A Idade Decisiva - Meg Jay

PNGE 461
Natural Gas Engineering

Fall 2011-2012
Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Introduction
Some Info
•  Lecturer: Dr. Çağlar SINAYUÇ (caglars@metu.edu.tr)
•  Course Hours:
o  Monday 08:40 – 11:30
•  Office Hours:
o  Monday 15:30 – 17:00
•  Reference Books:
o  Katz, D.L.: Handbook of Natural Gas Engineering, McGraw-Hill Book 1959.
o  Ikoku, C.U.: Natural Gas Reservoir Engineering, John Wiley and Sons 1975.
o  Guo, B., Ghalambor, A.: Natural Gas Engineering Handbook, Gulf
Bublishing Company 2005. Online Edition is available
o  Chaudhry, A.: Gas Well Testing Handbook, Gulf Professional Publishing
2003.

Some Info
•  Study Sheets:
o  Study sheets will be given via metu-online
•  Grading
o  MT1: 30%
o  MT2: 30%
o  Final: 40%
o  Attendance: 5% bonus

Course Outline
•  Following will be our outline during this course:
o  Definition and components of natural gas
o  Processing of natural gas
o  Review of phase behavior
o  Gas Hydrate
o  Water content of natural gas
o  Gas reservoir engineering
o  Gas flow in porous media
o  Deliverability Tests
o  Natural gas measurement
o  Gathering and transportation
o  Gas compression
o  Estimation of sandface pressure

Natural Gas
•  Natural gas is defined as gas obtained from a
natural underground reservoir.
•  It generally contains a large quantity of methane
along with heavier hydrocarbons such as ethane,
propane, isobutane, normal butane, etc.
•  Also, in the raw state it often contains a
considerable amount of non-hydrocarbons, such as
nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide.
•  There are some traces of such compounds as
helium, carbonyl sulphide and various mercaptans.
•  It is also generally saturated with water.

Typical Raw Gas Composition
Mesozoic Paleozoic (Kaybob Solution Gas,
(Baldonnel – South – Canada), Mole%
Canada), Mole% Mole%
N2 0.32 0.94 2.45
H2S 4.37 17.89 0.00
CO2 2.41 3.49 0.11
Methane 85.34 56.53 91.94
Ethane 4.50 7.69 13.85
Propane 1.50 3.38 7.30
Isobutane 0.25 0.87 1.06
n-‐‑Butane 0.48 1.73 2.15
Isopentane 0.15 0.71 0.36
n-‐‑Pentane 0.21 0.76 0.48
Hexane 0.47+ 1.48 0.18
Heptane plus -‐‑ 4.53 0.12
Processing Natural Gas
•  Although the processing of natural gas is less
complicated than the processing and refining of
crude oil, it is equally as necessary before its use by
end users.

Why Process Natural Gas
•  Gas that is sold for commercial use (pipeline quality)
is quite different in composition to the raw gas that
is produced
Composition From a Field From a Straddle

Plant, Mole% Plant, Mole%
N2 0.30 0.35
C1 91.63 98.60
C2 5.72 1.05
C3 1.63
iC4 0.29
nC4 0.31
iC5 0.12

•  In addition to processing done at the wellhead and
at centralized processing plants (field processing),
some final processing is also sometimes
accomplished at straddle extraction plants.
•  The extracted natural gas is transported to these
processing plants through a network of gathering
pipelines, which are small-diameter, low pressure
pipes.
o  There was an estimated 36,100 miles of gathering pipelines in USA in 1999.
•  The removed associated hydrocarbons are known

as ‘natural gas liquids’ (NGLs) and they can be very
valuable.

