Dr.

Safaa Hameed Faisal Power Plant Engineering Lecture -1-

Chapter -1-
INTRODUCTION

1- Definition:
A power plant is an energy conversion factory which may be defined as assembly of systems that
generate electricity. The power plant itself must be useful economically and environmental friendly to the
society. Like water, and food, electrical energy has become an integral part of daily personal lives.

Power plant
Source of Electrical
energy power,I,V

Waste energy

electrical power
Overall efficiency of power plant  energy input per unit time

2- The electrical system:

The electric system is divided into three areas:
 Electric Generation (Manufacturing)
 Electric Transmission (Wholesale Delivery)
 Electric Distribution (Retailing)

Electrical power generation, transmission, and distribution

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3- Energy sources:
The various sources of energy can be conveniently grouped as:

Energy sources

primary sources Renewable sources

They are non-renewable sources of energy
which are accumulated in nature for a very
long time and can‟t be replaced if
exhausted.
Examples coal, petroleum, and natural gas;
nuclear fuels, (such as uranium, plutonium,
and thorium)
They are Energy sources which are
continuously and freely produced in the
nature and are not exhaustible.
Examples solar, wind, geothermal,
Biomass,and hydro. The latter could be due
to flowing water, tides, waves, or the
difference in temperature between surface
and bottom, called ocean-temperature
energyconversion (OTEC).

Advantages of renewable energy

1) The power plants based on renewable sources of energy don't have any fuel cost.
2) The power plants based on renewable sources of energy have low pollution.
3) The rural areas and remote villages can be better served with locally available renewable sources of
energy. There will be huge savings from transporting fuels or transmitting electricity from long distances.

Disadvantages of renewable energy

Renewable sources of energy need large sizes of plant since the output power are usually low. This (1
.results in increased of initial cost
.Intermittency and lack of dependability are the main disadvantages of renewable energy sources (2

4- Energy and power:

Energy is the capacity for doing work (force times distance). For example 1 ton of coal of calorific
value 33MJ/kg has a total energy of 33000MJ.
Power is the rate of doing work, or the rate of consumption the energy. For example a power plant that
utilize a coal as a fuel at m  10kg / s has a power input of 330 MW.
Electric power consumption is not constant and varies with time.
For electric energy, we use the unit kWh=3600 kJ
energy   power dt

5-Base and peak load electricity

Electricity cannot be stored, and must therefore be used as it is generated. It is important that the
amount of electricity needed at any point in time should be matched by the amount generated. Due to the
fact that electricity demand is not constant, different types of power stations are required to meet this
fluctuating demand. Two main categories of power stations can be identified: base load stations which
supply electricity around the clock and peak load stations which can react swiftly to sudden increases or
decreases in demand.

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Dr.Safaa Hameed Faisal Power Plant Engineering Lecture -1-
Base load power plants
Base-load power plant refers to plants that operate continuously and are available 24 hours a day. Base-
load power plants provide reliable power and generally shut down only for scheduled maintenance or
emergency repairs. Typically, they provide reasonably low-cost electricity. Examples are steam power
plants, hydroelectric power plants, and nuclear power plants

Peak load power plants

Peak-load power plants generally run only when demand for electricity is high, such as during summer
afternoons when air conditioning loads are high. Examples are gas turbines power plant and Diesel
power plants.

The total energy produced at the time period is the area under
power

the curve

time

6- Energy forms:
1. Kinetic energy (movement): It is equal to 0.5 * m.C 2 , for example the high speed wind can be used
as a source of energy and the wind turbine can be used to generate the electrical power.
2. Potential energy: It represents the energy due to the position in gravity field. It is equal to .
For example water at high level can be used as a source of energy to generate electrical power.
3. Chemical energy: It represents the energy stored in molecular bonds for example hydrocarbons fuel.
The most common types of power plant are those which use the chemical energy as a source of energy,
they are called "thermal power plants".
4.Thermal energy: it represents the energy due to high temperature like a hot steam used in the
geothermal power plants.
5- Electrical energy: Electrical energy is the most convenient form of energy because it can be easily
transported, easily controlled and easily converted into other forms of energy at about 100% efficiency.
The only short coming of electrical energy is that it can't be stored in large quantities.
6. Nuclear energy: it represents the mass energy. It is equal to E  m.c 2 where c represent the speed of
light = 3 * 108 m / s
We can have this energy using two methods:
1- Nuclear fission using Uranium as fuel. 2- Nuclear fusion using hydrogen as fuel.
1 kg of Uranium releases as much energy as the burning of 4,500 tonnes of coal or 2000 tonnes of oil.

