A Project Report

On
“Construction of Fort wall adjoining tarmac drill square
at S.T.C B.S.F srinagar kashmir”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Civil Engineering

Internal supervisor External Supervisor

Nitesh Kumar Er. Ashoq Kumar
Assistant Professor (R.I.E.T) Junior Engineer
(HQ,B.S.F, Humhama, Srinagar)

Submitted By:
Rahil Nazir
(15-CE-5139L)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

RAWAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak)
ROHTAK – 124001

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my guide “Nitesh kumar,
Assistant Professor(civil engineering), R.I.E.T” for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant
encouragement throughout the course of this thesis. The blessing, help and guidance given by him time
to time shall carry me along way in the journey of life on which I am about to embark.
I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Gaurav Prasar, Head of
Department (Civil engineering), R.I.E.T, for his cordial support, valuable information and guidance,
which helped me in completing this task through various stages.
I am also grateful to my Instructor “Er. S.K. Singh, Executive Engineer” of STC BSF HUMHAMA
SRINAGAR, J&K,for his cooperation during my training. I am also very grateful to my guide
“Er.Mudabbir, Site Engineer” at the construction for his guidance during the completion of this project
work. Every employee of the company helped me as a part of their team.
I am obliged to staff members of Computer Department, for the valuable information provided by them
in their respective fields. I am grateful for their cooperation during the period of my Project.
Lastly, I thank almighty, my parents, brother, sisters and friends for their constant encouragement
without which this assignment would not be possible.

Rahil Nazir
15-CE-5139
B.Tech Civil Engineering

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3|Page
 Certificate
This is to certify that this project entitled “Construction of Fort wall adjoining tarmac drill
square at S.T.C B.S.F srinagar kashmir” by RAHIL NAZIR(15-CE-1539L) submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering of
the Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak during the academic year 2015-2018, is a bonafide
record of work carried out under my guidance and supervision.

Mr.Nitesh Kumar
Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering
Rawal Institute of Engineering and Technology

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Surveying
a)Auto level
b)Demarcation
c) Alignment
3. Earthwork
a)Excavation
b) Backfilling

4.P.C.C - 6" (1:4:8)

5.Demarcation for column
6.Footings:- 1:2:4
a)Isolated footing
b)Combined footing
c)Raft footing
7.Stone Masonry
8.Beam
9.Column work
-Expansion joint
10.Brick work
11.Curing
12.Cover blocks
13.Equipments used

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 1.INTRODUCTION

A fort is a strong building or a place with a wall or fence around it where soldiers can stay and be
safe from the enemy. Fortifications are military constructions, or buildings, designed for the
defense of territories in warfare and also used to solidify rule in a region during peace time. For
many thousands of years, humans have constructed defensive works in a variety of increasingly
complex designs. The term is derived from the Latin fortis ("strong") and facere ("to make").

From very early history to modern times, walls have often been necessary for cities to survive in an
ever-changing world of invasion and conquest. Some settlements in the Indus Valley Civilization
were the first small cities to be fortified. In ancient Greece, large stone walls had been built in
Mycenaean Greece, such as the ancient site of Mycenae (famous for the huge stone blocks of its
'cyclopean' walls). A Greek phrourion was a fortified collection of buildings used as a military
garrison, and is the equivalent of the Roman castellum or English fortress. These construction
mainly served the purpose of a watch tower, to guard certain roads, passes, and lands that might
threaten the kingdom. Though smaller than a real fortress, they acted as a border guard rather than
a real strongpoint to watch and maintain the border.

The art of setting out a military camp or constructing a fortification traditionally has been called
"castramentation" since the time of the Roman legions. Many US military installations are known
as forts, although they are not always fortified. Indeed, during the pioneering era of North
America, many outposts on the frontiers, even non-military outposts, were referred to generically
as forts. Larger military installations may be called fortresses; smaller ones were once known as
fortalices. The word fortification can also refer to the practice of improving an area's defense with
defensive works. City walls are fortifications but are not necessarily called fortresses. India has
more forts than any other country in the world, which were built in all periods between the late
stone age and the British Raj. "Fort" is the word used in India for all old fortifications. India
currently has over 180 forts, with the state of Maharashtra alone having over 70 forts, which are
also known as durg, many of them built by Shivaji, founder of the Maratha state. A large majority
of forts in India are in North India. The most notable forts are the Red Fort at Delhi, the Red Fort at
Agra, the Chittor Fort and Mehrangarh Fort in Rajasthan, the Ranthambhor Fort in Rajasthan and
Gwalior Fort in Madhya Pradesh.

Forts in modern usage often refer to space set aside by governments for a permanent military
facility; these often do not have any actual fortifications, and can have specializations (military
barracks, administration, medical facilities, or intelligence). functions In this project the FORT
WALL is built for the army parade ground which will also serve as a stage during different. In fort
wall we have fort in the middle with brick arch work which is connected to two adjacent walls.
Fort wall also includes the small tombs built like the tombs on the Red Fort.

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 2.SURVEYING
• Surveying:- A detailed topographical surveying of the site was done carefully by analyzing and
recording the characteristics of a land area span to help design a plan or map. Surveying or land
surveying is the technique, profession, and science of determining the terrestrial or three
dimensional positions of points and the distances and angles between them. A land surveying
professional is called a land surveyor. These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and
they are often used to establish maps and boundaries for ownership, locations, such as building
corners or the surface location of subsurface features, or other purposes required by government
or civil law, such as property sales.
• The site was selected on the back side of army parade ground as per the use of Fort Wall during
the army parades. The total length of Fort wall to be constructed is 154m as per the design.

