S
#S #
S##
#S # S ##
#S S#S S #S #S #S
S SS #S
S #S # SS S#S #S #S
S #
#S #S
S
+ ++ + ++
# - #S S S # # #S #
-+ +- ++
S S S S
# ## S #S # #
#S #
20° ##-S
# S# # S S# # # 20°
+
#
#S
20° ##S ## # 20° # S S # # # # # S #
++
# S ##S #S # ## S # S #
S# S S #S
#SS# SS
# S #
# S#S ##S # S S #S S
S #S #S #S #S S #
S
#S S ##S#S
#S S
#S
# # ##S
-
##S
S S #S S
# S
S #S S ##S #S
#
S #S S #S#S
S## #
S
+ + - ++ +-+--+
#S S
+ + - ++ +- +-
S #S #S #SS- S #S
S #S
S #S S
S# S
# #S #
S S #S
S #S#S SS
#
# S
#
S #S
S #S -## S # S
S
# #S
# S ###S
S S - #- ##
S S# S # S #S
+ S#S #S # S ## ##
S
+
S # #S
S# S # S
S S# S# # #S #
S
S# #
S # S S#S #
S #
S S##S#S #S
## # S
#S # S
S
#S
S #S
S##S
S
#S ##
SS#S ## # S # #SSS#### SS S #
S
#
#S ##S
S #
#S
S#
### S
S
# SS
S# S #
S #
S #
S # #S #S
#
S
+ S S
###S##SS
##S
S
# S # S
S## #S
S#S# #
S #
S
++ ++
#S #
SS S # S #
# S
S # S #S #S S
##S #
#S #-S
S # # S
S #
#S S S # S #S #S #S
S#S S #S
+
S S # S
-- +
# #S S S
S# # S #S#
#S #
S S # S # S ## S#
+-
S S #SS #
+
##
S S # S
#
S SS ## # S
# # S# #S#
#S
- - -
#
S
#
S S# S # #S # S
#
# # S
S #S
#S
#SS
#
#S #
#S
S S#S # -
## S
S
S
S
## # S
## SS##
#S #S
S # S #S
#S ##S
#SS #
+##S # S
+
#S
S # S #S
S S #
S SS S# S #
S
#
S
#
S S #
#S
S # S # S # S
#S
15° +
+ S#S
#S
#S
S
S
##
S
## 15° 15° + S ##
#S
S##
S
#S
S
#
S 15°
-115°- -110°- -
-105° -
-100° -
-95° -
-90° -115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
ENERO FEBRERO
-115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90° -115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
#S
S
+++++- +
#
#S
S
S## S
S#
# + + ++
#
S #S
#S
S #
-
#
S
-
#
S
+ +
++
#
S #
#
S
- < - 0.5 S# S #
S
< - 0.5
+
#
S #
S #
--- +
S
#
S #-S
S #
# - - 0.4 -S# -# - - 0.4
S
++
#
S #
S
30°
30° #
#S # - - 0.3 30° 30° +S# + S
- - - 0.3
++ +
S S #
-
+
#
S #
S ##
S S #S
S
#- S #
--
S -
#-
+
S #
S #
S
- -#S
#S
#
S
- 0.2
#
S #
#SS
#
S
- - - 0.2
+
#
S -
+
S#S S #S #
+-+- -
# #S
# S S #-
- - ---- ++-
S # #
S S#
#S
--
-
# #
S #S
S #
#
S S #
S# #
S #
S S ##S
S #
S# -
S#-
S
-
#
S S
# 0 S
S#- #
S
# - S# 0
+ +++ + +
# S
S #S
## # #
+- ++
# S# # # # ## S S
++
S #S S# S S # # S -S #
#S
S
# S - #
S
S
+ 0.2
S
S
#
S
-
S
# #S
S
#
+ 0.2
-
S# S S# S# # S
++
S
- +- - -- - - ---- -- +
# S S# #
S
- - +--- -- - --- - - - -
S #S # #
S #
S #S
S # #
S
+- - - -
+ 0.3 + 0.3
#S
S # S
+
# #S S
+ - - ---- -- --
# # S
+
#
S S # #
# S ## #
S S #
S
+
##
+ -
S #S
#S S # #
S #S#
#
S # S #S -S # #S #S
S
+ 0.4
#S # S S ##-S
S ##S #S #
+ 0.4
S#S# S # ## S S #
S #S
S # #
S S # #S
S #S
S
-
++- -+++
SS S ##
25° #S
S
## S
S# S
# # S
# 25° 25° # #
S
- S # 25°
++
#
# S #S
#S # #
-
+
# S #S S #S S# #S S
- - +
S # #S
- -
S S ## S #
S S #
S S
# S # S #
S ## S
-
# S S S
#S # # #
> - 0.5
- -- -
# S S S
> - 0.5
+-+--+
S ##
S # S#SS# ## S
S
+ -- -- #S
S##
--
#S
S#S# #
S S S# # S #S #
-- - ---- -- -------
S #
#S #S
S # #S
S #
#S #
S#S #
S #
S #
S S #
S
## #S
S #
#S # #S
S # #
#S # #
#S
- ----- -+ - -
S S###S S #S
#
S #
S #SSS
S # S# S
S# S#S Golfo
## S S# #
S S ## - S#S #
S
-
##S # # ##
S
+
#-S ##S
+
##S S
##S
-- ----- -- ------ -
# # ##S # S
-
S #S #S #
S #S# S # #S
- +--
# # #
# SS S #-S
- # S
S #S S - S
-- -
S S
----+----- ----- - - - ++ -
#
S S -#
- S
de México #S
S # #
S #
S
- S de México S#
- +- -++
-S S #- S
Océano
- ----- ++ +
Océano S#-#S #S ##-#S#
- -- --+
