IPA16-615-G

PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIA PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION

Fortieth Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2016

FORMATION EVALUATION IN THIN BED RESERVOIRS, A CASE STUDY FROM THE KUTEI
BASIN, INDONESIA

C.Majesta*
D. Cook*
P.Cardola**
D. Kurniawan*
I. Buldani*
G. Aquillina*
F. Prasetia*

ABSTRACT Both conventional and LSA/LSSA interpretation

In a petrophysical sense, thin beds can be defined as
beds that are thinner than the resolution of the
regular logging tools used to characterize them
(Tyagi, et.al., 2008). The effect of anisotropy on
electrical log measurements has been known and
understood for many years, but the thin bed analysis
seems to have been rarely performed in the deep
water of the Kutei Basin area.
Reservoirs of the Jangkrik fields (Kutei Basin) are
characterized by thin bed layers, made up of clastic
rock sequences with dominant lithology sandstone
inter-bedded with shale, siltstone and organic
material as confirmed by drilling cuttings, logs
response and 3 conventional cores in different
wells.
The presence of shale in thin beds reservoirs is
affecting formation evaluation where the standard
conventional log analyses are not designed to
properly correct this effect. This implies that the
measured log values do not represent the true bed
properties and commonly over-estimate the water
saturation. Therefore, it is important to use (at least)
a combination of high resolution image log for sand
count and 3-axial resistivity for volumetric model
through Laminated Sand Shale Analysis (LSA or
LSSA) approach for representative water saturation
estimate.
The wireline logging job can be easily performed in
low deviated wells, however it becomes more
challenging in slanted wells with 40 – 70 degree of
inclination. In such conditions, the use of LWD
resistivity inversion and LWD density image can
provide the reliable results comparable with
wireline.
are analyzed and compared with the core data for
further interpretation. Overall, the sand counts
represent well the lithology’s fractions and
variation. The LSA/LSSA water saturation is
usually lower than conventional one and the results
of the analysis confirm an additional net pay and
hydrocarbon pore volume in thin bedded reservoirs
over the results of conventional analysis.
INTRODUCTION
The case study relates to the Jangkrik Complex
fields: Jangkrik and Jangkrik NE discovered in
Kutei Basin within the Muara Bakau PSC about 70
km from the East Kalimantan coast of Indonesia at
around 400 m water depth (Figure-1). The
hydrocarbon accumulations were discovered by the
Jangkrik-1 well in March 2009 and the plans of
development were approved by the Government of
Indonesia regulatory body in 2011 for Jangkrik and
in 2012 for Jangkrik NE.
Gas bearing Pliocene age deep water turbidite
reservoirs of the Jangkrik Complex are
characterized by stacked, very thin to moderately
thick bedded sandstone bodies inter-bedded with
thin shale and silt as confirmed by conventional
cores and image logs. Those sediments are the
product of submarine canyon fill in upper confined
channel slope system (Figure-2). The nature of
channel-fill deposits varies greatly. Lithology can
be presented by gravel, sand, mud and mixed fill,
depending on a number of factors, including
tectonics, climate and sediment supply (Reading
and Richards, 1994; Weimer and Slatt, 2007). The
sediments may consist of a variety of gravity-flow
deposits, from turbidites to debrites and slide
blocks, coupled with hemi-pelagic suspension fall-