Fig:- Setting the Autolevel

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 a) Auto Level
• A dumpy level, builder's auto level, leveling instrument, or automatic level is an optical
instrument used to establish or verify points in the same horizontal plane. It is used in surveying
and building with a vertical staff to measure height differences and to transfer, measure and set
heights.
• Operation
• The level instrument is set up on a tripod and, accurately set to a leveled condition
• using footscrews (levelling screws).
• The operator looks through the eyepiece of the telescope while an assistant holds a tape measure
or graduated staff vertical at the point under measurement.
• The instrument and staff are used to gather and/or transfer elevations (levels) during site surveys
or building construction.
• Measurement generally starts from a benchmark with known height determined by a previous
survey, or an arbitrary pointwith an assumed height.

Fig:- Surveying with auto level

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 b) Demarcation of Columns
• The following procedure is recommended for demarcation of a Structure.
• For layout of a building baseline is marked on the ground either from center line of the road or
from any permanent building nearby. This line helps to mark out the front of a building. Side
baseline is also marked with the help of side structure or road or it can be marked with the help of
first baseline or boundary of the plot.
• Fix temporary pegs at the Centre line of walls/columns on both sides of walls and columns in front
and back side.
• Fix peg at the Centre line of walls/columns on both sides of wall and columns in left and right side
of front of building
• Check diagonals of the square or rectangle formed after fixing pegs.
• Construct Burji or marking pillars with pegs at a distance of 1.5 meter to 2 meters and their top
surface should be plastered.
• Mark Centre line on the top of Burjis with the help of thread (Soot) or with the Theodolite in big
projects and the diagonal and other dimension should be checked.
• Level Burji on all corners of building and the top level is fixed
at a proposed plinth level.
• Mark the foundation of walls/columns according to drawing on the ground with the help of
centerline marked on the Burji.
• Mark foundation trenches on the ground with chalk powder.
• Excavate the foundation of the walls /columns up to required level and the excavation must be
checked with the help of Centre line and level burji to avoid any complication later on.

• Advantages of Layout with the help of Burjis

• It saves time for measuring and setting of point again and again at the time of construction.
• It increases the efficiency of mason and foreman for doing their jobs.
• Accuracy can be checked at any time at any step.
• If any mistake is found, it can be easily be rectified at early stage. It is very difficult to rectify the
mistake in later.
• Cross check can be done by senior engineer in minimum time.
• A qualitative work is maintained.
• Disadvantages for doing the work without layout
• At some sites of work the contractor brings steel pieces, erects the same on the ground and start
the work of excavation. In due course these steel pieces are just discarded. Thus no proper
reference point is available while doing further jobs.
• It involves extra time for measuring the offset again and again.
• Accuracy can not be checked at early stage and it will be very difficult to rectify the same in later
stage.
• It involves wastage of time and money while doing rectification. This also leads to bad quality of
work

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• Materials used during Setting up of Layout
• 1. Leveling Instrument
• 2. Balli
• 3. Long Nails
• 4. Hammer
• 5. Right Angle(Guniya)
• 6. Steel Tape
• 7. Thin Cotton Thread
• 8. Bricks
• 9. Cement
• 10. Screen Sand
• 11. Lime Powder
• 12. Theodolite

Fig:- Formula used to find right angle

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Fig:- Showing the Burjis constructed at the site

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 c) Alignment of columns
• A rectangular grid is to be made for placing the columns. This helps in avoiding the mistakes and
placing in columns can be done in right way. Orientation of column is kept symmetrical as far as
possible.
• The columns can preferably be arranged in two different fashions:
• In a straight line with the help of a grid.
• In a circular fashion for circular buildings.
• Zigzag arrangements of columns is an absolutely wrong way of working out structural design. It
should be remembered that when columns are erected, beams are laid connecting the columns.
• The zigzag column placement causes three major issues:
-unbalanced load transfer
-problems in wall construction
-problems in laying beams
• In the construction of Fort wall we follow the straight line with the help of rectangular grid.

Fig:- Alignment of columns with straight line method

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 3.EARTHWORK
Excavation and Backfilling of Soil

• In general, excavation means to loosen and take out materials leaving space above or below
ground
• Earthwork in excavation and backfilling of soil upto required depth is required for construction of
foundation and trenches. The proper sequence of excavation and backfilling is required to
optimize the process and prevent safety issues.
• Excavation and backfilling of soil is a very important part of construction process, and care must
be taken while excavation in safety perspective.
• Different soil layers may be encountered while excavation, dewatering may be needed
sometimes. These points must be kept in mind to take necessary action during excavation and
backfilling.
• Correct measurement of excavation and backfilling is required because excavation cost is major
part of the foundation construction.

