Measure

6
CHAPTER

6.1 Scale drawings and maps

Scale drawings and scale models are drawings and models of places and objects. The lengths and
distances in scale drawings and models are shorter than in the actual places and objects but the
proportions and angles stay the same.
The scale of drawings and models may be given in various ways, for example
‘1 cm represents 2 m’ and ‘1 cm to 1 km’. Scales are sometimes given as ratios.

1 : 200 1 : 100 000 1 : 72

(1 cm represents 2 m) (1 cm to 1 km) (
71
2 of full size)

Example 1
Tom uses a scale of 1 : 250 to make a model of an aeroplane.
a The wing length of the model is 6 cm.
Work out the wing length of the real aeroplane.
b The length of the real aeroplane is 40 m.
Work out the length of the model.

Solution 1 The scale is 1 : 250, so every 1 cm on the model represents 250 cm on

a 6  250  1500 cm the real aeroplane. To find lengths on the real aeroplane, multiply
lengths on the model by 250

1500  100  15 m. Change 1500 cm to metres.

The wing length of the real

aeroplane is 15 m.

b 40  100  4000 cm The model will be smaller than the aeroplane, so change 40 m to centimetres.

4000  250  16 cm To find lengths on the model, divide lengths on the real aeroplane by 250

The length of the model is 16 cm.

Maps are scale drawings. Map scales may also be given in various ways including ratios.
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 CHAPTER 6 Measure

Example 2
The scale of a map is 1 : 100 000
Work out the real distance that 6.4 cm on the map represents.

Solution 2
1 : 100 000 1 cm on the map represents a real distance of 100 000 cm.

6.4  100 000  640 000 To find real distances, multiply lengths on the map by 100 000
The real distance is 640 000 cm

640 000  100  6400 m Change 640 000 cm to kilometres using 1 m  100 cm and 1 km  1000 m.

6400  1000  6.4 km

Exercise 6A
1 Jim uses a scale of 1 : 100 to draw a plan of a room to scale. On the scale drawing, the length of
the room is 5.6 cm. What is the real length of the room?

2 Kylie makes a scale model of a rocking horse. She uses a scale of 1 : 5

The rocking horse is 125 cm high. How high will her scale model be?

3 On a map, 1 cm represents 2 km. What distance on the map will represent a real distance of
a 10 km b 22 km c 7 km?

4 On a map, 1 cm represents 5 km. Work out the real distance between two towns, if their distance
apart on the map is
a 2 cm b 3.1 cm c 8.4 cm.

5 The scale of a map is 1 : 50 000 On the map, the distance between two towns is 4.2 cm.
Work out the real distance between the towns. Give your answer in kilometres.

6 The scale of a map is 1 : 100 000 Work out the distance on the map between two towns, if the
real distance between the towns is
a 6 km b 10.5 km

7 The scale of a model aeroplane is 1 : 72

a The length of the model aeroplane is 93 cm. Find, in metres, the real length of the
aeroplane.
b The wingspan of the real aeroplane is 32.4 m. Find, in centimetres, the wingspan of the
model.

8 A scale model of a car is 12 cm long. The length of the real car is 4.8 m. Find, as a ratio, the scale
of the model.

9 A plan of a house is drawn to scale. A room with a real length of 6 m is 24 cm long on the plan.
Find, as a ratio, the scale of the plan.

10 The distance between two towns is 6 km. On a map, the distance between the towns is 30 cm.
Find, as a ratio, the scale of the map.
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6.2 Compound measures – speed and density CHAPTER 6

6.2 Compound measures – speed and density

Speed
A car travelled 90 kilometres in 3 hours. If it had travelled the 90 km at the same speed for the whole
3 hours, then the car would travel 9
3
0  30 km each hour. This means that 30 kilometres per hour is
the average speed of the car. The word ‘per’ here means ‘each’ or ‘for every’. Notice that the distance
travelled was divided by the time taken so

total distance travelled

average speed 



total time taken
Speed can be measured, for example, in kilometres per hour, miles per hour and metres per second.
Speed is called a compound measure because it involves more than one unit of measure. It involves
a unit of length and a unit of time.
We write 30 kilometres per hour as 30 km/h, where the ‘/’ is a sort of division sign showing that
speed is distance divided by time.
If a car travels at an average speed of 40 km/h, the car travels 40 km in 1 hour,
40  2  80 km in 2 hours
40  3  120 km in 3 hours
and so on.
So distance
average speed  time
The time the car takes to travel 120 km at 40 km/h is 1
42

0
0  3 hours.

distance D
ST
So time


D D
average speed S



S T
T
Using D to stand for distance, S to stand for average speed and T to D
stand for time, learning this diagram is a way to remember these results. T



S
Example 3
The distance from Birmingham to Swansea is 155 km. Nitesh drove from Birmingham to Swansea in
21
2
hours. Work out Nitesh’s average speed for this journey.
Solution 3
155 total distance travelled
Average speed 

 62 km/h average speed =



2.5 total time taken

The distance is in km and the time is in hours, so the speed is in km/h.