* eni Indonesia
** eni S.p.A. Italia
outs. Grain size of the fill generally decreases
upward, in accordance with the upward change
from more distributary-like channels to smaller
leveed channels. Internally, several stacking
patterns are possible, depending on the width and
depth of the master channel, position within the
channel and internal sedimentary processes.
Figure-3 shows the conventional log response and
example of the core features in the Jangkrik
reservoir. The existence of thin beds can be
expected as observed from moderate gamma ray log
value 30 – 45 API, relative low resistivity value
between 3 to 5 ohmm and density neutron logs tend
to be closer to each other. These kind of logs
response are then strengthened by visual core
observation that confirmed the presence of thin beds
in the reservoir.
Jangkrik’s core section contains “small packages”
of Bouma sequence which might be recognized by
characteristic sedimentary structures and lithology.
In general, the reservoir rocks are characterized by
medium to very fine grain laminated sandstones,
siltstones, shale and organic matter, friable to loose
(Figure-4). Porosity and permeability are mainly
relatively high in this reservoir.
The term thin beds itself has been used in a
qualitative sense to refer to formation beds
thickness below conventional vertical resolution
logging tool (Figure-5).
The presence of shale especially as thin layers
within resistive hydrocarbon bearing sands affects
conventional induction tool measurements where
the values would be dominated by the shale
conductivity, hence it may cause an underestimation
of the potential gas volume. Use of the 3-axial
induction - resistivity tool may help eliminate the
problem where it can deliver array induction data to
calculate vertical and horizontal resistivity (Rv and
Rh) from direct induction measurements.
In anisotropy condition, the Rv and Rh are not equal
and the curves separation depends on the degree of
anisotropy. Horizontal resistivity Rh is more
affected by shale resistivity and is actually
measured in the same way as conventional one
where the electric current flow parallel to the
formation bedding. The vertical resistivity Rv is
derived resistivity perpendicular to the bedding
planes. Correct determination of sand layer
resistivity Rsand is achieved by doing multistep
inversion from both horizontal and vertical
resistivity.
A high resolution measurement, such as image log,
is also important to define bed boundaries. The
resistivity image log resolution can identify thin
beds up to 1 cm thick while the density image has
lower resolution of 10 cm. The sand count analysis
has to be performed to estimate relative percentage
of sand, silt and shale using synthetic resistivity
SRES of image log. The basic assumption in sand
count analysis is that the clean and hydrocarbon-
bearing sands have higher SRES values while shale,
silt and wet sands have lower values. The sand
count is used as quality check to laminar shale
volume from tensor resistivity.
Finally, to obtain reliable water saturation, the
Laminated Sand Analysis is performed by utilizing
both input data from image log and Rv-Rh
resistivity. The term Laminated Sand Analysis
(LSA) is used by Schlumberger while Laminated
Sand Shale Analysis (LSSA) is Baker Hughes
product. The objective of the LSA/LSSA
petrophysical model is to evaluate rock properties in
sand – shale sequences using vertical and horizontal
resistivity (Mollison et al. 1999). The key
components in laminated sand analysis are the
laminar shale fraction determination and laminar
sand resistivity which can be solved by using
Thomas Stieber shale distribution model and a
tensor resistivity model (Mollison et al. 1999, 2000;
Schoen et al. 1999). The analyst determines the
appropriate sand fraction resistivity Rsand, sand-
shale volume fraction to calculate sand fraction
water saturation by Archie’s equation.
Taking into account the importance of obtaining
high quality data for reliable interpretation in thin
beds environment, the logging acquisitions and
electric log post-processing have been planned
carefully with respect to safety, cost and operating
time optimization, well objectives and trajectory.
In all low deviated wells with an inclination less
than 40 degree, the combination of 3-axial
resistivity and image tool have been considered as
mandatory to be acquired in Jangkrik field. The
possibility to use other tools to enhance quality of
formation evaluation and eventually improve
reserves estimation was considered. The first
potential candidate can be magnetic resonance tool
since it is able to identify pore size distribution and
free fluid. The method can be the first indicator of
the producible hydrocarbons in the intervals that
look extremely shaly on conventional logs.
However, considering that the magnetic resonance
tool requires very slow speed during acquisition (3
meters/minute) and an extra run in the hole, it was
performed only in the wells where bottom hole core
was cut.
In highly deviated well, between 40 – 70 degree, the
acquisition plan was modified. In fact, the modern
3-axial resistivity tools can routinely perform in any
highly deviated well bore (Wang et al., 2006),
however, the drilling/operational risks (tool stuck,
borehole stability etc.) in such slanted wells are
very high for wireline acquisition especially in a
deep water environment. That is why it wasn’t
planned in two highly deviated (up to 63 degree)
development wells, in spite of the apparent need for
the thin bed characterization. Logging with drill
pipe conveyance is usually “safer” but also time
consuming, giving a high impact on the cost of the
well/project, which is one of the key development
project factors.
Another acquisition option considered was use of
the wireline tractor which can be installed in the
tool string. It diminishing the hanging problems and
fishing risks as well as lowering the cost in
comparison with one associated to the drill pipe
conveyance. But after an evaluation of the
formation’s compressive strength, which resulted