# -
S #S#S#S # # S
S # #S ##S
#
S # # S # #S
S S - S #S S # SS S ## #S
S #
S
-
# # # S #
S # ## S #
S
# S SS
+-
# S#S #S#S #S #S
# S # S# # #S S #
-+
#S
##SS ## # S
+ +-- +
S
-
S
+ - +-- +---++
#
S ## S #S S
-- -- ---
###S
#S #S S #S #
Pacífico ##S##-S #S #SS ## S
-
--
# #S #S #S S
---
#S
Pacífico S #S
S # S
+- #S #S #
#S ### S #S#- SS S
-#S #SS##S #-
+
-S#S #S
+-+- -++-
S #S #S S #S ##
S # S #S #
+ +++
#S S -# S
-- ++ + -+-+
# #S S # # S
+
S # # # #S S S # # S
+
# S# S S S S
- #- #
S S # S #S
20° 20° ## -S- S# # S S S
20°
- -+
20° ## S #S S #S
# SS##-#S #SS # S
##S #-S
# # S
#S # # S # # ## S #S #S#S# #S # #S ## S # S
#S # # S #
++-
S S
#S #S
S #S #- S ##S
S #S #S #S
#S #-S #S
# S S S #S S #S S
#S
#- S #S #
+
#S S # #S
S #-S S # S # S S # S
-+- +
S
+ ++-++ ++---+
# S
+ + --+
S #-S S ##S
SS # ##S #- S #S # S ## - S ## #S ##S S## #
# #S S S #
+
# #S - S # # S
+
S # S S #S
--+
S# S ##S
S S#S S# S #S #S
S#
S S#S #
S
# #S
S #
S # S
S ##S
S
S S S #S #
S
#
S S S# SS # #-
S
+ ++
S # S S
##
# -
S # #S S # ##- S
S
#S S #S ###S ## S
#S
#S S # S#
+ -S# #S ## S ## #
-- - -
S #S S #S #S #S
#S S
# #SS #S #S
##S S #
S S#S
### S
S
## S + # #S S # # # S #SSS
# S
+ - + +- +- --- - +
#S #S##SS
##S
S SS# #
S
##S#S # #-
#
S #
S #
S #S # S ##S # S
# SS
S## #
S #
#SS # S
#S#
#S S
++ +
# #S #
S # S #S
S S #S ## S #S
S S#S# # S# S S
#
S# #S
S # S # S #S
#S# S #
S
- +
S
--- - +
SS # #
SS #S
S # #
S
+
# S# # #S ##
#S # S# ##
#S
S S #S ##S
S #S# #S #S
#SS # S #S #S#S#
+
##S
+ #S # # S # S S # S S
#S #S # # #S S S
+-
#S ## S S
+
S S ###S S S #S #S
# S # S ## # S # #S
+
#S
S S # S
S S #
S SS #S S #
S
#
S #
S #
S #
S
+
#
S # #
++
#S
S # S #S
S # S
15° +
+
+ #S
S ##S
SS
S
##
S
##
# 15° 15° +
+
+ S ###
#S
#S
SS
#
S
#
S
15°
-
-115° -110°- -1
-105° -
-100° -
-95° -
-90° -115° - -110°- -
-105° -
-100° -
-95° -
-90°
MARZO ABRIL
-115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90° -115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
+ ++
#
S S#S
#S # S
++ ++
#S# + S#
#S
+
- ++ -
#
S #
+ +
# #
S #
S S
S < - 0.5 < - 0.5
+ +
# #
S
+
S
-S# -# - - 0.4 + #S
S #
#
S - - 0.4
# #
S
S
30°
30°
- 30°
#
S
+S# + S
# - - 0.3 30° S
#
#S #
S - - - 0.3
+
S #S
S #
S #
S #
- # S
++
#
++
S
+
# #
S
++
S #
S
#
S #
#SS
#
S
- - - 0.2 #
#S - #
S
- 0.2
+
#
S -
+
S# S #- #
S #
#S SS#
++-
S#
#S S #
S
- -
# # #S
S
#
S #
S S ##S
S # S #
S
- S# 0 # S# 0
++
S
S# #
S
# - # S S#
S
#S#S
+++ + +
#S S
+++++
#
# S
S -S #
## S # #
S S # #
# S
S ## #
#S #
S #
S S ##
#S
S# S S
S# - #
S #S
S + 0.2 #
S S#
+
#S S
S S# #
S
#
S S + 0.2
+
#
S
- - +--- -- - --- - - - -
#S
S # #
S #S
S # #
S
+ 0.3 + S#
+ - ++ + +++ + 0.3
# S
S
+
# S
+
S # #
S # #
#
S S #
S
+ + #
S # # S #S #
+ -
#
S #S# #S
S #
S #
S S #S S
+ 0.4
#S
- S#+
#S # S
+ 0.4
#S
S # # S #S
S #S S #S
# #
S # S # S #S # #S #
S #
S
S #
S
- ##
25° # SS #S
25° # #
S
- S #
25° #
#S # # S
S #
++
#
25°
++
#S # S
#S #
#
- #S #
+
#S S# #S S S # # S
+ +
S S S
- -
S #
S S #
S S #S#S
#
S ## S #
S S
#
S #
S S #
> - 0.5 S#
#S
+S#S#S# - > - 0.5
+
## S
-- -- #S
+++++- ++ --+++
S #S
S## S #
--
S #S
+
# #
S S#
+S###S#S#
- -------- - + ---- -- Golfo
# #S
#S
S #
#S
S
#
S S#S
#S #S
S #
+
#S
S
# # #
S #
S
# S # S
S ## S
S
S
# #
S #S#S #S#S#
+
S# S # S
# S #
S
S Golfo
-- + --
## -
# #S
S #
S #S S#S# S#
- ## #
-- ---- ---
S ##
S S S
+
#
+
##S #