•  The processing of natural gas involves four main processes to
remove various impurities
1.  Oil and Condensate Removal
o  Most often done using equipment installed at or near the wellhead.
2.  Water Removal

o  Absorption with a dehydrating agent such as diethylene glycol (DEG)
o  Adsorption with a solid-desiccant dehydration agent such as activated
alumina or a granular silica
3.  Separation of Natural Gas Liquids

o  Absorption method using an absorbing oil (effective for heavier
hydrocarbons)
o  Cryogenic expander process (cooling the gas stream)
4.  Sulfur and Carbon Dioxide Removal

o  Sweetening by absorption with amine solutions such as
monoethanolamine (MEA)

Chemical Composition of Natural Gas
•  Virtually hundreds of different compounds may be present in
natural gas in varying amounts.
•  The major components in most natural gases are
o  paraffin hydrocarbons (alkanes) (CnH2n+2)
•  Methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, etc.
o  olefin hydrocarbons (alkenes), (CnH2n)

•  Ethylene, propylene
o  naphthenic hydrocarbons (cycloalkanes), (CnH2(n+1-g))

•  Cyclopropane, cyclobutane

Chemical Composition of Natural Gas
•  The major components in most natural gases are
o  Mercaptans (thiols) (RSH), and
•  Methanethiol (methly mercaptan)
Note: R represents an alkyl group
o  non-hydrocarbon compounds
•  Carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide,
•  water vapor, carbonyl sulfide

Hydrocarbon components
•  Methane (CH4 or C1)
o  This is the prime compound in natural gas
o  Gross heating value: 1010 BTU/scf
•  Ethane (C2H6 or C2)

o  Second largest component of all natural gases.
o  It has a considerably higher gross heating value than
methane: 1769 BTU/scf
•  Propane (C3H8 or C3)

o  If there is much present in the raw gas, say 2.0% or greater,
then it is generally more economical to absorb it.

Hydrocarbon components
•  n-Butane (C4H10 or nC4)
o  This compound is normally extracted as a liquid.
o  It is generally used as a blending agent in motor gasoline.
•  iso-Butane (C4H10 or iC4)
o  This compound is normally extracted as a liquid.
o  It is used as a component in the manufacture of high
octane gasoline.
•  Pentanes and heavier (C5H12 or C5+)
o  These compounds appear in pipeline gas only in small
quantities.
o  They are separated and are the primary compound in
condensate.
Non-‐‑hydrocarbon components
•  Nitrogen (N2)
o  This compound is quite inert and does not contribute to the
gas in any way.
•  Carbon dioxide (CO2)

o  It does not support combustion,
o  The normal maximum acceptable concentration in
pipeline gas is 2%.
•  Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

o  This compound is the cause of sourness in natural gas,
o  It is one of the most dangerous of industrial gases.

Non-‐‑hydrocarbon components
•  Carbonyl sulfide (COS)
o  This is a compound that often appears in raw gases with
high concentration of H2S in them.
o  It has the undesirable property of forming nonregenerable
compounds with one of the mostly used sweetening
agents.
•  Mercaptans (CH3SH – methly mercaptan or C2H5SH

– ethyl mercaptan)
o  These are very foul smelling compounds that, in very small
quantities can be used as gas odorants.

Review of phase
behavior
Some definitions
•  System
•  A thermodynamic system is a part of the physical
universe which is separated from its surroundings by
a boundary.
•  An open system allows transfer of matter across its
boundary whereas a closed system does not.
•  If the boundary does not allow the transfer of heat,
than the system is called an adiabatic system.
•  The macroscopic properties of matter can be
divided into two.
o  Intensive and extensive properties.

Some definitions
•  Intensive properties
•  Intensive properties are independent of the
quantity of material present in the system.
o  Pressure, P, temperature, T, density, compressibility factor, z
are examples.
•  Extensive properties
•  Extensive properties are directly proportional to the
mass of the system if intensive properties are kept
constant.
o  Volume, V, entropy, S, mass, m are examples.

Some definitions
•  Phase
•  A part of a system, having uniform chemical
composition and physical properties and separated
from other homogeneous parts of the system by
boundary surfaces is called a phase.
o  Since gases are completely miscible with each other the system consists
of a single phase.
o  A three phase system will be one which consists of ice, liquid water and
water vapor.