Fig:- Excavation of soil with backhoe loader at the construction site

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• Following are the sequence of works for excavation and backfilling of soil:
• Materials and Tools Used for Excavation:-
• The following are the equipment's used for the earthwork for foundation:
• Hydraulic excavator
• Tractor / trucks
• Spade
• Kassi
• Pickaxe
• Crowbar
• Rammer
• Wedge
• Boning Rod
• Sledge Hammer
• Basket
• Iron Pan
• Line and Pins
• Hydraulic compactor

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 Fig;- Excavation of soil for the fort

• Working Procedure for Soil Excavation

• The extent of soil and rock strata is found by making trial pits in the construction site. The
excavation and depth is decided
• according to the following guidelines in the site.
• For Isolated footing the depth to be one and half times the width of the foundation.
• For adjacent footings with clear spacing less than twice the width (i.e.) one and half times the
length.
• 1.5m in general and 3.5 m in black cotton soils.
• Setting out or ground tracing is the process of laying down the excavation lines and center lines
etc. on the ground before the
• excavation is started.
• The centerline of the longest outer wall of the building is marked on the ground by stretching a
string between wooden or mild steel pegs.
• Each peg may be projected about 25 to 50 mm from the ground level and 2m from the edge of the
excavation. The boundary is marked with the lime powder.
• The center lines of other walls are marked perpendicular to the longer walls. A right angle can be
formed by forming 3, 4 and 5 triangles. Similarly, outer lines of the foundation trench of each cross
walls and are set out.

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Fig:- leveling the earth before laying of P.C.C and also clearing from plant residues and other wastes.

• Backfilling and Removal of Excess Soil

• Estimate the excavated stuff to be re-utilized in filling, gardening, preparing roads, etc. As far as
possible try to carry excavation and filling simultaneously to avoid double handling.
• Select and stack the required material in such a place that it should not obstruct other
construction activities.
• The excess or unwanted material should immediately be carried away and disposed off by
employing any of the following methods.
• Labour
• Tractor
• Trucks
• Quality Checks for Excavation
• Recording initial ground level and check size of bottom.
• Disposal of unsuitable material for filling.
• Stacking suitable material for backfilling to avoid double handling.
• Strata classification approval by competent authority.
• Dressing bottom and sides of pits as per drawing with respect to centerline.
• Necessary safety measures observed.

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• Quality Checks for Backfilling.
• Recording initial ground level
• Sample is approved for back filling.
• Necessary marking/ reference points are established for final level of backfilling.
• Back filling is being carried out in layers (15cm to 20cm).
• Required watering, compaction is done.
• Required density is achieved.

Fig:- Backfilling of soil

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Dimensions of Excavation
• The fort wall consists of two parts:-
• 1) Fort
• 2) wall
• Dimension of fort:- the fort is 28m in length, the depth is 4'6" and width is 6'
• Dimension of walls:- 63m length,1m depth and width is 6'.

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 4) P.C.C(1:2:4) 6inch
• Plain cement concrete (PCC) is used to provide rigid impervious bed to RCC in foundation where
the earth is soft and yielding.
• PCC can be used over brick flat soling or without brick flat soling.
• Plain cement concrete can also called only “cement concrete (CC)” or “binding concrete”.
• Materials used in P.C.C
• Fine Aggregate: Sand is used as Fine aggregate. The FM of sand should be 1.2 to 1.5.
• Course Aggregate: We normally use brick chips for producing PCC.
• Stone chips can also be used for this purpose. The size of the course aggregate is
• 20mm downgrade.
• Water: Pure drinkable water should be used in PCC.

• Tools used for producing PCC: We normally use following tools for producing Plain Cement
Concrete-
• Wooden or Steel rammer
• Mixture machine.
• Thickness of PCC:
• The thickness of PCC is normally 50mm over Brick Flat Soling (BFS). If we don’t use BFS below PCC
then the thickness should be 75 mm. when the PCC is used in car park area then the thickness
should be 75mm over BFS. We have laid a layer of 6 inch of P.C.C
• Nominal Mix proportion for PCC:
• 1:4:8 i.e. one part of cement,4 parts of fine aggregate and 8 parts of coarse aggregate.

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Fig:- P.C.C laid on the excavated earth

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 5) Again Demarcation
As the P.C.C is laid over the excavated portion of fort wall.it is must to use the demarcation again so that
the perfect position of column can be found. Since we have already constructed the burjis, it will be easy
to locate the position of columns. We take the thread from the center line of one burjis located in one
corner and place it across the center line of other burji. Then we take another piece of thread from
other center line of corner burji and place it across the other side of burji such that the thread bisects
the first thread placed in the center line of burji, thus we get the center of the column. Then we use the
plum bob to locate center of column in downwards.

Fig:- Burjis used for demarcation by intersecting thread on there center line

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 6) Footings (1:2:4)
 The term footing is used in conjunction with shallow foundations commonly. A footing is a
foundation unit constructed in brick work, masonry or concrete under the base of a wall or a
column for the purpose of distributing the load over a large area. A footing or a shallow
foundation is placed immediately below the lowest part of the Superstructure supported by
it.