S #S#S
# S S
-
#
S #S# S # #S ##
S # S #S
S #
S - S# S # #S #S
# #S S #
#
S
- S de México S# S # S
de México
### S
#S S
+
#S ## S
- +- -++
Océano
+
##-#S#
Océano #S
+
S ##S # #S
+- +++ -++
# #S S #S
+
S #S #S ## S #S
# SS S #
+ ++++++ ++++++++
+
- S #S S S #S
#S #S S #
-
# ## S #S S ## S #
S #S
S #S##S #S#S # S
+
S #SS S
-
# #S S #S S
- +
#S S #
+-+- + + +- ++
## # S S ###S
- -- -+
S ## #S
+
+
S # S ## S
S
-
# #S#S #
-- -- ---
#S
Pacífico ##S##-S #S##S ## S
- S S
+
#S
---
#S #S #-
S # #- Pacífico #S SS S
+ + ++
SS
# S #S #S##S #S #S # #S
#- S S #
++ # S
+ #S
S S
+ +++
#S S -# S
+
#S #S S
# #S # # # #
20° ## S -S ## #S
-S #S#S -+ S# #S #
S S
20° # S #S
##S #S
# SS
## #S
S## S #S ## 20°
+- +
## S #S #S
# #S ## S# S # # S #
20° S ##S # S #S #S S
++-+++
S S S #S S #S S
#S #
S #S S #S
#S
S #- S #S # #S S #
+++
++ -
# S # S # S S SS #
S
++
S #S# ## ##S
+ ++-++ ++---+
S
+
S # ##
S S# #S
S #S
#
S
S #
S #S
S
S
# S## #
# SS # #
S S #S
##S #S
S #S
# S S #
S #S
S#
S
#
S ##
#S
S #
S # #
S
+++
# S
S #
S #S # S #-
S # S
S S
#S #
S S #S# #
S # S
S S #S
# # S # S # S#S
# ##- S # S
+
S #
S # S
S ## S
S S
- # S
#S ## # #S #S
+ ++++ +
#S #S #S
#S S S#
S#S# #SSS
##S
# S S S### SS S
# #
S
+
# # S #
S S #
+ - + +- +- --- - +
# S ##
- + ++ +
S # S #
S #S #S
S S #
S
# SS
##S #
+
#S ##S
S #
S
# S
#S
S #
#S # S # #
S # S #S #S #S
S S# # S
S #
-
# S #S #S S #S S # S #S ##S
+
S S #S #S # #S #
#S S #S
S ##
S#
S
++ +++ + ++
#S # # #S
# -# S # #S # # S #S
S #
# S
#S
S #S
S S# S # #S
- S S #
S S
+ +
#S S # S # #
S S# # #S
++ +
#
S # S #S S #S
++ ++ ++ +
#S #
#S
S # S # S #S
#S# S #
S S # S
-# #S# S
--- - +
#S
S # #
S #
S #
S # S##
#S # ## S
S #S#S
#S#S# # S
S ## #
#S
#S
S # S
#S #
#S
+
#S# ## S S# #S S S # S# S
S S # # # # S # S #S #S
#S S# #S
S
+ SS## #
SS S# S S #
S S S #
S #
S
#
S #
S #
S
#S
S # S # S#
#S
15° +
+
+ S ###
#S
#S
SS
#
S
#
S
15° 15° ++ #S
S##
#S
SS
#
#
S 15°
-115° - -110° - -
-105° -
-100° -
-95° -
-90° -115° - -110° - -105°- -
-100° -95°- -
-90°
ABRIL JUNIO
-115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90° -115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
+ + #S
#S #
#S
S #
+ S#S
#S
#
#
-
#
S S #
S # S
-
# # S # # S #
S
S S < - 0.5
+ + +
S #
S# S
< - 0.5 #
S
+ --
#
--
S #
-
#
S #
S -- - - 0.4 #
S
S#
S
-- - - 0.4
30° 30° 30° -
- - 0.3 30°
S
#
#S # - #
S #
S - - - 0.3 #
S #
S
#
S #
S #S
S#
++
#
S
- #
S S #
S # #
--
#
S
- 0.2
+
#
S
- 0.2 # #SS S -
++
#
+
# S -S #
S - S#S
# S # S ##
#S S
-- S #
+
S # S#
#S #S
# #
S # #
S S S
- -
S #
S
#
S #
S
S# 0 S# # - S# 0
-
# #
S S
S #
S
-+ -+ # S##
-
# +
##
S ## S # S
S ##
# S# +S# S# #S
S S# S #
# S ##
#S
S
-
#
S #
S #S 0.2
+
S # # S S
S #S 0.2 # +
+++
# S + S S
S
+
+-
S# S #
S #
S #
S
+ S# # S
++
S
+ ++
# S
S # S #
S ##
S # #
S
+ -+ + +
# S
+ 0.3 #S
+ 0.3
+
S # #S
+-
#
+ ++++ +
#S
S #
S
++ +
# S # # #
S # S
S #S ##
S # #S#
S #
S # S #S #S S S
+-
# #
+ 0.4
S # S #S S# # #S #S # #S S S#S
+ 0.4
#
SS #S# S S#S# # # S #S # ##
#S ##S
S S
25°
S #S#
+ # S
S# #
# S
S # S #S SS # 25° 25° #S
S
## --# #
S S## S # S
S # SS #
# 25°
+
# # # S #S S #
+
#S S # #S S
+
S S #
S # S
S S# #
S S S S ## S
#S # S
#
S S#S# #
S
-
S #
> - 0.5 S
+
## S
#S
S
- #
> - 0.5
+ -- +
S - #S
S #
###S S #S
S
+
+++ -+
S#S# #
SS#S # # #S S
+ -
S #
+
# #S# #S
S ##S #S
S #
+
#S
S #S #S# S
+
S S#S
# S# #S
S #