Some definitions
•  Component
•  A component is a chemically distinct constituent of
a system.
o  The ice, water and water vapor system consists of one component but
three phases. On the other hand, a natural gas may contain eight or
more components but it is referred as a single phase system.
•  Phase Diagram
•  A graph of pressure plotted against temperature
that shows the conditions under which the various
phases of a substance may be present.

Pure Substances
•  The phase diagram of a pure substance:

Pure Substances
•  Vapor-pressure line
•  At pressures and temperatures falling above this line, the
substance is a liquid.
•  Similarly, at pressures and temperatures below this line,
the substance is a gas.
•  Liquid and gas phases coexist at pressures and
temperatures lying exactly on this line.
•  Discussion
•  Will pure water boil at a lower
or higher temperature at the
top of mount Everest?
•  Why do pressure-cookers
reduce cooking time?
Pure Substances
•  Critical Phenomena
•  A pure substance at the critical state is at a state of
temperature and pressure at which the gas and
liquid phases become so alike that they can no
longer exist as separate phases.
•  Critical point
•  The upper limit of the vapor
pressure line is the critical point,
indicated by point C.
•  Triple point
•  The pressure and temperature at
which the solid, liquid and gas
phases coexist at equilibrium.
Some definitions
•  Critical temperature
•  The temperature above which a gas can not be
liquified, regardless of the pressure applied.
•  Alternately, the critical temperature of a pure liquid
is the highest temperature at which liquid and gas
phases can exist as separate phases.
•  Critical pressure
•  The critical pressure of a pure substance is the
pressure above which the liquid and gas cannot
coexist regardless of temperature.

Pure Substances
•  Sublimation pressure line
•  At pressures and temperatures above this line the
substance is a solid and below this line, the substance is
a gas.
•  At pressures and temperature falling exactly on this line,
the solid and vapor phases coexist.
•  A good example of sublimation process is the dry ice.

Pure Substances
•  Melting point line
•  This line separates the solid region from the liquid
region.
•  At pressures and temperatures falling exactly on this
line, solid and liquid phases coexist.

Pure Substances
•  Pressure-Volume diagram for a pure substance
•  Bubble point (B)

•  The point at which the
first few molecules leave
the liquid and form a
small bubble of gas
•  Dew point (D)
•  The point at which only a
small drop of liquid
remains is called the dew
point

Two-‐‑component systems
•  Pressure-temperature diagram for a two-
component system
o  For two component systems, instead of a single vapor pressure line
separating liquid and gas phases, a broad region in which two phases
coexist is present. This two phase region is bounded on one side by a
bubble point line and the other side by a dew point line.
•  As we hit the bubble point line

we have the first bubbles of
gas. Continuing down the line
we start having more gas
within the mixture.
•  At the dew point line, only a
very small amount of liquid
remains.
•  Critical point for two component systems
o  In a two component system, liquid and gas can coexist at temperatures
and pressures above the critical point of the two component mixture.
o  The critical point for mixtures is the point at which all properties of the
liquid and the gas become identical.
•  This figure indicates that two phase

region lies between the vapor
pressure lines of the two pure
components.
•  The critical pressure is above the
critical pressure of both the
components. This is the usual case for
two component systems.
•  Note that the critical temperature lies
between the critical temperature of
the two pure components.
•  Pressure-volume diagram for a two-component
system
o  Remember that for a pure
substance, the pressure
remained constant during
the process of isothermal
vaporization.
o  However, in a two
component system, the
pressure continues to
decrease within the two-
phase region.