lower than the minimum requirement, the wireline
tractor option was abandoned.
The best technical solution for highly deviated wells
was to perform resistivity post-processing from
traditional LWD propagation resistivity and density
data. The 400 kHz and 2 MHz Ontrak LWD raw
attenuation and phase resistivity data are processed
to obtain comparable Rv-Rh to wireline 3-axial
resistivity. To assess the feasibility of the resistivity
inversion and density image processing, two LWD
data sets from exploratory wells have been analyzed
and provided acceptable results. The relative dip is
measured after Lithotrak density image post-
processing is done.
This paper emphasizes the importance of the
Laminated Sand interpretation using a combination
of both: high resolution image log and Rv-Rh tensor
resistivity (Ontrak - Lithotrak for LWD and
RTScanner - OBMI for wireline) for qualitative and
quantitative interpretation versus the conventional
analysis.
METHODOLOGY
Reservoir targets of Jangkrik Complex wells were
drilled with OBM in 12.25in and 8.5in hole
sections. The borehole condition is good, rarely
washed-out and rugose condition that leads to good
quality wireline and LWD data acquisition.
Different processing is applied for the highly and
low deviated wells (Figure-6).
In the wells with low (less than 40 degree)
inclination, the data from wireline 3-axial resistivity
tool RTScanner and micro-resistivity image tool
OBMI were used together with density-neutron
from LWD Lithotrak to analyze thin beds
formations. The RTScanner has 6 triaxial arrays,
where each array consists of three collocated coils
orthogonal to each other, with the objective to
measure resistivity in the different directions while
simultaneously solving formation dip at any
deviation. In addition, formation dip and azimuth
are also calculated for structural interpretation. The
RTScanner produces standard array resistivity, and
then inverted to obtain tensor resistivity (horizontal
Rh and vertical Rv).
The mineralogy of Jangkrik Complex reservoirs is
simple hence a deterministic approach is acceptable
for conventional analysis. While the LSA/LSSA
approach assumes bimodal formation models,
consisting of sand and shale layers only. Therefore,
determination of laminar shale volume and laminar
sand resistivity is important by utilizing Thomas
Stieber and tensor resistivity models.
For the Thomas Stieber method, the analyst first of
all defines end points of clean sand and shale with
respect to iterative hydrocarbon correction by using
the Thomas Stieber porosity – Vshale cross-plot.
Thomas Stieber laminar shale distribution describes
the type of shale fraction inside the formation then
distinguishes volume of disperses shale (Vdisp) and
laminar shale (Vlam). After laminar shale volume is
known, the net sand volume can be calculated 1 –
Vlam. The total porosity and effective porosity then
can be obtained as well by the equations (1) and (2)
(Mele, M. et al., 2005; Yared,K., et al., 2010):
tsand = (t – (Vlam * sh)) / (1 - Vlam) (1)
effsand = tsand – [(Vdisp * sh) / (1 - Vlam)] (2)
The Rh and Rv then used to derive sand resistivity
Rsand, by the equation:
Rsand = 0.5*[Risd + Rshv) – {(Risd – Rshv) 2
(1+dR)}0.5] (3)
Where:
Risd = Rh*[(Rv-Rsh) / (Rh – Rsh)] (4)
dR = 4*Risd [(Rshv – Rshh) / ((Risd – Rshv) 2)] (5)
Risd = disperse shale
dR = anisotropy shale correction
Rshv = vertical shale resistivity
Rshh = horizontal shale resistivity
With the tensor resistivity technique, the end point
shale and shale fraction are interpreted by using Rv-
Rh cross-plot (Klein plot, also known as butterfly
plot). Once the horizontal shale resistivity Rshh and
vertical shale resistivity Rshv is determined, the
volume of shale Fsh and sand resistivity Rsand can
be obtained directly from the cross-plot. The
example of shale distribution and Klein plot in one
of the segment targets in Jangkrik can be seen in
Figure-7. The Rsand is then subsequently used to
determine sand fraction porosity and water
saturation LSA/LSSA using the Archie equation.
Even though the qualitative LSA/LSSA analysis can
be done simply by using low resolution 3-axial
resistivity, the combination with high resolution
OBMI sand count analysis should deliver more
robust interpretation. The four pads OBMI data are
combined to produce synthetic resistivity curve
SRES. The SRES is a high resolution resistivity
product which has a shallow DOI (Depth of
Investigation). The sand count module is used to
split the SRES data into 4 classes of lithology. To
help these class divisions, neutron - density porosity
is also used as an indicator of low porosity intervals.
Results of lithology identification from SRES are
then used together with Rv-Rh to better understand
and distinguish the presence of thin beds in the
reservoir.
In a highly deviated well, the LWD propagation
resistivity resolution needs to be enhanced by
applying several inversion steps. The relative dip
angle plays an important role because the
anisotropy is enhanced when the borehole is no
longer perpendicular to the beds. When the relative
dip is smaller than 35 degrees, the resistivity sensor
mainly responds to horizontal component of
resistivity. Once the relative dip increases, the
electromagnetic waves cross the bed boundaries,
hence are more sensitive to the vertical component
of resistivity. The resistivity inversion is suggested
to be applied in apparent dip of 35 – 70 degree
(Yared, K., et al., 2010). Above 70 degrees, the
vertical resistivity component will be more
dominant and create high uncertainty on inversion
process and results. Below 35 degrees, the
resistivity anisotropy can’t be seen clearly hence it’s
not recommended for inversion (Figure-6).
Apparent dip can be obtained from dip picking on
density image log.
LWD resistivity processing is done using Baker
Hughes MPRTEQ software. The program applies
fixed depth of investigation (DOI) processing on
Multiple Propagation Resistivity (MPR) data.
Unlike standard processing, MPRTEQ performs
two-stage inversions, where the 1st inversion is