 Foundation is the lowest part of the building or the civil structure that is in direct contact
with the soil which transfers loads from the structure to the soil safely. Generally, the
foundation can be classified into two, namely shallow foundation and deep foundation.
 A shallow foundation transfers the load to a stratum present in a shallow depth. The deep
foundation transfers the load to a deeper depth below the ground surface.
 A tall building like a skyscraper or a building constructed on very weak soil requires deep
foundation. If the constructed building has the plan to extend vertically in future, then a
deep foundation must be suggested.
 To construct a foundation, trenches are dig deeper into the soil till a hard stratum is
reached. To get stronger base foundation concrete is poured into this trench. These
trenches are incorporated with reinforcement cage to increase the strength of the
foundation
 The projected steel rods that are projected outwards act as the bones and must be
connected with the substructure above. Once the foundation has been packed correctly the
construction of the building can be started.
 The construction of the foundation can be done with concrete, steel, stones, bricks etc. The
material and the type of foundation selected for the desired structure depends on the
design loads and the type of underlying soil.
 The design of the foundation must incorporate different effects of construction on the
environment. For example, the digging and piling works done for deep foundation may
result in adverse disturbance to the nearby soil and structural foundation. These can
sometimes cause the settlement issues of the nearby structure.
 Such effects have to be studied and taken care before undergoing such operations. Disposal
of the waste material from the operations must be disposed properly. The construction of
foundation has to be done to resist the external attack of harmful substances.
 The foundation for each structure is designed such that:
o The underlying soil below the foundation structure does not undergo shear failure
o The settlement caused during the first service load or have to be within the limit
o Allowable bearing pressure can be defined as the pressure the soil can withstand
without failure.

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Fig:- Bar binders cutting the TMT bars with cutter machine at the construction site

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 a) Isolated Footing
• Isolated footing :- It is circular, square or rectangular slab of uniform thickness to support an
individual column. Sometimes, it is stepped or haunched to spread the load over a larger area.

Isolated footings are most commonly used footings for Reinforced cement concrete column because it is
simple and most economical. An isolated footing is used to support a single column. Isolated footings
are independent footings which are provided for each column.

This type of footing is used when

 Columns are not closely spaced.

 Loads on footings are less.
 The Safe bearing capacity of the soil is generally high.

The Isolated footings essentially consist of a bottom slab. There are three basic types of bottom slabs
are:

 Pad footing (with uniform thickness)

 Stepped footing (with nonuniform thickness)
 Sloped footing (trapezoidal section)

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Footings face the effect of upward soil pressure, In such case footings, bends in a dish-shaped form.
Therefore, provided reinforced steel mesh is provided to resist the two major internal forces namely,
shear force and bending moment. Where footing faces the boundary of land or a road where you cannot
rest your footing in neighbours property, footings may be designed as combined footings or even
eccentric footing is used as an alternative to isolated footings.

Isolated footings can have different shapes in plan, generally, it depends upon the shape of cross section
of the column.

Some of the popular shapes in plan of the footings are,

 Square footing
 Rectangular footing
 Circular footing
• The dimensional area of isolated footing is 1m× 1m including cover of 2" with 6mm center to
center spacing.

Fig. Isolated footing after cement concrete is laid.

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Fig:- steel structure of isolated footing

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Fig;- Pouring Cement Concrete in isolated footing

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 b) Combined footing
• When the spacing of the adjacent columns is so close that separate isolated footings are not
possible due to the overlapping areas of the footings or inadequate clear space between the two
areas of the footings, combined footings are the solution combining two or more columns.
• Combined footing normally means a footing combining two columns. A combine footing may be
rectangular or trapezoidal in plan.
• Trapezoidal footing is provided when the load on one of the columns is larger than the other
column.
• Dimensions :-
• 1.6m×1.2m with 6mm center to center spacing is the dimension of combined footing used in wall
foundation .

Fig:- Combined Footing after concrete is laid

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Fig:- R.C.C design of combined footing

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• Combined footing for tombs are constructed for four columns together thus have different
dimensions than other combined footings
• The dimension is 2.9m×2.9m including 2" cover with 6" center to center spacing.

Fig:- Pouring of cement concrete in combined footing of four column

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Fig:- At the site near combined footing

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 c) Raft footing
 If the loads transmitted by the columns in a structure are so heavy or the allowable soil pressure
so small that individual footings would cover more than about one-half of the area, it may be
better to provide a continuous footing under all columns and walls. Such a footing is called a raft
or mat foundation.
 Raft foundations are also used to reduce the settlement of structures located above highly
compressible deposits. Since rafts are usually at some depth in the ground, a large volume of
excavation may be required.
 If weight of the excavated soil is equal to the weight of the structure and that of the raft, and
the centers' of gravity of excavation and structure coincide, settlement would be negligible.
Where complete compensation is not feasible, a shallower raft may be accepted if the net
increase in loads is small enough to lead to tolerable settlement. A raft foundation may be
rectangular or circular.

 If the columns are equally spaced and loads are not very heavy, a raft may be designed as having
uniform thickness. The conventional design of such a raft consists of establishing its dimensions,
from which the soil pressure at various locations beneath the slab may be computed. The raft is
divided into a series of continuous strips centered on the appropriate columns and rows in both
directions.
 The raft footing is laid in the fort having the dimension of 28m in length and 3.66m in breadth
and 2' height.

Fig:- Bar binder binding the steel for raft footing

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Fig:- steel structure of raft beam of fort

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Fig:- Pouring of cement concrete in the raft footing and simultaneously using the vibrator.

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 7) Stone masonry
Stone masonry has been done in wall between the successive footings upto the bottom of plinth level.
The cement sand ratio used for stone masonry in foundation is 1:6 that is 1 part of cement and 6 parts
of fine aggregate(sand).

The width of stone masonry in foundation is 21" and the height is 19.68".