•  Pressure-volume diagram for a two-component
system
o  The decrease can be
explained by using the phase
diagram.
o  As we hit the bubble point
pressure, we start to have
some gas bubbles within the
system. But within the two
phase region, the
composition of the mixture
continuously changes, which
is accompanied by a
change in the system
pressure.

ment and the depletion process of the reservoir. When the pressure
is decreased on these mixtures, instead of expanding (if a gas) or
As this(ifoccurs, attraction
as mightbetween the heavy component molec
Multi-‐‑component systems
vaporizing a liquid) be expected, they vaporize instead of
becomes
condensing. more effective; thus, liquid begins to condense.
This retrograde
Consider that the initial condensation
condition process continues with
of a retrograde decreasingis
gas reservoir
sure until the liquid dropout reaches
represented by point 1 on the pressure-temperature phase diagram its maximum at point 3. Fuof
reduction
Figure in pressure
1-11. Because permits the
the reservoir heavyismolecules
pressure above thetoupper
commence
dew-point the
mal vaporization
pressure, the hydrocarbon process. systemThisexists
is the as process
a single whereby
phase fewer gas m
(i.e., vapor
cules strike the liquid surface and causes more molecules to leave
•  Let us study a few examples which are of interest to
phase) in the reservoir. As the reservoir pressure declines isothermally
enter
during the liquidfrom
production phase. theThe vaporization
initial process1)continues
pressure (point until dew-
to the upper the r
pointvoir pressure
pressure (point reaches
2), thethe lower dew-point
attraction between the pressure. Thisofmeans
molecules tha
the light
the petroleum industry. the liquid that formed must vaporize because
and heavy components causes them to move further apart further apart.
vapors at the lower dew point.
the system is essentiall
•  Retrograde Gas-condensate
Figure 1-12 shows a typical liquid shrinkage volume curve for a
Pressure path
densate system. The curve in is 1commonly called the liquid dropout cu
reservoir
In most gas-condensate reservoirs, 2 the condensed liquid volume sel

Retrograde gas
•  Tc < Ti < Tct (Point C) exceeds more than 15%–19% of the pore volume. This liquid satura
e
in
is not large enough to allow any liquid flow. It should be recogn
tl
in
po
Critical
•  GOR: 8000 – 70,000 scf/STB however, pointthat around the wellbore where the pressure drop is h
w-
De
Pressure
enough liquid dropout might3 accumulate to give two-phase flow of
C
•  Condensate gravity: > 50° API and retrograde liquid. % Liquid
The associated physical characteristics of this category are:
e
4030
lin
int
20
po
Tw 15
w-
o-P 4
De
• Gas-oil ratios between
ha
se 8,00010and 70,000 scf/STB. Generally, the ga
Re
ratio for a condensate gsystem
ion
increases with time due to the li
dropout and the lossG ofSeparator
heavy components
5 in the liquid.
0
Temperature
Figure 1-11.
100A typical phase diagram of a retrograde system.
Liquid Volume %
Maximum Liquid Dropout
0
Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç Pressure
Figure 1-12. A typical liquid dropout curve.
is near the critical temperature, as shown in Figure 1-13, the hydrocarbon
mixture is classified as a near-critical gas-condensate. The volumetric
behavior of this category of natural gas is described through the isother-
mal pressure declines as shown by the vertical line 1-3 in Figure 1-13
and also by the corresponding liquid dropout curve of Figure 1-14.
Because all the quality lines converge at the critical point, a rapid liquid
buildup will immediately occur below the dew point (Figure 1-14) as the
pressure is reduced to point 2.
This behavior can be justified by the fact that several quality lines
are crossed very rapidly by the isothermal reduction in pressure. At the
point where the liquid ceases to build up and begins to shrink again, the
the petroleum industry.