+
#S
# - S S #
- - # S
S #
S
++++
#
+- ++ ++
# #S #S #
+
S #S#S
#S #S# #
S S #S
#S
+++
# S
#
S S
Golfo S##
- #S
S
# - # Golfo
S##
S
S##
S
+ -- ++
#
S #S S
S ##
+-
- #
SS
S # #S#S#S # #-S# #
# S
S #S S # S #S
S S
+ +
#S # #
#S S S
de México S
+ + de México
#
#
S #S # #S# #- S
+
+ +++ +++-++
S S
Océano S# Océano ## S S
+
#
+
S# - S - # #
+
#
#S#S #S #S ## #S # SS # # #
S
# #S ##S #S #
+
- S ## S#SSS ## S # #S #S #S # S S
+ +
S #-S
#S S
#S#S # SS #
S # S#S ###S
+ -+- ++
#SS S
++ ++++--++-+++++++--++++-
# S #S S S
S ### S Pacífico #S##SS- #SS #S #S ## S
#S
++++++
## S # S #S
Pacífico
-- +
S# # SS## - S ## S #S S #S # S #S S##S #
S #S##S #
#S
#S # # #S S##S #S #S ##
#S #S S#S#
#S ##
S
#S S S#S # #S
#S S
S# #
S 20° #S
##-S -S #- S
#S # #S S SS
## #S# #
S S
20°
20° #
S S
S #S
#S
# S
#S #S#SS ## S
## SS S ## S #
#S #S# S# 20° # S
S
S S ## S
S S#S S
#S
# #S
##S # S
S ## S
S #
S #S
#
#S
##
S -# #
S #
S
+ ++ ++ -
S # S #S S #S
## S S SS # S
+ + -+ - ++ -
#S S ## S #S
+
## S
+
## S #S
++
S # #S # SS
S #S
-+ #S #S S #S
+
S #S #S S # S #S
#
S # S
# S S # S #
#S# S ## S # #
S# #
S # S # #
S
+ +-++-+ ++ +++
##
S # #
S # S S #S# # S # SS#S # S #
#S
++
# S
S #S S S
# S# S
++
+ - ++
#
+ ++ ++ -- + +++
#S # S # S #S S ### # S
#S #
+
S S ###S S#S
# # #S
S
#S S #S
S#S # S
+
#S
S# S# S#S SS
## S
#S
S S#S ##
S# ## S # #S
S #
SS
S
#S ##S
#
#S S#S
#
S #
S #
S #
+ # # #
S #
S #S #
S S S#S
# # S S
+
S# #S S# S S# S #
S #
S # # S
S # S # S # # S SS # ## S #
+
#S
S # #S
S #S#S#S
#S # S S S S#S ##
+
#S
+
# # S S # S#S
#
+
S#S
#S# # S S ## S ## S # S
+ + + + ++ ++
S# # # S
S # # S#S S S S#
- + +
## S #
S S #S# #
S S#S S# #
S #SS #
S
# #S # S # S #
+-
S SS S # S # #S ##
S
S S
-
S #S # #
S # #
S ##
S
+
# S
++
- S SS
+
#
S S# #
S ## #S# S# #S ##
S# S ##S S#
#
S #S
S # SS
#S #
#S
S #S
S # # #S
S # #S # #S #S
S
# #
S #S
#S ##S#
S
#
+
#S # S# S # S ## S S S #
S #
S# S S #
#S
S # S
S S#S
#S # S
S # #
S SS#
#
S
#
S S S
S# #S
+
# S
## S #
+
S
S#S
# S
+-
+
#S
S###
15° + S#S
#S
##
#S
SS
#
#
15° 15° #S
SS
#
#
S 15°
S
-115° - -110° - -
-105° -
-100° -
-95° -
-90° -
-115° -
-110° -
-105° -
-100° -
-95° -
-90°
JULIO AGOSTO
-115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90° -115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
+SS## S#S
### + +SS##
++ +
#S
S
S## S
#
-
S
-
#
S #
# S# S # S
< - 0.5
S S < - 0.5
--
#
S
+ +
#
S #
S
#
S
#
S -S# - - 0.4 #
#
S
#
S #S
S #
-# - - 0.4
S
30°
30° 30°
-
#
S S
30°
- - - 0.3
#
- - 0.3 #S #
-
# #
#S # S S ##
S
S
- -
#
S #S
S#
S #
S - -
SS
+
#
+++ -S# S
#
S #S
S #S
#
S #
S - - 0.2 #
S #
S S
#
#S
S#S
# #
S
- - 0.2
-+
#
S #S
S# # #
S #
S #
S #S
S
-+ -
# ##
#
S #
S S ##S
S # S
S# 0
# S
- S# 0 #
S #
S
-
S
#
#
S
#
S - S#
S
#
S
# S
S ## # S
S # #
S
##
#S
#S #
S
S#
#
S #S
S #S##
#S
# S
S S
# S
##
#S #
S
- #
S #S
S + 0.2 S#
S
# S
S S + 0.2
+
S# S # S
S # S# #
S
# S # # S #S
+
S # S #S #
# S #S # S
+
#S # S #
S
+ 0.3 S# #S
#
S
+ # S
S + 0.3
+
# S #
S# #S
# # S #
## #S # S S ## #S
# S
S S
#S#S ## S
-
# # #S S #S# S #
S S# S #S # S#
#S#S
#S -
# #S #S #
+ 0.4
+ 0.4
#S # S #
S S# S #S#S
#S
S #S
S# # S
S # # S # S #S S
# #S #
S## S S# S #S # #S S SS S S
25° ##S
S
#
## S
S # S # SS S
# #
#
S
25° 25° #S
S
## S #
# S S## S # S # # # 25°
+
#S # #S # S #S S #
+
S # # S
#S # S #S S # S # S S # S#S
## S
S
S S S # #S