Fig:- At site taking the measurement of stone masonry in foundation

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 8)Beam
Beam as we all know is a 2d structural element of a frame structure or a beam supported structure.
The basic purpose of providing a beam is to transfer the imposed load both dead and live to a wall or
column whatever is designed on the basis of structural requirement of a building.
Beams are meant to resist bending or flexural stresses as a major one with shear stresses as minor ones.
There are two types of beams used in the fort wall :-
Plinth beam
Tie beam
PLINTH BEAM:-
The plinth beam is actually a band beam i.e. it runs throughout the periphery of the structure at plinth
level and is mostly reinforced with minimum 2 main rebars at top and 2 rebars at bottom with minimum
diameter of 10 mm.
To avoid shrinkage shear failures in plinth beam stirrups of minimum #3 are used at 150 mm spacing.
The plinth beam is usually expected to be strong enough to carry the superimposing brick wall as well
tying the columns and the structure. Keeping in view the structural requirement of a building; plinth
beam can either be reinforced or non-reinforced.However, usually these days plinth beam is reinforced
which is also recommended as per the seismic codes of certain countries.
TIE BEAM:-
Tie beam in structural engineering is like a primary beam which
connects two columns at any height above the floor level. The tie beams are designed to carry the
superimposed load of the walls either brick or blocks above and also the different settlement
load of the building.
As the work on construction was under construction, the tie beam is to be constructed after laying of all
columns of the wall. My project report submit was earlier so I cant procide the full details of tie beam in
this report.
MEASUREMENT OF PLINTH BEAM:-
• The plinth beam is provided above the plinth level having height of 1'6" and width of 16"
including cover of 1.5" on both sides.There are 10 TMT steel bars provided in beam, 4 main
rebars at top and 4 rebars at bottom and 2 rebars at sides having minimum diameter of 12mm.

• The stirrups of 8mm dia are provided in beam with the minimum spacing of 200mm or 8" center
to center.

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Fig:- Plinth Beam of Fort

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 9) Shuttering or Formwork
• Formwork (shuttering) in concrete construction is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh
concrete is poured only to harden subsequently. Types of concrete formwork construction
depends on formwork material and type of structural element.
• Formworks can also be named based on the type of structural member construction such as slab
formwork for use in slab, beam formwork, column formwork for use in beams and columns
respectively etc.
• The construction of formwork takes time and involves expenditure up to 20 to 25% of the cost of
the structure or even more. Design of these temporary structures are made to economic
expenditure. The operation of removing the formwork is known as stripping. Stripped formwork
can be reused. Reusable forms are known as panel forms and non-usable are called stationary
forms.
• Timber is the most common material used for formwork. The disadvantage with timber formwork
is that it will warp, swell and shrink. Application of water impermeable cost to the surface of wood
mitigates these defects.

Fig:- Shuttering of plinth beam

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 Fig:- At the site during laying of concrete for column

• A good formwork should satisfy the following requirements:

• 1. It should be strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads.
• 2. It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both horizontally and
vertically, so as to retain its shape.
• 3. The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement grout.
• 4. Construction of formwork should permit removal of various parts in desired sequences without
damage to the concrete.
• 5. The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available and should be suitable for reuse.
• 6. The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line and levels should have plane surface.
• 7. It should be as light as possible.
• 8. The material of the formwork should not warp or get distorted when exposed to the elements.
• 9. It should rest on firm base.

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• Economy in Formwork
• The following points are to be kept in view to effect economy in the cost of formwork:
• 1. The plan of the building should imply minimum number of variations in the size of rooms, floor
area etc. so as to permit reuse of the formwork repeatedly.
• 2. Design should be perfect to use slender sections only in a most economical way.
• 3. Minimum sawing and cutting of wooden pieces should be made to enable reuse of the material
a number of times. The quantity of surface finish depends on the quality of the formwork.

• Plywood Formwork
• Resin bonded plywood sheets are attached to timber frames to make up panels of required sizes.
The cost of plywood formwork compares favorably with that of timber shuttering and it may even
prove cheaper in certain cases in view of the following considerations:
• 1. It is possible to have smooth finish in which case on cost in surface finishing is there.
• 2. By use of large size panels it is possible to effect saving in the labor cost of fixing and
dismantling.
• 3. Number of reuses are more as compared with timber shuttering. For estimation purpose,
number of reuses can be taken as 20 to 25.

Fig:- Fitting a shuttering for beam in fort

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• Formwork Checklist During Concreting:
• 1. Before concreting commences ensure proper access for workers involved in placing, compacting
and finishing concrete.
• 2. Presence of experienced supervisor keeping a continuous watch for any dangerous situation.
• 3. Adequate supply of spare props, clamps, bolts, wedges and skilled workers at site.
• 4. Alignment, camber, level and plumb (verticality) maintained while concreting is in progress.
• 5. Effective depth between top and bottom reinforcement not disturbed.
• 6. Cover of concrete around reinforcement steel maintained as specified.
• 7. Grout loss due to movement at joints and corrective action taken against it.
• 8. Loosening of wedges and fixings due to vibrations transmitted to the formwork and corrective
action against it.
• 9. Spilt concrete and/or grout cleaned immediately.
• 10. All wooden spreaders, to hold vertical form faces apart, removed after placing concrete.
• 11. Wooden members for creating pockets eased before concrete sets fully.
• 12. Concrete pouring sequence as per that shown on formwork drawing (avoid eccentric loading).
• 13. Prevention of heaping of concrete and high impact drops from concrete buckets.
• 14. Rate of concreting within allowable limits as shown on working drawing or as assumed while
designing the formwork against
• lateral pressures.
• 15. Proper bond between layers of concrete, in case concrete is placed in layers, by ensuring that
needle vibrator while vibrating the top layer also penetrates the lower layer.