intended to remove shoulder bed effects and the 2nd
inversion to simultaneously correct for dielectric
effect, anisotropy and invasion. The result is a series
of fixed depth of investigation resistivity curves
from 10, 20, 35, 60 inches, with option of 120
inches. In addition, MPRTEQ also enhanced the
vertical resolution of array resistivity to 6 inches
hence it will be more reliable to represent possible
thin bed features. Tensor resistivity is then derived
from those array resistivity and formation dip
(Figure-8).
In parallel, the density image is processed from
Lithotrak density log that has 16 separated sectors
of density image-oriented, means the coverage area
of each sector is 22.5 degrees. This resulted in
poorer resolution compare to the 120 image sectors
on wireline log image. Additionally only 3 inch of
vertical resolution can be obtained using LWD tools
which do not provide details such as micro-
resistivity image. However the density image results
can still be used to define bedding features, relative
dip angle of formation and sand count (net to gross)
calculation. The sand count analysis is split into 4
classes by defining density cutoff values, gamma
ray and porosity computation as quality control.
Unlike OBMI log image, the dark color in the
image density is corresponding to low density
lithology representing lithology (more porous
lithology / related to sand) while the bright color is
for high-density lithology.
Finally, the same conventional and LSSA analysis
with the same workflow (as above) is done in
highly deviated as in low deviated wells with the
same electrical properties as obtained from core
analysis.
RESULTS
In general, the quality of the logs are good as a
consequence of in gauge bore hole condition. All
pads of OBMI made good contact with borehole
wall while density image is also good as result of
good drilling practice. Examples of analysis in
several different types of reservoir segments are
described below:
a. Segment – X1
In spite of gamma ray and neutron-density logs
show relative clean sand in Segment-X1, the high
resolution OBMI image and sand count analysis are
able to recognize thin beds, silt and shale between
sands. Lamination and thin inter-bedding caused by
siltstone, shale and organic matter can also be
observed and confirmed by the conventional core.
The SRES shows streaks of low value especially in
the main sand reservoir, which means thin beds
features are expected in this reservoir. Based on
SRES and porosity cutoff, the computed sand count
confirm the present of lamina sand – silt with a few
amount of shale. This qualitative interpretation is
also confirmed by T2 distribution obtained from
CMR-Plus.
The CMR-Plus T2 distribution indicates the
presence of small pore size within the reservoir that
can be related to some dispersed shale and silt as
well as shale - siltstone thin beds. The bigger pores
are related to sandstones contain free fluid, gas in
this case, while the small pores are occupied by
bound fluid. The T2 cutoff 11 ms should, in theory,
be able to distribute respective shale and sand
fraction better (Cao Minh,C., et all, 2006). With this
11 ms cutoff, some of small pore size (silt) might be
included as a part of sand fraction.
The LSA was performed as well as conventional
interpretation. The separation between Rv and Rh is
clear and in general showing low anisotropy.
Overall the sand porosity does not differ much from
conventional one and core, which means the
laminar shale is not the main issue in this segment
as also identified by sand count analysis. While the
corrected CMR porosity result is slightly lower than
other analysis but still within tolerance of minimum
porosity measured by core. The average LSA sand
porosity is 1.5% higher than conventional analysis.
The 19% average LSA Sw in sand fraction is lower
than average conventional Sw 31% and is mainly
lower than the irreducible water saturation (Swirr)
derived from capillary pressure (Pc) of core plug
laboratory test. Unfortunately, the measured Swirr
cannot be compared easily with log analysis due to
heterogeneity in core plugs. Shaly - silty rocks, with
their small pore throats and high capillary pressures,
tend to have very high core irreducible water
saturations. In such a condition, the higher
centrifuge pressure on capillary pressure test might
give a solution in order to obtain a better saturation
result in the future. More studies should be
performed to have a proper comparison saturation
model between core and log analysis.
LSA result also reveals a potential hydrocarbon
zone over laminated zone above Segment-X1 where
the T2 distribution also gives an indication of the
presence of bigger pore size with average LSA Sw
of 50%. However, the sand count analyses only
identified mainly silt-shale inter-bedding with a
negligible amount of sand in this interval. This
could happen when the thin sand lamination is
thinner than the OBMI resolution itself.
No formation gas was obtained during coring
operations in this segment, but the presence of gas
is confirmed by pressure gradient of 0.067 psi/ft.
The interpretation result can be seen in Figure-9.
b. Segment – X2
From a textural point of view, the upper part of this
segment called “Interval X2-a” is represented by
silty sand facies (Figure-10). The interpretation is
derived from cuttings description, relative high
gamma ray/shale volume, small neutron-density
crossover and moderate brown static-dynamic
image color with thin laminated inside as seen from
sand count interpretation. The array induction
resistivity is showing low resistivity values up to 4
ohmm only, but the Rv/Rh ratio indicates moderate
- high resistivity anisotropy. The formation gas also
increases above background values.
The lithology of the reservoir at “Interval X2-a” is
representing silty-sand reservoir as recognized from
conventional log response with relative low
induction resistivity value. The sand count and
tensor resistivity Rv-Rh also confirm the presence
of high anisotropy in this interval. Although
penetrated in dirty facies, the formation gas data