Example 4
The distance from Glasgow to Liverpool is 348 km.
Susan drove from Glasgow to Liverpool at an average speed of 40 km/h.
Work out the time, in hours and minutes, her journey took.
Solution 4
348 distance
Time 

time 


average speed
40
 8.7 h Speed is in km/h and distance is in km so the time is in hours.

0.7  60  42 8.7 h  8 h  0.7 h

Time  8 h 42 minutes To change 0.7 h to minutes, multiply 0.7 by 60, as there are 60 minutes in an hour.

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 CHAPTER 6 Measure

Exercise 6B
1 Paul went for a walk. He walked 21 km in 3
12
hours. Work out his average speed on the walk.

2 Greg went for a cycle ride. He rode for 4 hours 15 minutes at an average speed of
20 km/h. Work out the distance that Greg rode.

3 June drove the 275 km from London to Hull at an average speed of 50 km/h. Work out the time
her journey took.

4 Janet ran 3.8 km in 40 minutes. Work out her average speed in km/h.

5 Sven drove the 119 km from Bournemouth to Bristol at an average speed of 68 km/h. Work out
the time, in hours and minutes, his journey took.

6 A car is travelling at an average speed of 85 m/s. Work out the distance the car travels in 0.4
seconds.

7 A horse ran 12 km at an average speed of 10 km/h. How long, in hours and minutes, did this
take?

8 Change a speed of 85 m/s to km/h.

9 John drove from his home to visit a friend.

John drove the first 3 hours at an average speed of 40 km/h.
John then drove the remaining 60 km to his friend’s house at an average speed of 30 km/h.
Work out John’s average speed for his whole journey from his home to his friend’s house.

10 In an athletics match the 100 m was won in a time of 9.91 s and the 200 m was won in a time of
19.79 s. Which race was won with the faster average speed? You must give a reason for your
answer.

Density
To work out the density of a substance, divide its mass by its volume

mass
density



volume

Density is also a compound measure. It involves a unit of mass and a unit of volume. M
In the diagram M stands for mass, D stands for density and V stands for volume. D V
From the diagram

mass
density  volume M
DV

mass M
density


D



volume V
mass M
volume


V



density D

When the mass is measured in kg and the volume in cubic metres or m3, then density is measured in
kg per m3 or kg/m3. Density can also be measured in g/cm3.
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6.3 Dimensions CHAPTER 6

Example 5
A piece of silver has a mass of 42 g and a volume of 4 cm3. Work out the density of silver.
Solution 5
mass
Density 


volume
42
Density 

Divide the mass by the volume.
4
 10.5 g/cm3 As the mass is in g and the volume is in cm3, the density is in g/cm3.

Example 6
The density of steel is 7700 kg/m3.
a A steel bar has a volume of 2.5 m3. Work out the mass of the bar.
b A block of steel has a mass of 1540 kg. Work out the volume of the block.
Solution 6
a Mass  density  volume

Mass  7700  2.5 Multiply the density by the volume.

 19 250 kg As the density is in kg/m3 and the volume is in m3, the mass is in kg.
mass
b Volume 


density
1540
Volume 

Divide the mass by the density.
7700
 0.2 m3 As the mass is in kg and the density is in kg/m3 the volume is in m3.

Exercise 6C
1 The density of iron is 7.86 g/cm3. The volume of an iron block is 100 cm3.
Work out the mass of the iron block.

2 A slab of concrete has a volume of 60 cm3 and a mass of 15 000 g.

Work out the density of the concrete.

3 Gold has a density of 19.3 g/cm3. The gold in a ring has a mass of 15 g.
Work out the volume of the gold in the ring.

4 The density of balsa wood is 0.2 g/cm3. The volume of a model made of balsa wood is 150 cm3.
Work out the mass of the model.