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 Fig:- Column shuttering/framework and column already laid.

• Checklist During Formwork Striking (Stripping or Removal):

• 1. Formwork design and layout such that smooth striking of formwork in sequential manner is
possible.
• 2. Strength of concrete capable of taking self weight and construction load on it.
• 3. Removal time to be ascertained depending on size, shape and span of the member, grade of
concrete mix and its rate of gain of
• strength, type of cement, ambient temperature and weather conditions and extent of curing
executed.
• 4. At the time of removal of side form, corners and edges not damaged.
• 5. Ties, clamps and wedges loosened and removed gradually.

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• 6. Removal time in line with those specified in code of practice (IS 456- 2000).
• 7. Props in case of beams and slabs removed in stages from mid-span working outwards.
• 8. Bolts, nuts, clamps, wedges collected in a box and not dropped carelessly.
• 9. Use of crowbars to prise open forms avoided.
• 10. Formwork prised loose using wooden wedges.
• 11. Formwork carefully lowered and not dropped and damaged.
• 12. Panel faces should be carefully removed and lowered without them hitting the scaffold
projections.
• 13. Panels placed on leveled surface after removal.
• 14. Nail projections hammered down.
• 15. Cordoning off the area below the location where formwork removal is proposed.
• 16. Presence of competent crane operator and foreman.
• Checklist for Cleaning and Storage of Formwork:
• 1. Formwork as soon as it is removed, cleaned with a stiff brush.
• 2. Dust, dirt, stubborn bits of concrete or grout removed.
• 3. Timber surface and uncoated ply coated with release agent before storing.
• 4. Steel form coated lightly with oil to prevent corrosion.
• 5. Damaged formwork sorted out and repaired before storage.
• 6. Depressions, nail holes repaired with suitable materials and lightly rubbed down to give smooth
surface.
• 7. Panels and plywood sheets stored on a horizontally leveled floor.
• 8. Panels stored face to face to protect the surface.
• 9. Storage area protected from rain and moisture and well ventilated.
• 10. All formwork materials stacked off the ground.
• 11. Loose wailing, soldiers (struts) etc. stored with respective panels after numbering for proper
match when reused.
• 12. Bolts, nuts, champs, pins, wedges, keys and ties stored in separate bins or boxe

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Fig:- Removing or striking of formwork/shuttering of column work

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Table: Period of Removal of Formwork

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 Fig(a):- 150 3D View

Fig(b):- Details of timber formwork for square or rectangular RCC column

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 10) Column
• A vertical member whose effective length is greater than 3 times Its least lateral dimension
carrying compressive loads is called as a column. Columns transfer the loads from the beams or
slabs to the footings or foundations. The inclined member carrying compressive loads as In the
case of frames and trusses is called as struts.
• Why we provide Columns?
• Primarily, Columns carry Axial Loads and therefore are designed for compression. Other loads
from snow, wind or other horizontal forces can cause bending in the columns. Columns then need
to be designed for Axial Load and Bending.

Fig:- Covering the plinth beam shuttering of fort wall

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 BASIC RULES FOR DESIGN OF COLUMN
• The basic rules for designing of columns are listed below:
• A. LONGITUDINAL STEEL:
• 1. The cross-sectional area of longitudinal steel in a column shall not be less than 0.8 and not more
than 6% of the gross-sectional area of the column.
• In places where bars from a column below have to be lapped with those in the column to be
designed, the maximum percentage of steel should not exceed 4%.
• 2. The diameter of longitudinal bars should not be less than 12 mm and should not be more than
50 mm.
• 4. The minimum cover of concrete to the outside of longitudinal bars shall be 4 cm or the
diameter of the bar whichever is greater. In case where the maximum dimension of a column does
not exceed 20 cm and the diameter of the longitudinal bars does not exceed 12 mm, the cover of
2.5 cm may be used.
• 5. Where it is necessary to splice the longitudinal bars, the bars shall overlap for a distance of not
less than 24 times the diameter of the smallest bar.
• 6. The spacing of bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not exceed 300 mm.

• B. TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT:
• Transverse steel may be provided either in the form of lateral ties or helical bars (spiral).
• 1. The minimum diameter of the ties or helical reinforcement shall not be less than 1/4th the
diameter of the largest longitudinal bars and in no case less than 5 mm.
• 2. The maximum diameter of the ties or helical steel should preferably be not more than 12 mm
and 25 mm respectively.
• 3. The pitch of the ties should not be more than the least of the following
a) Least lateral dimension of the column.
b) 16 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar nearest to the compression face of the
member.
c) 48 times the diameter of the tie.
• 4. Pitch of the helical reinforcement should not be more than least of the following:
a) 1/6th the diameter of the concrete core.
b) 75mm.
• 5. The least spacing of the lateral ties may be 150 mm and for spirals, the minimum pitch shall be
25 mm or three times the diameter of the helical bars whichever is greater.

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Fig:- column after removal of shutterinhg

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 Column starter
• Starter is usually a casting of concrete material having a same width and length of column section
and relatively smaller height of around 10cm
• Starter in a column acts as a base for maintaining the exact plumb in the column. Usually 3"-4" of
starter is kept above the slab level
• It is casted in a such a way that equal cover is left surrounded the reinforcement bars of column
and the next activity is to put shuttering of column hence this starter helps mainly to adjust the
formwork of column vertically and ultimately sufficiently gap is remained between column
reinforcement and shuttering.