S ## S S # # S
S S #
# S #S # > - 0.5
+
S
#
#S
S #S
S # S # > - 0.5 S S
## - ##
S #
S S#SS
#
+
S S#S# #S
S #SS
+
#S#SS S# # #
S
S # #S S
-+
# #S #
S #S #
##S #
+
#S##S
# # S #S
+ +- ++
#S S
-
S S # S ## S##
S S# #S
S #S#
#S
S#
-
S # S
S S
###SS
# #S S#S
- S
-
# S #
# #S
#S
+
+
S# S #S # S#SS#S#S #
# SS
+ Golfo Golfo
# # S #
S
- S##
#S #
#S
S
SS
#
#
S#
S
-
#
S
-
# #S # #S
S
S#S
#S#S# #S
S# S # S
-
S#
-- - ----++
#S # ##S S S #S #S # #S #
#S #S # # S # S #S #S
##
- +- - +
#
S S S# SS #S ##
S S
#S # de México S ##
SS# S #S #
de México
Océano # S#
#S SS S Océano #
S #
#S##S
S S#S
#S ## # #
+ - ++- +++
S# - S S#S
##S
S ## S#S#S #S #
## S
##S
# #S
S #
S # S
S #S##S S#S #S#S #S # S SS #
#S #S
S S #
S
# S # S #S## #S ##S S S#S S
+
# #
S ##
#S
#S S #S S S
++ #
+ + ++
#S
Pacífico S
## S
S #S
S S ##S Pacífico S
S # S #S S
+# ##S#S #S #S #S
###S#S
+
S ##S ##S #S #S
S S S S#S #
#S
##
# #S S # #S
S S ## #S
S S S
20° # S#S S
S##SS
##S #SS
SS ## - S # #S #S # 20° 20° S# S #
#S
###S #S ##S
S#S #S#S#
## S ##S #S #S S
#S #S # #S
S #S# #
#S 20°
# S
S ##S
S #S
S #S
S ##S S #S
S #S
#S S # S #S
S#S
###
# S
S #S#
#S
##S
S
#S
#S#SS
#
# #
S #S
S
S
#S
#S S
#
S S # S
S
# S
S##S
##S - #S # #S
#S
#S##S
S#
#S
S ##
+
# S
S
+
++
++ ++++
#S ## S #S
# #S
S #S # S # #S # S S #S#S #S
++
S # #S # S S #S# S #S S #S #S
S #S S #S # #
S
+ +
# S #
S
S #S
S S #S S
# S #
S # ##
S S# S S## S #S #- S S S
#
S ## # S # S# S
# # # S #
S S # S#
S # S
S #S # S S
-+ ## S #
#
S #
S
+
++ ++ - ++ +
S S ##S ## S # #S #S S
#S#S
#S#S S
# S
+ ++++-
#S S#S S #S S
+ + + ++
#S
S# # SSS
#S #S
S
# #
S S # S# # S#S
#
# # #
S
S ### #
S # S #
S #
S #
S # #S# S
# S #
S S # #
S #
S #
#S #S# S #S #S S
#S#
SS #S
S # S #
S #
# #S # S
S #
S # S
S #S S #S #S #SS
S #S
#S S
#
#S S #S
S #S
# S# S #
#S S
+
S #S S S#
#S
S # S# #S##
S
SS# # # #S# # #S #S S # S#S
#S #
++
#S
#S S
S# # #S
#S S ## S # # S #S S ## S # # S #S
S # #
S
+ ++-+
S #
+
#
S S S # #
S S #S S S S # #
S S
#S # S #S # S #
SS # S
S # S
#
S S#
S S#S# #
S
S
#S
S #S
#
S # S
##S
S #
#S
#
S
#
#S #
S
#
S - #S
S #S#
#
S
++
# ## #S
- +
S#S #S
S # S#
S
#S
S
S #
S
## S
S
#
#S S#S
#S
#
SS
#S
#S#S#S
#
#
S #
S #
S
S
S
#
#
# #
S
#
S
S #
S #
S #
SS #S
#
S #
S
# S
#
S#
# S#S
#S #
#S
S
#
SS
#S
#S #S
#
#S
S#S#S
#
S#
#
S
#S
S -
#S
S##
S#
S S#S #
#
+
S
#S
S # S## S
15° #S
S#S
#S
S
S
#
S
##
#
15° 15° + S#S
##S
SS#
S
##
S
15°
-115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90° -115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
SEPTIEMBRE OCTUBRE
-115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90° -115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
+SS## +++ #S
S # +S#- ++ #S
#S
S #
#
S
+
#
S #
S
- < - 0.5 # S
S # #
S
- - < - 0.5
+
#
S #
S
-
#
-
#
S S -S
#
S #
S #S
S #
-- - 0.4 #
#
S #
-- - 0.4
30° S#
30° S
30°
#
#S
+ - - - - - - 0.3 30° #
#S # - - 0.3
+
S #
S S #
S S #S
S
#
+ # #
S S #
S # # #
S
S #
#SS
#
S - - 0.2 S #
#SS
#
S - - 0.2
+ +
S#S
# S#
#S S ## S#S
# #S
S# S ## #
S #
S S S
+
# #
S #
S ##S
S #
S #
S #
S #S
S#
- --
S S # #
S
0
# S#
#
S
# S
S
## #
S#
- #
S
#
S
S#
# S#
#
S
--#
## S
S#
# -+ #
S
#S
S #S##
S# 0
+
S #S # S S #
S S #S
S#S
# S
S
-S# #
S #
S + 0.2 # # S S + 0.2
--
#
S S# S S# #
S S S # S# #
S
+
# S
S# S #S S# S#S #
-
- - --S#S#S#-S# S#- -
#S # # S
+
S
# #
S + 0.3 #S
S
-- + 0.3
-
-# S#
#S #
++