shows higher value than background gas.
The “Interval X2-b” represents a channel axis
environment and is characterized by low gamma
ray, high up to 20 ohmm array resistivity, big
neutron density crossover, bright – moderate bright
image color, slower sonic transit time and formation
gas higher than background gas. The bright static
images provide a clear indication of good sand
reservoir. No big deviation from SRES thus not
much shale - silt layers are expected in this interval.
This is in line with the results of 3-axial log that
shows lower Rv/Rh ratio compare to the upper
section.
“Interval X2-c” of the segment is getting to be more
shaly and characterized by increasing of gamma ray
value, lower induction resistivity compare to
“Interval X2-b” with moderate brown image color.
Some high anisotropy observes at the top of this
“X2-c” as confirmed by wide Rv/Rh separation.
Below this point, Rv-Rh doesn’t show big degree of
anisotropy while SRES indicates the possibility of
lithology variation in silty-shale interval.
After removing volume of shale, the sand fraction
reservoir properties in all segment-X2 with the use
of horizontal and vertical resistivity gives the
average porosity 3% higher than conventional one
(mainly contribute from X2-a) with water saturation
20% which is 8% lower than conventional
interpretation. The pressure tests data confirmed full
to base gas saturation with gradient 0.071 psi/ft and
excellent mobility between 21.02 – 9996.47 mD/cP.
c. Segment - X3
The Segment-X3 was drilled with 12.25 inch bit
and found as clastic rock sequences with dominant
lithology sandstone inter-bedded with shale and
siltstone as confirmed by drilled cuttings and log
response. Below is described upper part of the
segment separated from lower part by 70 meters
MD shale. Due to high (up to 59o) inclination the
well was logged with LWD Lithotrak + Ontrak.
The processing density image log shows a typical
thin-bedded reservoir. The dip is also analyzed to
understand true and relative apparent dip in the
borehole. The true dip magnitude is mainly between
2 – 15 degree and the apparent dip is about 50 – 70
degrees, which is within the range for MPR
processing. Sand-silt-shale lithology fraction is then
calculated using density porosity cut-offs.
As expected, the resistivity anisotropy in sand
layers is noticeable as the effect of high wellbore
inclination (up to 59o). In relatively thin sands, the
phase resistivity 2 MHz is noticeable higher than
other frequencies. It’s quite understood because this
curve is the shallowest resistivity that is more
sensitive to borehole and lithology changes. The
Rv/Rh separation in the sand intervals indicates
possible low to moderate anisotropy.
In some points, the post-processing vertical
resistivity Rv seems to be too high compare to Rh
e.g. at “Z depth” (Figure-11) where it can reach
about 100 ohmmeter. This happens when the
relative dip angle is close to suggested MPRTEQ
processing limit of 70 degrees. If the relative dip is
close or above 70 degrees the vertical resistivity
become dominant, hence creates higher
uncertainties on inversion process, causes very low
LSSA water saturation and should be filtered from
computation.
The estimated sand porosity is 2% higher than
conventional one and the average LSSA water
saturation resulted in 38% which is lower compare
to conventional 54%. Three successful pressure
points provide gas gradient 0.059 psi/ft with
mobility 43 – 2091 mD/cP.
CONCLUSIONS
A logging acquisition master plan is important for
the successful evaluation and characterization of
thin beds reservoirs. Some pay zones and
hydrocarbon volumes could be missed or
underestimated from conventional analysis
therefore it is important to use (at least) a
combination of high resolution image log for sand
count and 3-axial resistivity for qualitative
interpretation model through LSA/LSSA. If
possible, the magnetic resonance tool can also be
planned to reinforce the interpretation.
The evaluation in highly deviated wells, between 40
– 70 degrees, can be solved by utilizing regular
LWD propagation resistivity and LWD density
image log. MPRTEQ processing in Jangkrik wells
is able to develop good array resistivity where the
result is similar to propagation resistivity value.
The LSA/LSSA interpretation gives reliable rock
properties compared to conventional ones, mainly
due to the ability to distinguish and exclude the
laminar shale volume for proper sand fraction
interpretation. As a comparison with core data, it is
not straightforward analysis due to heterogeneity in
core plugs.
Nevertheless, some further statistical and analytical
work should be done in order to define more
reliable parameters for interpretation, e.g. for SRES
computation and cutoff. Although the results of the
sand count analysis have been useful in calibrating
the volume of sand - shale fraction, the match is not
always perfect with resistivity anisotropy.
In conclusion, the LSA/LSSA interpretation in the
Jangkrik field confirm an additional net pay and
hydrocarbon pore volume in thin bedded reservoirs
over the results of conventional analysis.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank SKK Migas, Migas, Eni
GICA department in HQ (especially Paola Cardola,
Maria Teresa Galli, Maurizio Mele), Eni Indonesia
(especially Viktor Lyutayev), ENGIE Muara Bakau
B.V. and PT. Saka Energi Muara Bakau as partners
for data release and permission to publish this
paper. Also we would like to thank Baker Hughes
Inteq Indonesia (Gunawan Sucahyo, Adrian
Manescu, Dhani Sanjaya) and Schlumberger (Tom
Neville, Khrisna Pokhriyal, Hengky Ng, Restio
Adhyaksa, Herry Tandjung) for data processing and
support during drilling campaign.
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Approach to Quantifying Deepwater Laminated
Sequences Using Integrated Evaluation of LWD
Real-Time Shear, Porosity, Azimuthal Density and
High-Resolution Propagation Resistivity: SPE
Deepwater Drilling and Completions Conference
held in Galveston, Texas, USA.
 Figure 1 - Jangkrik Field - Muara Bakau PSC Location.