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 Dr.Safaa Hameed Faisal Power Plant Engineering Lecture -1-
7- Classification of Power Plants:
Power plants

1. Conventional power plants: 2. Non-conventional power plants:

Fuel-cells Power Plants

Steam Turbine power plants.
Gas Turbine Power Plants.
Diesel Power Plants.
Hydro-Electric Power Plants.
Nuclear Power Plants.
Photovoltaic solar cells Power System
Biogas, Energy Power sy stem
Geothermal Energy power plant
Wind Energy Power System
Ocean Thermal energy conversion
(OTEC)
Wave power plants.
Tidal power plants.

Fig. hydroelectric power plant

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Dr.Safaa Hameed Faisal Power Plant Engineering Lecture -1-

Steam
power
plant

Diesel power plant

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Gas turbine
power plant

Geothermal
power plant

Electrical
power from
tidal flows

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Dr.Safaa Hameed Faisal Power Plant Engineering Lecture -1-
8- History of the electricity generation industry:

1600: English scientist, William Gilbert first coined the term "electricity" from the Greek word for amber.
Gilbert wrote about the electrification of many substances in his "De magnete, magneticisique
corporibus". He also first used the terms electric force, magnetic pole, and electric attraction.

1786: Italian physician, Luigi Galvani (1737-1790) discovers electricity from two different metals causes
frog legs to twitch.

1800: First electric battery invented by Alessandro Volta. he proved that electricity could travel by wires.

1820: Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851)show that electric current affects compass needle.

1820: Andre Marie Ampere (1775-1836) finds that wires carrying current produce forces on each other.

1820: Michael Faraday (1791-1867) at Royal Society in London develops idea of electric field and
studies the effect of currents on magnets and magnets inducing electric currents. Later in 1821: he
invented the first electric motor.

1826: Ohms Law written by German physicist Georg Simon Ohm (1789-1854) states that "conduction
law that relates potential, current, and circuit resistance"

1839: First fuel cell invented by Sir William Robert Grove, a Welsh judge, inventor and physicist.

1878: The world's first steam power station was built in germany. The station consisted of 24 dynamo
electric generators which were driven by a steam engine.

1882: the first public power station Edison Electric Light Station, built in London. This was an initiative
of Thomas Edison . The generators were run by steam engines.

1882: ,The first hydroelectric power station opens in Wisconsin US.

1884: Steam turbine invented by Charles Parsons.

1888: Rotating field AC alternator invented by Nikola Tesla.

1895: German inventor Rudolf Diesel (1858 – 1913 )invented Diesel engine.

1909: The first pumped storage plant is opened in Switzerland.

1911: Willis Haviland Carrier disclosed his basic Rational Psychrometric Formulae to the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers.

1954:The world’s first nuclear power plant has been built in Russia,with an output power of 5000 kW.

1984: Annapolis, N.S., tidal power plant—first of its kind in North America (Canada) opened.

1986: Chernobyl nuclear accident (USSR) occurs.

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‫‪Dr.Safaa Hameed Faisal‬‬ ‫‪Power Plant Engineering Lecture -1-‬‬
‫‪9- Electricity Tariff:‬‬

‫‪It sometimes called the price of electricity) which is price of 1 kWh of electricity. It varies widely‬‬
‫‪from country to country, and may vary signicantly from within a particular country according to the‬‬
‫‪consumer.‬‬

‫التعرفة الكهربائية ‪ :‬هي سعر بيع الوحدة الكهربائية وهي تتغير من دولة لخارى وكذلك تتغير في البلد الواحد تبعا لنوع المستهلك‪.‬‬