#S # S # # S
S ## #S
S
# S
S S #S
#S ## #
S # #S
#S
# #
#S S S #S#
-
+ 0.4
# S# S
+ 0.4
#
S # S
S S # S
S #S
S#S # S
S S ##S#S
#S
# ## S# # # # S
S #S #S
S
25° SS
25°
25°
+
#S #S
S ## S
S # S # S 25° S # S
S# # S
# #
## S ## S
+
- #
# S
+
# #S #
+
S # #S
S # S
S # #S
#S
S
#
S
## S
S # S # S
S # #S
S #S#S S#
+
# S
S # S
S
#
#S #S
S # S # > - 0.5 #
S #S
S #
- #
S
> - 0.5
+
S
+
###S ##
+
S #S S #S
+
SS# S# # S ##
S #S
S #S# # S ##
S
#
S S #SS S
++ -
#S # #S #
###S #
+ +++- + --- --
S#S S
-## #
S # S S
S
#
#
S# S SS# S ###S
S S
#S
S # S
S ## #S
## S#
- - # S
S #S
# #S
##S#
++ ++
#S
S #SS - #
S S SS#S
+ +-+
- S
#S
S Golfo S#S# # #
S S
#S
S ##S# GolfoS#S#
#
S S# #
S
++ +
#S
# #S # #S ## S S # #S # #S #S
+ + ++ +
S #S #S ## S #S#S # S##
S# S S# S #S
de México S## #S #
S #
S S # S
S S
#
# S#
de México #
S S #
S
Océano # S
Océano #S ## #S
+
S S ## #S S
+
##S
#S #S
+ +
#S
+ ++
S #
#S#S #S # #S # S # #S S #
S#S #SS ## S # # S #S SS # # SS # # S
+++++ ++++
#SS #S S ## S
++ + +
S ## S # #S #
- -+++++
#S
#S#S #S
#S
S
+
#S#S
#S#S #S
# #S
#S S
# #S #S #S
S S S S S # S
S # S
+##S S#S S
##S
S S
++++ +
++
##S
+ ## S
#S S S
Pacífico # # S
S S ## #S
S #S##S #S # S # Pacífico S # S #S##S#S #S
##S
-
#S #S##S # ##
+ +- ++
S #S S #S
#S S #S
#S ##S S #S
#SS ##S #
+ +++ + ++
#S S S#S S #S S#S# S
++ + + ++
# ##S# ##S SS #S S # #S ## S #S
- #S # #S #S # #
#S #S
20° #S #S S # #S
-S #
20°
++
S #S #S
20° #S
+ +
#S
20°
+ -+ ++ -
##
#S ##S ##S #S # ##S
S #S# S #-#S #
# S ##S #S #S # #S S #S # #
## S
+
S #S #S #S S #S #S #S S
++
##S #S #S S #S
#S S # S
S #S
#S
#S #S S S #S # S ##S S #
S
++ + + + -
#S S
S S S ##S
S S S S
+ ++ +
S # S S #S S ## #S # ##
S ##S
#S # # S S # S #S-# S
#S # #S S S# S #
++
# #S S S S S ## # #S S
# S S##S
#S # S
S ## S # #S
S S
# #
S #S# ## S
S # #S
S # S # S #- #
S
+-+ - +++++ ++
S
+
S S ## #
+ ++ ++++ ++
S# S S ## S ##S ## S
# S
# S # S S S# S# # S ##S # S
# S
S
# ## #
# S
#S
S# S #S
S #S S #S
S # S #S#S S
#S # S #
#S
S
##
#
S
S
SS#
#
##SS
#
S
# S
# #
S
##S
S #S#
#S # S # #
S S#
#
#S ##
#
S ##S
S S#S #
S ##S
SS
S
## S
S # S #S
#
S
#S
S #S# # S #
S +
++++ + +-
#S S #S #S #S S
+
S # # #
+
S #S
S #S
S #
#SS S#S S S #SS S # S#S #S #
# #S#S#S # # S# #S
# #S # #
+
#S #S
#S # #S # S
+
# S
S S # S# #S
S #S #
S#
S # #S S ## S # #S#S #S S
++ #
# S # S # S#S S# ##
S S
# S
S
+
#S # S S# #S #
S
-S S #S # S #
S
+
S S#S # #
S
++ -+
S #
S S ##
S
#
#
S
S
S
#S
#
#
S#S # S# S
S
#S
S
##
##S
S
# S
# ## -S
SS ##S
##
S
S #S
#S#
#S
S#S#S
S
#
##S
S
#
#S
S##S
S
#S
#
#
S ++ S
S#
#S
S # # # SS
S
SS
#
# # S
# S
S #S
#S
#S
S#
#
S
##S
#S
S
# #S
#
#
S #
SS
#
S
S S
##
#S
S
#S #
S
#
S # #
S# S S #
#S
+
S #
+
S
#
S # S # #
SS# S
15° #S
S#S
#S
S
S
#
S
##+ 15° 15°
#S
S
SS
S+
##S
#
##
#S 15°
-115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90° -115° -110° -105° -100° -95° -90°
NOVIEMBRE DICIEMBRE
La precipitación en México durante invierno (1990) con el Índice de la Oscilación del Sur (SOI);
boreal (nov-abr) permanece en fase con la PDO con Magaña et al. (2003) analizando episodios
(la fase positiva (negativa) favorece más (menos) cálidos (El Niño) y fríos (La Niña) del ENSO y con
lluvias, mientras que en verano boreal (may-oct) la Méndez et al. (2009) usando el Índice Multivariado
relación resulta opuesta. Los resultados muestran a del ENSO (MEI). Lo anterior podría indicar que los