Figure 2 - Depositional Model in Jangkrik Complex Field. (Modified from Campion et all, 2005 in AAPG
studies Geology no.57 by Weimer, P. and Slatt, R.M.)

Figure 3 - Typical Log Response and Thin Beds Features from Core in Jangkrik Field.
 Figure 4 - Bouma Sequence Model in Jangkrik Field which consist of several facies type.

Figure 5 - Thin Beds by Definition (Quinn Passey, 2011) and Illustration of Image Log with Core in
Jangkrik Field.
Figure 6 - LSA/LSSA Interpretation Workflow in low and highly deviated well. LWD anisotropy resistivity
can be observed in various apparent dip (Yared, K. et all, 2010)

Figure 7 - Example of Thomas Stieber Shale Distribution and Rv-Rh Klein Plot in Segment-X3. (Left)
Shale distribution mostly identify as laminar shale with minor disperse shale volume. The orange
color indicate reservoir with Vsh < 55% while the brown one represent non-reservoir interval.
(Right) Rv-Rv crossplot, where on the 45 degree line Rv equals to Rh. The blue line is
representing volume of shale Fshale while the red line is correspond to sand resistivity Rsand.
Pay zones are shown in the upper right wing of the plot while shale and water zones (if any) will
be plotted in the lower left wing.
Figure 8 - MPRTEQ Inversion Process will enhance the LWD Resistivity Resolution in to Fixed DOI to
Derive Rv and Rh.