‫‪Iraqi electric tariff‬‬

‫المنزلي‪,‬التجاري‪,‬الحكومي‪,‬الصناعي‪,‬الزراعي‬
‫وحده الساتهلكا ‪kWh‬‬ ‫الساعر بالدينار‬
‫‪1-1000‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪1001-2000‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫‪2001-4000‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫‪-4001‬فأكثر‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫تطور انتاج الطاقه الكهربائيه‪:‬‬

‫النإتاج ‪MW‬‬ ‫السنة‬ ‫النإتاج ‪MW‬‬ ‫ألسنة‬

‫‪8996‬‬ ‫‪1988‬‬ ‫‪53.5‬‬ ‫‪1958‬‬
‫‪9496‬‬ ‫‪1990‬‬ ‫‪561‬‬ ‫‪1968‬‬
‫‪2325‬‬ ‫‪1991‬‬ ‫‪765‬‬ ‫‪1974‬‬
‫‪4000‬‬ ‫‪1997‬‬ ‫‪3528.5‬‬ ‫‪1980‬‬
‫‪4200‬‬ ‫قبل الحرب ‪2003‬‬ ‫‪5290.5‬‬ ‫‪1983‬‬
‫‪2325-5000‬‬ ‫‪2003-2006‬‬ ‫‪7446‬‬ ‫‪1986‬‬

‫مديريه إنتاج الطاقة الكهربائيه‪-‬ألبصره‪:‬‬

‫المحطات التابعة للمديرية العامة لنإتاج الطاقة الكهربائية في البصره‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫محطة كهرباء الهارثة البخارية ****محطة كهرباء النإجيبية البخارية***محطة كهرباء خور الزبير الغازية‬
‫محطة كهرباء الشعبية الغازية ****‬
‫معدل النإتاج السنإوي للمديريه‪:‬‬
‫سنإة ‪(MWh) 2003‬‬ ‫سنإة ‪(MWh) 2002‬‬ ‫سنإة ‪(MWh) 2001‬‬ ‫سنإة ‪(MWh) 2000‬‬
‫‪5779509‬‬ ‫‪8848472‬‬ ‫‪8476137‬‬ ‫‪7640154‬‬

‫اهم محطات الكهرباء في الجمهورية العراقيه‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬المحطات الكهرومائية‪ :‬محطه سد الموصل بقدره اجمالية ‪ 750‬ميكاوات ومحطه سد حديثة بقدرة ‪660‬ميكاوات‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬المحطات الغازية‪:‬محطة خاور الزبير بقدرة ‪252‬ميكاوات ومحطة القدس بقدرة ‪492‬ميكاوات ومحطة باجي بقدرة ‪ 636‬ميكاوات‬
‫ومحطة كركوك بقدرة ‪ 265‬ميكاوات‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬المحطات البخارية‪ :‬محطة الناصرية بقدرة ‪ 840‬ميكاوات ومحطة المسيب بقدرة ‪ 1200‬ميكاوات ومحطة الهارثة بقدرة ‪800‬‬
‫ميكاوات ومحطة بيجي بقدرة ‪ 1320‬ميكاوات‪.‬‬
‫تاريخ إنتاج الطاقة الكهربائية في العراق‪:‬‬

