Isaiah 41: 10

"I will strengthen you, I will

help you, I will uphold you
with righteous right hand.”

CHEMISTRY
(Periodic Table)
PERIODIC TABLE – a table listing the elements in
increasing atomic numbers.
 Horizontal rows = Periods
 Vertical columns = Groups or families
Periodic Law: The properties of the elements recur
periodically when the elements are arranged according
to their increasing order of their atomic numbers.
Groups: Numbered with roman numerals; elements in
each group have the same number of electrons in their
outermost shells, so they all behave similarly.
Atomic Radius: Presumably determined the size of an
atom in each element.
The equation states that: 2 molecules of ethane C3H6 is
needed to react with 7 molecules of Oxygen O2 to form
2 molecules of CO2 and 3 molecules of H2O
THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS: In a chemical
reaction, mass of products EQUALS mass of reactants.
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS:
1. Combination Synthesis: involves combination of two
or more substances to produce a single complex
compound. (A + B  AB)
 8Fe + S8  8FeS
2. Decomposition: a compound is broken into smaller
chemical species. (AB  A + B)
 2H2O  2H2 + O2

Ionization Energy: Energy required to remove an 3. Single Displacement/ Substitution: one element is
outermost electron from an isolated gaseous atom; the displaced from a compound by another element. (A +
HIGHER the ionization energy = HARDER to remove an BC  AC + B)
electron.  Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2

Electron Affinity: Energy change when an electron is
gained by an ion; the GREATER affinity for an added
electron = GREATER energy released.
METALLIC PROPERTIES:
 Solid at room temperature (except for Mercury,
which is liquid)
 High melting point
 Ionization of energy is LOW
 Effective conductors
 Luster (reflects light)
 Ductile (can be drawn into wires)
 Can be pounded into SHEETS (Malleable)
4. Double Displacement/ Metathesis: two
compounds exchange bonds or ions in order to form
different compounds (AB + CD  AD + CB)
 NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq)  NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s)
5. Acid – base: type of double displacement reaction
that occurs between an acid and a base. The H+ ion in
the acid reacts with the OH- ion in the base to form
water and an ionic salt. (HA + BOH  H2O + BA)
 HBr + NaOH  NaBr + H2O
6. Combustion: oxygen combines with another
compound to form Carbon dioxide and water.
 C10H8 + 12O2  10CO2 + 4H2O

CHEMICAL REACTIONS – represented by chemical BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

equations STEP 1: Most chemical equations can be balanced by
2C3H6 + 7O2  2CO2 + 3H2O trial and error. Start with the most complicated
molecules (those containing the greatest number of
REACTANTS: starting PRODUCTS: new atoms).
materials (compounds compounds formed  Example: C2H5OH(I) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(g)
before the arrows) (compounds after the arrow)

DR. CARL E. BALITA REVIEW CENTER TEL. NO. 735-4098/7350740 -1-

STEP 2: The most complicated here is C2H5OH. Begin by 6.02𝑥1023
 No. of atoms of C = 5 moles C x
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶
balancing the products that contain the atoms in
= 3.01 x 1024 atoms
C2H5OH. Since C2H5OH contains two carbon atoms, we
place a 2 before the CO2 to balance the carbon atoms.
2. How many moles of sodium (Na) are there is
C2H5OH(I) + O2(g)  2CO2(g) + H2O(g)
64g of sodium? Molar mass of Na = 32g/ mol
2C 2C 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑁𝑎
 No. of moles of Na = 64g Na x
32𝑔 𝑁𝑎
STEP 3: Since C2H5OH contains six hydrogen atoms, the = 2 moles Na
hydrogen atoms can be balanced by placing a 3 before
the H2O. 3. What is the mass of 2 mol NaHCO3?
C2H5OH(I) + O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)  Na: 1 x 23 = 23
(5+1)H (3x2)H H: 1 x 1 = 1
C: 1 x 12 = 12
STEP 4: Last, we balance the oxygen atoms. Note that O: 3 x 16 = 48
the right side of the equation contains seven oxygen 84. 00 g/ mol
atoms, while the left side has only three. We can correct Mass = No. of moles x molar mass
this by putting a 3 before the O2 to produce the = 2 mol x 84g/ mol
balanced equation: = 168g NaHCO3
C2H5OH(I) + 3O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
1O 6O (2x2) O 3O GAS LAWS
 Charle’s Law – The volume of a gas is directly
STEP 5: Now, check the equation proportional to the temperature while keeping the
C2H5OH(I) + 3O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g) amount of gas and its pressure constant.
2C 2C 𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐
6H 6H =
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
7O 7O
 Boyle’s Law – At constant temperature, the
Factors Affecting Rate of Chemical Reactions: volume of a fixed amount of gas is inversely
1. Concentration of Reactants proportional to pressure.
 More molecules available = faster the reactions P1V1 = P2V2
2. Surface Area
 Greater surface area = faster reaction  Gay-Lussac’s Law – The pressure of a fixed
3. Temperature amount of gas is directly proportional to the
 Greater temperature (greater kinetic energy) = temperature while keeping volume constant
faster reaction 𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐
4. Catalyst =
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
 Substances that sped up rate of reaction without
being consumed in the reaction.  Avogadro’s Law – The number of gas at
constant temperature and pressure is directly
BASIC STOICHIOMETRY proportional to the number of moles of gas.
 Mole (mol) – quantity substance that contains 𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐
Avogadro’s number of units or particles =
𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐
(Avogadro’s number = 6.02 x 1023)
 Molar mass (MM) – mass in grams of one mole
 Combined Gas Law
of the substance; for elements it is equal to the
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐
atomic mass; for compounds it is equal to the
molecular mass
=
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
 Molecular mass / Formula mass (ama) – sum
of the atomic masses of all the constituent atoms
in a molecular compound.

REMEMBER:
 Avogadro’s Number = 6.02 x 1023
 No. of atoms = No. of moles x Avogadro’s no.
 No. of moles = Given mass/ molar mass

Example:
1. How many atoms are in 5 moles of Carbon (C)?
DR. CARL E. BALITA REVIEW CENTER TEL. NO. 735-4098/7350740 -2-