5 14.7 g of sulphur has a volume of 7.5 cm3. Work out the density of sulphur.

6.3 Dimensions
The perimeter of a rectangle is given by the expression 2l  2b. The circumference of a circle is given
by d. Perimeter and circumference are both lengths.
Each term in the expressions 2l  2b and d consists of a number  a length. Therefore, we say that
the expressions have the dimension length.
(Numbers, such as 2 and , have no dimensions.)
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 CHAPTER 6 Measure

The area of a rectangle is given by the expression lb. The area of a circle is given by r2.
Each term consists of a number  a length  a length.
The expressions have the dimensions length  length.
The volume of a cuboid is given by the expression lwh. The volume of a cylinder is given by r 2h.
Each term consists of a number  a length  a length  a length.
The expressions have the dimensions length  length  length.
So, for example, if a, b and c represent lengths,
a  b, 2a  3b,  (b  c) and 1
2
b  c represent lengths because each expression has dimension
length.
b2c
ab  bc, a(b  c), ab,

and 1
2
bc represent areas because each expression has dimension
length  length. bc
abc, 1
3
b2c, 4a(ab  c2) and a2(b  c) represent volumes because each expression has dimension
length  length  length.

Example 7
x, y and z represent lengths.
For each of these expressions, state whether it could represent a length, an area, a volume or none of
these.
(Numbers have no dimensions.)
3xy
a 5xy b y(x2  z2) c 2x(y  3) d


(x  y)
Solution 7
a An area c None of these
The expression has dimensions length  length. Multiply out the brackets, obtaining 2xy  6x.
The first term has the dimensions length  length but
the second term has the dimension length.

b A volume d A length
The dimension of y is length. Inside the brackets, The top term has the dimensions length  length.
both x2 and z2 have dimensions length  length.
The bottom term has the dimension length.
So the dimensions of the expression are
length  length  length. length  length



  length
length

Exercise 6D

Throughout this exercise, the letters b, h and r represent lengths.
Numbers such as 3,
12
and  are numbers which have no dimensions.
1 Here are some expressions.

1
bh
2 4h  3r (r  h) bhr 5h2 bh2
a Write down the expressions which could represent a length.
b Write down the expressions which could represent an area.
2 Here are some expressions.
r3
2bh r2h 3b  2r b(h  r) r2b


bh
a Write down the expressions which could represent an area.
b Write down the expressions which could represent a volume.
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6.4 Converting between metric and imperial units CHAPTER 6

3 Here are some expressions.

3b  r2
b  rh b(3  r) b3  4h2 bh  r2


h
Write down the one expression which could represent an area.

4 Here are some expressions.

5h4
4b2h r2(h  2)

(h  2r)3 1


2
3b h
br
Write down the one expression which could not represent a volume.

5 Copy the table and complete it by putting a tick () in the correct column to show whether the
expression could be used for length, area, volume or none of these.

Expression Length Area Volume None of these

2rh
r  4h
(r  h)2



3b
b  rh
3

r2(h  r)
bhr



(b  h)

6.4 Converting between metric Metric Imperial

and imperial units 2.5 cm 1 inch
When converting between the metric and imperial 8 km 5 miles
systems, methods of proportion can be used. 1m 39 inches
These approximate conversions should be learnt.
30 cm 1 foot
1 kg 2.2 pounds
4.5 litres 1 gallon
1 litre 1.75 pints

Example 8
a Change 6 litres to pints.
b Change 11 pounds to kilograms.
Solution 8
a 1 litre is approximately 13
4
pints,
or 1.75 pints
There will be more pints than litres so multiply the
6  1.75  10.5 number of litres by the number of pints in 1 litre.
6 litres is approximately 10.5 pints
b 1 kg is approximately 2.2 pounds
11  2.2  5 There will be fewer kg than pounds so divide the
number of pounds by 2.2
11 pounds is approximately 5 kg

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 CHAPTER 6 Measure

Exercise 6E
1 Change 10 miles to kilometres.

2 Change 3 kilograms to pounds.

3 Change 7 pints to litres.

4 Change 6 gallons to litres.

5 Change 8 inches to centimetres.

6 Change 32 kilometres to miles.

7 Change 90 centimetres to feet.

8 Change 22 pounds to kilograms.

9 Change 2 litres to pints.

10 Change 36 litres to gallons.

11 Changes 25 centimetres to inches.

12 Alan fills his car up with petrol. He buys 45 litres. Change 45 litres to gallons.

13 Oliver buys 4 pounds of apples. Change 4 pounds to kilograms.

14 The distance between two towns is 300 miles. Change 300 miles to kilometres.

15 A car is travelling at a speed of 80 kilometres per hour.

Change 80 kilometres per hour to miles per hour.