Fig:- Showing the column starter

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 Column measurements
The length and breadth of column is 15"×9" including cover of 1.5" and the height of column is 2.3m.
In case of Fort There are total number of 28 columns aligned in two rows making 14 columns in
alignment while as in the two walls constructed on two adjacent sides of fort there are 28 columns on
both sides which sums up total no of 48 columns including the columns of tomb also.
There are total six combined footings carrying four columns each in the walls over which tombs will be
built. There are 6 steel bars in column,2 main steel bars(TMT) in top and 2 in bottom having the 16mm
dia, whereas 2 steel bars in between having dia. of 12mm. the lateral ties of 8mm dia. are provided in
columns with 200mm spacing center to center.

Fig:- At site taking the measurement of foundation

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 EXPANSION JOINT
In building construction, an expansion joint is a mid-structure separation designed to relieve
stress on building materials caused by building movement induced by:

 thermal expansion and contraction caused by temperature changes,

 sway caused by wind
 seismic events
 static load deflection
 live load deflection

There are total four expansion joints used in walls on both sides of 2".

Fig:- Showing the expansion joint in between two columns

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 10)Brickwork
Brickwork is carried out from column to column above the plinth beam in both the fort and wall.
In front side of fort the brick work includes the construction of arch as per drawing.
The brickwork is carried out from column to column from plinth beam to the bottom of tie beam. Since
we are constructing framed structure of column and beams so the brick work must start after
completing the framed structure. The construction of arch in brickwork is on the frontside of fort only.
The width of brick wall is 9" from the plinth beam and 14" in case of fort so that the arch in brick
masonry could be formed easily. The height of brick wall is 2.3m from plinth beam to bottom of tie
beam.

Fig:- Mistry constructing the brick work

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 11) Curing
• Curing of concrete is defined as the process of maintaining the moisture and temperature
conditions of concrete for hydration reaction to normally so that concrete develops hardened
properties over time. The main components which needs to be taken care are moisture, heat and
time during curing process.
• Curing of concrete is required for the following reasons:
• To prevent the concrete to dry out prematurely due to solar radiation and wind. This prevents
plastic shrinkage of concrete.
• It helps to maintain the concrete temperature by allowing the hydration process. Hydration
process requires water to carry on and releases heat.
• Curing helps the concrete to harden and bond with internal materials and reinforcement. This
helps to prevent damage to bond between concrete and reinforcement due to vibration and
impact.
• This helps development of impermeable, crack free and durable concrete.
• The time to start curing of concrete depends on the evaporation rate of moisture from the
concrete. The evaporation rate is influenced by wind, radiant energy from sunshine, concrete
temperature, climatic conditions, relative humidity.
• The evaporation of moisture is driven by the difference in vapor pressure on concrete surface and
the in surrounding air. When the difference is high, evaporation rate is high.

Right time for curing the Concrete:-

The time to start curing of concrete depends on the evaporation rate of moisture from the concrete. The
evaporation rate is influenced by wind, radiant energy from sunshine, concrete temperature, climatic
conditions, relative humidity. The evaporation of moisture is driven by the difference in vapor pressure
on concrete surface and the in surrounding air. When the difference is high, evaporation rate is high.

Methods of Curing:-

Water Curing
Water curing, if properly carried out, can be the most efficient - and the most appropriate for some
types of work, e.g. floors, and include ponding, sprinkling, and wet coverings.
Ponding
On flat surfaces such as pavements, footpaths, and floors,
concrete can be cured by ponding. Earth or sand dykes around
the perimeter of the concrete surface retain a pond of water
within the enclosed area. An efficient method for preventing loss
of moisture from the concrete, ponding is also effective for
maintaining a uniform temperature however, the method is Ponding the concrete surface
often impractical except for small jobs.

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Sprinkling
Continuous sprinkling with water is also an excellent method of
curing. If sprinkling is done at intervals, care must be take to
prevent the concrete from drying between applications of water.
A fine spray of water applied continuously through a system of
nozzles provides a constant supply of moisture. This prevents the
possibility of crazing or cracking caused by alternate cycles of
wetting and drying. A disadvantage of sprinkling may be its cost.
The method requires an adequate supply of water and careful
supervision.
Sprinkling the concrete surface

Wet Coverings
Wet coverings such as hessian or other moisture retaining fabrics
are extensively used for curing. Such coverings should be placed
as soon as the concrete has hardened sufficiently to prevent
surface damage. Care should be taken to cover the entire
surface, including the edges of slabs such as pavements and
footpaths. The coverings should be kept continuously moist so
that a film of water remains on the concrete surface throughout
the curing period.
Hessian requires frequent wetting

Sheet Curing
Sheet curing methods may not be so efficient but are usually satisfactory for all except very special
work, and they have the big plus point that they can be carried out more easily on both horizontal and
vertical surfaces.

Polythene Sheet
A simple, yet effective, way of keeping moisture in the concrete is
to cover it with 125-micron (500-gauge) polythene sheeting.
Polythene sheet is a material that is easy to handle and store,
and afterwards it can be re-used for so many other purposes on
site including, or course, curing other concrete at a later date.
Sheeting should not be used over pigmented or pattern stamped
concrete as it can cause discoloration of the surface.

A roll of 125 micron polythene, 4m wide x25m long

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Fig:- Curing of concrete by wet covering method after shuttering is removed.