la TM en fase con la PDO durante el verano y fuera impactos (favorables/desfavorables) climáticos más
de fase durante en invierno, mientras que en tm, importantes en el país podrían ocurrir cuando el
los patrones no parecen ser muy claros, sugiriendo ENSO y la PDO se encuentren en fase como lo han
que podrían estar o no en fase a la PDO en cualquier sugerido para Norteamérica Gershunov y Barnett
periodo del año. (1998) y Schoennagel et al. (2005). Se sugiere
Es muy probable que en las próximas décadas más trabajo científico/estadístico para ampliar el
la PDO cambie de polaridad como lo han docu- conocimiento de la variabilidad climática del país
mentado Mantua et al. (1997), D’Arrigo et al. y teleconexiones a la PDO.
(2001), MacDonald y Case, (2005); por lo tanto,
en México deberían tomarse en cuenta pronósticos
de la PDO para prevenir sus impactos negativos AGRADECIMIENTOS
(sequías, inundaciones, etc.), especialmente en el
norte del país durante el periodo invernal. Agradecimientos especiales al Dr. Michel Rosen-
Los resultados encontrados en este estudio son gaus Moshinsky y al personal del Servicio Meteoro-
similares a lo encontrado por Cavazos y Hastenrath lógico Nacional por el soporte con la información
Tabla 1. Análisis comparativo de correlación paramétrica vs. no paramétrica realizada en la PDO-TM en 68 estaciones
climatológicas en México (p≤0.10)
climática, así como a la Universidad Autónoma Gutzler, D. S., D. M. Kann and C. Thornbrugh (2002),
Agraria Antonio Narro (Departamento Forestal) “Modulation of ENSO-based long-lead outlooks of
por el apoyo para la realización de la presente Southwest U.S. Winter precipitation by the Paci-
fic Decadal Oscillation”, Weather and Forecasting,
investigación. no. 17, pp. 1163-1172.
Hare, S. R. (1996), “Book review of patterns in the
Ocean: ocean processes and marine population
REFERENCIAS dynamics by Andrew Bakun”, Fish. Oceanogr. no. 5,
pp. 227-228.
Alexander, L. V., X. Zhang. T. C. Peterson, J. Caesar, B. Hare, S. R. and N. J. Mantua (2000), “Empirical eviden-
Gleason, A. Klein Tank, M. Haylock, D. Collins, ce for North Pacific regime shifts in 1977 and 1989”,
B. Trewin, F. Rahimzadesh, A. Tagipour, P. Amben- Prog. Oceanogr. no. 47, pp. 103-145.
je, K. Rupa Kumar, J. Revadekar, G. Griffiths, L. Hastenrath S. L. (1967), “Rainfall distribution and re-
Vincent, D. Stephenson, J. Burn, E. Aguilar, M. gime in Central America”, Arch. Meteorol. Geophys.
Brunet, M. Taylor, M. New, P. Zhai, M. Rusticucci Biokimatol. Ser., no. 15, pp. 201-241.
and J. L. Vázquez-Aguirre (2006), “Global observed Higgins, R. W., A. Leetmaa, Y. Xue and A. Barnston
changes in daily climate extremes of temperature and (2000), “Dominant factors influencing the seasonal
precipitation”, Geophys. Res Lett., no. 111, D05109. predictability of U.S. precipitation and surface air
Bates, B. C., Z. W. Kundzewicz, S. Wu y J. P. Palu- temperature”, J. Climate, no. 13, pp. 3994-4017.
tikof (eds.; 2008), El Cambio Climático y el Agua. INEGI (2009), Aspectos generales del territorio mexicano
Documento técnico del Grupo Intergubernamental de [http://www.inegi.org.mx/inegi; consulta 17 de
Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático, Secretaría del junio].