•  Near-critical gas-condensate Pressure path
in reservoir
•  Tc < Ti << Tct

Near-Critical Gas
e
in
tl
in
po
Critical
w-
De
point
Pressure
Ch01.qxd 3/15/06 7:07 PM Page 13
1
C
2 % Liquid
e
40
lin
30
int
20
po
15
w-
De
10
3
5
G Separator of Reservoir
Fundamentals Fluid Behavior
0
B
Temperature
100
Figure 1-13. A typical phase diagram for a near-critical gas condensate reservoir.
Liquid Volume %
2
50
3 1
0
Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç Pressure
Figure 1-14. Liquid-shrinkage curve for a near-critical gas-condensate syst
•  Wet gas Ch01.qxd 3/15/06 7:07 PM Page 14
•  Ti > Tct
•  Separator conditions lie within the two-phase region
•  GOR: 60,000 – 100,000 scf/STB 14 Reservoir Engineering Handbook
•  Stock tank oil gravity: > 60° API

Pressure Depletion at
Reservoir Temperature
C A
Liquid
Pressure
Two-phase Region
75
50
25
5 Gas
0
Separator
Temperature B
Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç Figure 1-15. Phase diagram for a wet gas. (After Clark, N.J. Elements of Petroleum
Reservoirs, SPE, 1969.)
•  Dry gas Ch01.qxd 3/15/06 7:07 PM Page 15
•  Hydrocarbon mixture exists as a gas both in the reservoir and in the

surface facilities.
•  GOR: > 100,000 scf/STB Fundamentals of Reservoir Fluid Behavior 15
Pressure Depletion at
Reservoir Temperature
A
Pressure Liquid
Separator
75 50
25 0
Gas
Temperature B
Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç Figure 1-16. Phase diagram for a dry gas. (After Clark, N.J. Elements of Petroleum
Reservoirs, SPE, 1969.)
Gas properties and equivalents
•  A gas is a homogeneous fluid of low density and
low viscosity, which has neither independent shape
nor volume, but expands to fill completely the
vessel in which it is contained.
•  Ideal gases
•  An ideal gas is a fluid with the following properties.
o  1. The volume of the gas molecules is small compared to the total gas
volume,
o  2. All molecular collisions are elastic, that is there is no loss of internal
energy upon collisions,
o  3. There are not attractive or repulsive' forces between the gas molecules
and between the gas molecules and the walls of the container.

•  The need for defining an ideal gas lies in the fact
that some known gas laws proposed by early
experiments requires an "ideal gas".
•  Boyle’s Law
o  This law states that the volume of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to
the pressure for a fixed amount of gas under constant temperature.
o  PV = constant
•  Charles Law
o  Experimental work done at lower pressures lead to the observation that
the volume of a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to the
temperature under constant pressure.
o  VαT

•  Avagadro’s Law:
o  This law states that under the same conditions of temperature and
pressure, equal volumes of all ideal gases contain the same number of
molecules.
o  This means that at a given temperature and pressure, one molecular
weight of any ideal gas occupies the same volume as one molecular
weight of another ideal gas.
o  It has been show that there are 2.73 x 1026 molecules in a 1 mole of ideal
gas, and that
o  one molecular weight in pounds of any ideal gas (1 mole) at 60°F and
14.7 psia occupies a volume of 379.4 cuft.

•  The Ideal Gas Law:
o  Assume that a given mass of gas whose volume is V1 at pressure P1 and
temperature T1 follows a process through which the gas reaches volume
V2 at pressure p2 and temperature T2.
o  If we divide this process into two steps, where in the first step the pressure is
changed from p1 to p2 at T.
p1V1
o  That is: p1 V1 = p2 V at T , or V=
p2
o  During the second step, we keep the pressure at p but change the
temperature from T1 to T2,
o  That is: V V If we eliminate V
= 2
T1 T2
p1V1 V2T1 p1V1 p2V2