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 The right time of curing of concrete depends on:
 Initial Curing – Bleeding of Concrete:
 When the concrete is placed and compacted, bleeding of water occurs and rises through the surface of
concrete due to settlement of concrete.
 The rate and duration of bleeding depends on many factors including concrete mix properties, depth or
thickness of concrete, method of compaction of concrete etc.
 These bleed water starts to evaporate from the surface. When all the bleeding water has disappeared
from the surface, the drying of concrete starts, then initial curing of concrete is required to minimize the
moisture loss and prevent plastic shrinkage cracks to concrete before and during finishing operations.
 The initial curing of concrete can be done by techniques such as fogging or using the evaporation
reducers, or by providing the sunshades and windscreens.
 Intermediate curing:
 Intermediate curing is done when the concrete surface finishing operations has been carried out before
the final setting of concrete.
 This happens when the required surface texture of concrete member is achieved rapidly or when the
setting of concrete is delayed.
 Final Curing:
 When the concrete is finished after the final setting of concrete, the final curing of concrete should be
done. This helps to prevent surface drying of concrete because the loss of moisture from the concrete
surface occurs immediately.
Duration of concrete curing:-
Curing of concrete for longer duration increases the strength and durability of concrete structural member. The
following figure explains how the compressive strength of concrete increases with time when it is cured for longer
duration.

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 12)Cover blocks

• Cover blocks are used to maintain a specified distance between the TMT bar and shuttering.
• A cover block is essentially a spacer that is used to lift the rebar matrix off the ground so that
concrete may flow underneath the rebar.
• when doing R.C.C work it is Important to embed the steel in the concrete (also known as cover) so
that the rebar doesn’t corrode and to provide fire protection to the rebar.
• If we don’t provide the recommended cover the rebar will corrode with time and will ultimately
result in premature failure of the structure.
• Thus using cover blocks enhances the life of the structure significantly without adding much to the
cost.

Fig:- Cover block between the steel and covee.

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 Fig:- Diagram illustrating position of cover block

Fig:- Indicating to cover block in plinth beam at the constructin site.

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 13) Equipment's Used
The following equipment’s were used in the ongoing project work

 Concrete mixer machine

 Concrete vibrator machine
 Backhoe loader

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 Concrete Mixer Machine
• A concrete mixer is a device that homogenously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or
gravel, and water to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the
components. For smaller volume works portable concrete can be made at the construction site,
giving ample time to use the concrete before it hardens. An alternative to a machine is mixing
concreter by hand.

Fig:- Concrete Mixer

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 Concrete Vibrator Machine
• A concrete vibrator is a construction tool typically used on concrete pouring sites. These machines
and an assortment of attachments are designed for multiple applications built by a variety of
manufacturers. The vibrators are used to ensure that the pour is free of air bubbles and are even.
• A concrete vibrator is basically just what it sounds like - a mechanical device for creating vibration
in "wet" concrete. Typically, there is a motor on one end that you hold onto (or it may be large
and placed on the ground), there's a thick neck that's some length long, and it's connected to a
vibrating head that gets dropped down into the fresh concrete.
• The vibrations cause the mixture to liquefy, reducing the internal friction of the mix components
of cement, aggregate, and water. This allows the mix to move around more easily in whatever
form you are placing the concrete. This helps to ensure that enough concrete gets into every little
nook and cranny and eliminate voids. Furthermore, the vibrations and liquification help to allow
air bubbles to escape.
• There's a lot of air in the mix when placed, and too much air in the mix allows for a less
dense mixture and therefore can lead to failures and blemishes. The vibrations help to bring those
air bubbles to the surface where they escape.
• This liquification also brings moisture to the surface which allows for easier floating/finishing of
the slab, but this is really more of a byproduct of the vibration process than it is a purpose

Fig: Concrete vibrator

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 Backhoe loader
• Also referred to as a loader backhoe, the backhoe loader is an engineering and excavation vehicle
that consists of a tractor, front shovel and bucket and a small backhoe in the rear end. Due to the
small size and versatility, backhoe loaders are common with small construction projects and
excavation type work. Originally invented in Burlington Iowa back in 1857, the backhoe loader is
the most common variation of the classic farm tractor. As the name implies, it has a loader
assembly on the front and a backhoe attachment on the back.
• Anytime the loader and backhoe are attached it is never referred to as a tractor, as it is not
normally used for towing and doesn’t normally have a PTO. When the backhoe is permanently
attached, the machine will normally have a seat that can swivel to the rear to face the backhoe
controls. Any type of removable backhoe attachments will normally have a separate seat on the
attachment itself.

• Backhoe loaders are common and can be used for many tasks, which include construction, light
transportation of materials, powering building equipment, digging holes and excavating, breaking
asphalt, and even paving roads. You can often replace the backhoe bucket with other tools such as
a breaker for breaking and smashing concrete and rock. There are some loader buckets that offer
a retractable bottom, which enable it to empty the load more quickly and efficiently.
• The retractable bottom loader buckets are often times used for grading and scratching off sand.
The front assembly on a backhoe may be either removable or permanently attached. Often times,
the bucket can be replaced with other tools or devices. In order to mount different attachments to
the loader, it must be equipped with a tool coupler. The coupler consists of two hydraulic
cylinders on the end of the arm assembly, which can expand and retract to allow different tools to
be attached to the unit.

Fig:-Backhoe loader

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