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‫‪Dr.Safaa Hameed Faisal‬‬ ‫‪Power Plant Engineering Lecture -1-‬‬
‫دخلت الكهرباء إلى العراق عام ‪ 1917‬اذ نإصبت اول ماكنإة كهرباء في بنإاية "خان دلة" وقد اقتصر توليد الطاقة‬
‫الكهربائية على محركات ديزل قدرة واطئة بتوتر ‪ 220‬فولت تيار مستمر ) ‪ .( DC‬ولقد تم نإصب محركات الديزل‬
‫بعد ذلك في منإاطق مختلفة من المدينإة منإها )منإطقة السراي‪:‬لتنإوير أبنإية السراي والقشلة(‪) ،‬شريعة المجيدية‪ :‬لنإارة‬
‫المستشفيات الموجودة في باب المعظم(‪) ،‬كرادة مريم‪ :‬لنإارة المعسكرات معسكر الهنإيدي‪ ،‬معسكر الرشيد‬
‫لحقاا(‪.‬تمت في العام نإفسه )‪(1917‬إنإارة أول شارع في مدينإة بغداد )شارع الرشيد(‪.‬‬
‫وفي عام ‪ 1918‬بوشر بتوزيع مقدار معين على الراغبين في تنإوير مبانإيهم ومساكنإهم بازدياد الطلب إلى الطاقة‬
‫الكهربائية‪ .‬وقامت السلطات المختصة آنإذاك بنإصب )‪ (3‬وحدات بمحركات بخارية بتوتر ‪ 3.3‬ك‪.‬ف تيار متنإاوب )‬
‫‪ ( AC‬في محطة القاطر خانإه وكانإت السلك تمد تحت الرض‪.‬‬
‫تم نإصب معدات تحويل ) ‪ ( Rotary_Convertor‬في كل من العبخانإة‪ ،‬مستشفى المجيدية ومنإطقة العلوية لتغذية‬
‫شبكة المستهلكين بالتيار المستمر ) ‪ (440 +‬فولت أي استعمال خطوط التيار المتنإاوب ‪ 3.3‬ك‪.‬ف كخطوط نإقل‬
‫لشبكة بغداد وبوشر بعد ذلك في امرار السلك إلى الجانإب الغربي من بغداد )الكرخ( بواسطة قابلوات تحت الماء‬
‫)بالقرب من جسر الشهداء(‪.‬‬
‫في عام ‪ 1931‬بوشر بإنإشاء محطة الصرافية بنإصب محطتين بخاريتين سويسرية الصنإع ‪ Brown-Boveri‬قدرة‬
‫كل منإها )‪ (2.5‬ميكاواط مع المرجلين الول والثانإي وتم افتتاح المحطة يوم الثنإين الول من آيار عام ‪ .1933‬في‬
‫عام ‪ 1937‬تم نإصب وحدة ثالثة إنإكليزية الصنإع )‪ (Parson‬بقدرة )‪ (5‬ميكاواط مع المرجل الثالث‪ ،‬فالوحدة الرابعة‬
‫سويسرية الصنإع )‪ (Brown Boveri‬قدرة)‪ (60‬ميكاواط‪ ،‬ثم الوحدتين الخامسة والسادسة النإكليزية الصنإع‬
‫)‪ (Parson‬قدرة كل منإها )‪ (12.5‬ميكاواط مع المرجلين السادس والسابع خلل العوام ‪ 1952-1950‬لتصل‬
‫القدرة الكلية للمحطة عام ‪ (41) 1955‬ميكاواط‪.‬‬
‫عام ‪ 1955‬تم تأميم شركة التنإوير والقوة الكهربائية المحدودة لمدينإة بغداد وسميت في الول من تشرين الول محطة‬
‫كهرباء بغداد وارتبطت بوزارة المواصلت والشغال‪.‬‬
‫عام ‪ 1958‬تم تأسيس مصلحة الكهرباء الوطنإية التي تولت امتلك وتشغيل كل من محطات توليد دبس‪ ،‬جنإوب بغداد‬
‫وخطوط النإقل والمحطات الفرعية لها المشيدة من قبل مجلس العمار‪.‬‬
‫عام ‪ 1964‬تم دمج مصلحة كهرباء بغداد مع مصلحة الكهرباء الوطنإية وابدالها الى مديرية كهرباء منإطقة بغداد على‬
‫غرار المديريات الثلث التي كانإت ضمن تشكيلت المصلحة‪.‬‬
‫عام ‪ 2003‬استحدثت وزارة الكهرباء‪ .‬تأسست وزارة الكهرباء في عام ‪ 2003‬بعد أن كانإت هيئة الكهرباء منإذ عام‬
‫‪ 1999‬وقبل ذلك كان قطاع الكهرباء ضمن تشكيلت وزارة الصنإاعة والمعادن‪ .‬إن وزارة الكهرباء مسؤولة عن‬
‫توليد ونإقل وتوزيع الطاقة الكهربائية في العراق‪.‬‬

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