= or T = T constant
p2 T2 1 2

•  The Ideal Gas Law:
•  We designate this constant as R when the quantity
of gas is equal to one molecular weight (lb-mole)
that is,
pVM
R=
T
•  R is the same for all ideal gases and is referred as
the universal gas constant. Knowing that R is a
constant, we can write:
pVm = RT and VM = V n leads
pV = nRT
•  This equation is usually known as the ideal gas law,
the perfect gas law or the general gas law.
•  Mixtures of ideal gases:
•  Since a natural gas engineer rarely work with a pure
gas, the behavior of mixtures of ideal gases should
also be studied.
•  Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
o  This law states that each separate gas in a mixture exerts a pressure that is
equal to the pressure it would exert if it were the only gas present in the
container.
o  If we have three gases A, B and C
RT RT RT
pA = n A pB = n B pC = nC
V V V
o  Pressure is thus
RT
p = pA + pB + pC = ( nA + nB + nC )
V
•  Amagat’s Law:
o  This law states that the total volume of a gas mixture is the sum of the
volumes that each component would occupy at the given pressure and
temperature.
o  If we have three gases A, B and C

•  Apparent Molecular Weight:
o  Since a gas mixture is composed of molecules of various sizes, it is not
strictly correct to say that a gas mixture has a molecular weight. However,
a gas mixture behaves as if it were pure gas with a definite molecular
weight. This molecular weight is known as an apparent molecular weight
and is defined as.

•  Specific Gravity of a Gas:
o  The specific gravity of a gas, or gas gravity is defined as the ratio of the
density of the gas to the density of dry air taken at standard conditions of
T and p. ρ
γg = g
ρair
o  If we assume the behavior of both the gas and air may be represented by
the ideal gas law, specific gravity can be written as
p
Mg
γg = RT = M g = M g
P M air 29
M air
RT
o  If the gas is a mixture we use the apparent molecular weight
Ma
γg =
29

Real gases
•  During the formulation of the ideal gas law, several
assumptions were made. Since these assumptions
are not correct for gases at pressures and
temperatures that deviate from standard
conditions, corrections must be made to account
for the deviation from ideal behavior.
o  The most widely used correction method within the Petroleum Industry is
the compressibility factor, or the z-factor.
o  It is defined as the ratio of the actual volume occupied by a mass of gas
at some pressure and temperature to the volume the gas would
occupied if it behaved ideally.

Real gases
o  Thus the ideal gas law can be modified as
or
pV = znRT
•  This equation is known as the

compressibility equation of
state. The compressibility factor
is a function of Pressure,
Temperature and gas
composition.

Real Gases
•  The principle of corresponding states:
o  The ratio of the value of any intensive property to the value of that
property at the critical state is related to the ratios of the prevailing
absolute temperature and pressure by the same function for all similar
substances. (This means that the principle is not exact).
o  That is at the same reduced pressure and temperature both substances
have the same reduced intensive property.
o  Thus all pure gases have the same compressibility factor at the same
value of reduced pressure and reduced temperature.
o  Here the ratio of temperature to the critical temperature is known as the
reduced temperature and the ratio of pressure to the critical pressure is
known as the reduced pressure,
T p
Tr = pr =
Tc pc

Real Gases
•  Mixtures of real gases:
o  The compressibility equation of state shown previously for real gases is also
used for real gas systems provided that the z-factor for the mixture is
determined.
o  The law of corresponding states has been extended to cover mixtures of
gases which are closely related chemically.
o  To use this principle with real gas mixtures we have to define pseudo
critical temperature and pseudo critical pressure as:
Tpc = ∑ j=1 yiTci p pc = ∑ j=1 yi pci

n n

Real gases
•  Mixtures of real gases:
o  This mixing rules are known as Kay's mixing rules for natural gases. The
reduced pressure and temperature are calculate using the pseudo
critical pressure and pseudo critical temperature and referred as pseudo
reduced pressure and pseudo reduced temperature.
o  That is, for a gas mixture:
T p
Tpr = p pr =
Tpc p pc
Should be
converted to
Rankine
R=F+459.7

Determination of gas compressibility factor:
•  Experimental method:
o  Let p1=14.7 psia and
Z1=1 and maintain
The container at reservoir
temperature.
p1V1 = nRTr p2V2 = z2 nRTr
p2V2
z2 =
14.7V1

•  Charts
(Standing and Katz
z-factor correlations):