Figure 9 - Interpretation in Segment-X1. Separation on Rv-Rh resistivity, variation on T2 pore size

distribution and streaks of synthetic resistivity SRES indicates formation anisotropy. This
qualitative interpretation is also confirmed by image log, sand count and conventional core that
show the present of thin inter-bedding layers. The 19% average LSA Sw in sand fraction is
lower than average conventional Sw 31%. The plotted core porosity and permeability are in a
good agreement with log interpretation; however core water saturation cannot be compared easily
due to heterogeneity in the plugs. LSA result reveals a potential hydrocarbon over laminated zone
above Segment-X1 with average LSA Sw of 50%.
Figure 10 - Interpretation in Segment-X2. The “Interval X2-a” is representing the most dirty facies compare
to other intervals X2-b and X2-c. Some thin bed features can be recognized by image log, sand
count analysis and Rv-Rh resistivity separation. The reservoir properties in overall segment-X2
with the use of horizontal and vertical resistivity gives higher porosity and lower water
saturation than conventional interpretation. These log interpretation is align with gas data, thus
LSA result is trustworthy than conventional interpretation.
Figure 11 - Interpretation in Segment-X3 with LWD logs data. As expected, the resistivity anisotropy in
sand layers noticeable as effect of high wellbore inclination (up to 59o). The Rv/Rh separation in
the sand intervals is indicates possible moderate anisotropy while the processing density image
log shows typical thin-bedded reservoir. At “Z” depth, the post-processing vertical resistivity Rv
seems to be too high due to high relative dip angle of 70 o. The computed LSSA then should be
filtered at “Z” depth. As wireline, the LWD LSSA interpretation is able to deliver reliable result
than conventional one.