Chapter summary
You should now:
 be able to use and interpret scale drawings
 understand and use average speed
 understand and use density
 understand dimensions and recognise whether an expression could represent a length,
an area, a volume or none of these
 be able to convert between metric and imperial units.

Chapter 6 review questions

1 The length of a coach is 15 metres.
John makes a model of the coach.
He uses a scale of 1 : 24
Work out the length, in centimetres, of the model coach. (1387 June 2005)

88
Chapter 6 review questions CHAPTER 6

2 The scale of a map is 1 : 50 000

Work out the real distance 6 cm represents.
Give your answer in kilometres. (1387 November 2005)

3 Kim drove the 90 km from London to Oxford in 1 hour 15 minutes.

Work out her average speed in km/h.

4 Tom cycled from Birmingham to Leicester at an average speed of 24 km/h.

His journey time was 2 hours 45 minutes.
Work out the distance from Birmingham to Leicester.

5 A model is made of an aeroplane.

The length of the model is 18 centimetres.
The length of the real aeroplane is 45 metres.
Work out the ratio of the length of the model to the length of the real aeroplane.
Write your answer in the form 1 : n. (1388 March 2003)

6 The mass of 5 m3 of copper is 44 800 kg.

a Work out the density of copper.
The density of zinc is 7130 kg/m3
b Work out the mass of 5 m3 of zinc. (1387 November 2003)

7 These two metal blocks each have a volume of 0.5 m3.

R

L
E

E
The density of the copper block is 8900 kg per m3.
P

K
P

IC
O

N
The density of the nickel block is 8800 kg per m3.
C

Calculate the difference in the masses of the blocks.

(1385 June 2001)

8 The expressions below can be used to calculate lengths, area or volumes of some shapes.
The letters p, q and r represent lengths.
 and 2 are numbers which have no dimension.
Which three of these expressions can be used to calculate an area?
pq p2r
(p  q)

rq(p  q) pq


r 2
qr p2 pqr
2r

r(p  q)



(1385 June 2001)
2 r 2

9 Here are three expressions.

Expression Length Area Volume None of these
a b
2

b2  2h
2ah

a, b and h are lengths.

 and 2 are numbers which have no dimensions.
Copy the table and put a tick () in the correct column to show whether the
expression can be used for length, area, volume or none of these. (1385 May 2002)

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 CHAPTER 6 Measure

10 The table shows six expressions.

a, b and c are lengths.
2 and 3 are numbers and have no dimension.

2a  3b 3ab abc 2a2c 2a2  bc ab(b  2c)

Copy the table and

a put the letter A in the box underneath each of the two expressions that could
represent an area.
b put the letter V in the box underneath each of the two expressions that could
represent a volume. (1385 November 2002)

11 Daniel leaves his home at 07 00

He drives 87 miles to work.
He drives at an average speed of 36 miles per hour.
At what time does Daniel arrive at work? (1387 November 2003)

12 Ann drives 210 km in 2 hours 40 minutes.

Work out Ann’s average speed. (1387 November 2005)

13 Fred runs 200 metres in 21.2 seconds.

a Work out Fred’s average speed.
Write down all the figures on your calculator display.
b Round off your answer to part a to an appropriate degree of accuracy. (1387 November 2004)

14 B is 5 km North of A.
C is 4 km from B.
C is 7 km from A.

C
4 km
N
B

Diagram NOT
accurately drawn
5 km 7 km

a Make an accurate scale drawing of triangle ABC.

Use a scale of 1 cm to 1 km.
b From your accurate scale drawing, measure
the bearing of C from A.
c Find the bearing of A from C. (1385 November 2000)

90
Chapter 6 review questions CHAPTER 6

15 The crosses on the diagram show the positions of three places A, B and C.
The scale of the diagram is 1 cm to 5 km.
N

Tariq cycled in a straight line from A to C.

He left A at 1.30 pm.
He cycled at an average speed of 10 kilometres per hour.
a Find the time he arrived at C.
b Find the bearing of
i B from A ii A from C. (1385 November 2002)

16 Change 4 kg to pounds.

17 Change 28 miles to kilometres. (1387 November 2003)

91