• Charts (Standing and Katz z-factor correlations):
o To use this method we need the pseudo critical properties of the
natural gas.
o If the gas composition is available Tpc and ppc should be
calculated using Kay's combination rules.
o If the gas is sour (if it contains CO2 and H2S) the pseudocitical
temperatures and pressures should be adjusted.
o Wichert and Aziz (1972) developed a method to adjust the
reduced properties
 = 120 ∙ . − . + 15 ∙ . −  , °F or you can use the chart.
A=mole percent CO2+mole percent H2S
B=mole percent H2S
Adjusted pseudo critical temperature,    =  − 
 ∙
Adjusted critical pressure: ′ =
   

•  Charts (Standing and Katz z-factor correlations):
o  Having the pseudo critical temperature and pressure (or adjusted pseudo
critical temperature and pressure) we can calculate the pseudo reduced
pressure and temperature which are used to calculate the z-factor.
o  If only gas gravity is available, use the below equations (SPE 14265) to
calculate the pseudo critical properties. (Also valid for γ> 0.75)
p pc = 756.8 −131× γ g − 3.6 × γ g2
Tpc = 169.2 − 349.5 × γ g − 74 × γ g2

•  Other Equation of States:
•  Van der Waals’ equation of state:
o  To correct for the forces of attraction between molecules van der Waals
added a term, n a/V , to the pressure term in the ideal gas law. Also to
account to the volume occupied by the molecules, a term, nb, was
subtracted from the volume term.
•  Redlich-Kwong equation of state

o  This is a two constant equation of state

Gas Formation Volume Factor, Bg
•  Gas formation volume factor is
Volume of gas at reservoir conditions
Bg =
Volume of gas at surface conditions
o  If we define the surface conditions as P=14.7 psia, T=520 °R
zT
Bg = 0.02827
p
o  Unit is rcf/scf

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PNGE 461

Natural Gas Engineering

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Composition From a Field From a Straddle

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

• The removed associated hydrocarbons are known

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

2. Water Removal

3. Separation of Natural Gas Liquids

4. Sulfur and Carbon Dioxide Removal

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

o olefin hydrocarbons (alkenes), (CnH2n)

o naphthenic hydrocarbons (cycloalkanes), (CnH2(n+1-g))

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

• water vapor, carbonyl sulfide

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

• Ethane (C2H6 or C2)

• Propane (C3H8 or C3)

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

• Carbon dioxide (CO2)

• Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

• Mercaptans (CH3SH – methly mercaptan or C2H5SH

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

• Bubble point (B)

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

• As we hit the bubble point line

• This figure indicates that two phase

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

In most gas-condensate reservoirs, 2 the condensed liquid volume sel

the petroleum industry.

• Tc < Ti << Tct

• Stock tank oil gravity: > 60° API

• Hydrocarbon mixture exists as a gas both in the reservoir and in the

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

p1V1 V2T1 p1V1 p2V2

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

• This equation is known as the

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Tpc = ∑ j=1 yiTci p pc = ∑ j=1 yi pci

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

Dr. Çağlar Sınayuç

p1V1 = nRTr p2V2 = z2 nRTr

•  The removed associated hydrocarbons are known

2.  Water Removal

3.  Separation of Natural Gas Liquids

4.  Sulfur and Carbon Dioxide Removal

o  olefin hydrocarbons (alkenes), (CnH2n)

o  naphthenic hydrocarbons (cycloalkanes), (CnH2(n+1-g))

•  water vapor, carbonyl sulfide

•  Ethane (C2H6 or C2)

•  Propane (C3H8 or C3)

•  Carbon dioxide (CO2)

•  Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

•  Mercaptans (CH3SH – methly mercaptan or C2H5SH

•  Bubble point (B)

•  As we hit the bubble point line

•  This figure indicates that two phase

•  Tc < Ti << Tct

•  Stock tank oil gravity: > 60° API

•  Hydrocarbon mixture exists as a gas both in the reservoir and in the

•  This equation is known as the

•  Redlich-Kwong equation of state