IPCC, Ginebra. IPCC (2007), Informe de síntesis. Contribución de los
Biondi, F., A. Gershunov and D. R. Cayan (2001), “Nor- Grupos de trabajo I, II y III al Cuarto Informe de
th Pacific decadal climate variability since 1661”, J. Evaluación del Grupo Intergubernamental de Exper-
Climate, no. 14, pp. 5-10. tos sobre el Cambio Climático [Equipo de redacción
Cavazos, T. and S. Hastenrath (1990), “Convection and principal: Pachauri, R. K. y A. Reisinger (dirs. de la
rainfall over Mexico and their modulation by the publicación)], IPCC, Ginebra, Suiza.
southern Oscillation”, Int. J. of Climatology, no. 10, Jones, A. D. and C. B. Trewin (2000), “On the relation-
pp. 337-386. ships between the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and
Cayan, D. R., M. D. Dettinger, H. F. Diaz and N. E. Australian land surface temperature”, Int. J. Climatol.,
Graham (1998), “Decadal variability of precipitation no. 20, pp. 679-719.
over western North America”, J. Climate, no. 11, Kiladis, G. N. and H. Díaz (1989), “Global climatic
pp. 3148–3166. anomalies associated with extremes in the Southern
D’Arrigo, R., R. Villalba and G. Wiles (2001), “Tree- Oscillation”, J. Climate, no. 2, pp. 1069-1090.
ring estimates of Pacific decadal climate variability”, MacDonald, G. M. and R. A. Case (2005), “Variations
Climate Dynamics, no. 18, pp. 219-224. in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation over the past mi-
Englearth, P. J. and A. V. Douglas (2002), “Mexico’s sum- llennium”, Geophys. Res. Lett., no. 32, L08703.
mer rainfall patterns: an analysis of regional modes Magaña, V. O., J. Vázquez, J. L. Pérez and B. J. Pérez
and their changes and teleconnectivity”, Atmósfera, (2003), “Impact of El Niño on precipitation in Mexi-
no. 15, pp. 147-164. co”, Geofísica Internacional, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 313-330.
García, E. (1988), Modificaciones al sistema de clasificación Mantua, N. J., S. R. Hare, Y. Zhang, J. M. Wallace and
climática de Köppen, Instituto de Geografía, UNAM, R. C. Francis (1997), “A Pacific interdecadal climate
México. oscillation with impacts on salmon production”, Bull.
García E. (2003), “Distribución de la precipitación en Amer. Meteor. Soc., no. 78, pp. 1069-1079.
la República Mexicana”, Investigaciones Geográficas, Mantua, N. J. and S. R. Hare (2002), “The Pacific Deca-
Boletín, no. 50, Instituto de Geografía, UNAM, dal Oscillation”, J. Oceanography, no 58, pp. 35-44.
México, pp. 67-76. Méndez, G. J., R. H. González, G. E. Treviño, Y. E.
Gershunov, A. and T. Barnett (1998), “Interdecadal Jurado, M. M. Pando and P. T. Cavazos (2009), Spa-
modulation of ENSO teleconnections”, Bull. Amer. tial and temporal tele-connections of the Multivariate
Met. Soc., no. 79, pp. 2715-2726. Enso Index MEI) to rainfall, maximum and minimum
temperature anomalies in Mexico, IOP Conf. Ser. Earth
Environ. Sci., 6, 292033.
Miller, A. J., D. R. Cayan, T. P. Barnett, N. E. Graham Ropelewski, C. F. and M. S. Halpert (1987), “Global
and J. M. Oberhuber (1994), ‘The 1976-77 climate and regional scale precipitation associated with El
shift of the Pacific Ocean”, J. Oceanography, no. 7, Niño/Southern Oscillation”, Mon. Weather Rev., no.
pp. 21-26. 115, pp. 985-996.
Mosiño, P. A. and E. García (1974), “The climate of Ropelewski, C. F. and M. S. Halpert (1986), “North
Mexico”, in Bryson, R. A. and F. K. Hare (eds.), American precipitation and temperature patterns
World survey of climatology, vol. II, Climates of North associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation
America, Elsevier, London, pp. 345-404. (ENSO)”, Mon. Weather Rev., no. 114, pp. 2352-2362.
Pavia, E. G., F. Graef and J. Reyes (2006), “PDO-ENSO Schoennagel, T., T. T. Veblen, W. H. Romme, J. S. Sibold
effects in climate of Mexico”, Notes and corresponden- and E. R. Cook (2005), “ENSO and PDO variability
ce”, J. Climate, no. 19, pp. 6433-6438. affect drought-induced fire occurrence in rocky
Peralta, H. A. R., R. C. Balling and M. L. R. Barba mountain subalpine forests”, Ecological Applications,
(2009), “Comparative analysis of indices of extreme vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 2000-2014.
rainfall events: variations and trends from southern Steel, R. G. D. y J. M. Torrie (1992), Bioestadística:
Mexico”, Atmósfera, vol. 22, núm. 2, pp. 219-228. principios y procedimientos, 2a. ed., Mc Graw-Hill,
Philander, S. G. (1990), El Niño, la Niña and the Southern México.
Oscillation, Intern. Geophys. Series. Acad. Press, San Trenberth, K. E. (1990), “Recent observed interdecadal
Diego, California. climate changes in the northern hemisphere”, Bull.
Rodionov, S. (2004), “A sequential algorithm for testing Amer. Meteorol. Soc., no. 71, pp. 988-993.
climate regime shifts”, Geophys. Res. Lett., no. 31, Trenberth, K. E. (1997), ‘The definition of El Niño’,
L09204. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., no. 78, pp. 2771-2777.
Ropelewski, C. F. and M. S. Halpert (1996), “Quanti- Wallén, C. C. (1955), “Some characteristics of precipita-
fying Southern Oscillation–precipitation relations- tion in Mexico”, Geografiska Annaler, no. 37, pp. 51-85.
hips”, J. Climate, no. 9, pp. 1043-1059. Zhang, Y., J. M. Wallace and D.S. Battisti (1997),
“ENSO-like interdecadal variability”, J. Climate, no.
10, pp. 1004-1020.