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Barrier-Free Design: A
Review and Critique of C agree that a physical setting that fosters inde-
pendent living is often the critical factor that al-
lows persons who are frail and disabled to live in the
cominunity instead of in an institution. Although thig
the Occupational statement may seem self-evident, policymakers have
heen slow to acknowledge it (Liston, 1971; Shaw, 1971;
Therapy Perspective Taira, 1984). Changes made over the past 20 years in the
form of new regulatory legislation and the adoption of
more stringent bUilding standards, however, are gradual-
Barbara Acheson Cooper, Uriel Cohen, ly beginning to have an impact on the problem (Martin,
1987; Steinfeld et aI., 1979; Taira, 1984). Low-cost units
Betty Risreen Hasselkus
specially designed to accommodate the needs of specific
groups have been and are being erected; communitie~
Key Words: architectural accessibility. are hecoming increasingly aware of the need to provide
access to public buildings, services, and the neighbor-
environmental design. literature review
hood at large; and heightened multidisciplinaly concern
is evident (Taira, 1984).
The occupational therapy profession has a declared
This review of the occupational therapy literature on interest in barrier-free design. According to Mosey
barrier-free design identifies both a pauci~v of related (1986), a fundamental aspect of
occupational therapy research on the topic and a
lack of a common conceptual base with which to the practice of occupational therapy is concern for and use of thc
nonhuman cnvironment. The nonhuman cnvironment is viewed
gUide the development and use of environmental as- as an entity to be mastcred, an aid 10 facilitate the pcrformance of
sessments. Nonetheless, two fledgling themes can be ex- life tasks. and a vehicle for assisting in the development of senso-
trapolated: tbe consistent reference to the concepts of ry, perceptual, cognitive, and motor skills and need-fulfilling intra-
accessibili~v) mobility, function, and safety and an in- personal ancl interpersonal relationships. (I'. 3)
creased awareness among occupational therapists re-
garding the accessibility standards developed by the Mosey's (1986) views are supported hy the profes-
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) (ANSI, sion as a whole, as evidenced by educational curricula
1971, 1980). A problem-solving model suggested by de- that include as a basic component the teaching of meth-
signersfor the 1979 revision of ANSI standards that in- ods used to conduct home assessments and modifica-
corporates these conceptual themes is described and tions for both architectural and functional features. Fur-
discussed. ther endorsement comes from the American
Occupational Therapy A~sociation (AOTA), which identi-
fies and lists the ability to conduct home evaluations as
essential for various specialized roles (e.g., AOTA, 1981a,
1981b, 1983).
A conservative estimate of between 1.7% and 2.2% of
the population are directly affected by barrier-free design.
A more liberal view states that up to 11.6% would benefit
Barbara Acheson Cooper, MHSC, Oil' POT, is A~sistant Professor, from the implementation of more stringent standards of
A~sociate Dean, and Director of the School of Occupational accessibility (Steinfeld et al., 1979). Persons who are el-
Therapy and Physiotherapy, IJ 11 Health Sciences Centre, derly and those who are physically disabled have been
McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontar-
identified as the two major groups requiring assistance
io, Canada IBN 3Z5. She is currently enrolled in the doctoral
with environmental modification. Barrier-free environ-
program for environment behavior studies, School of Archi-
ments, both in the home and the wider community, are
tecture and Urban Planning, University of Wisconsin-Milwau-
kee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. essential to successful independent living for these at-risk
populations. Both the disabled and elderly populations
Uriel Cohen, DArch. is Associate Professor, School of Architec-
are increasing in number, primarily as a result of im-
ture and Urban Planning, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee,
proved health care. This factor, the growing awareness of
Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
the expense and negative effects of institutionalization,
Berry Risteen Hasselkus, PhI), OTK, is Assistant Professor, De- and the profound desire of these persons to remain in the
partment of Therapeutic Science, and Chair, School of Occu- community are increasing the demand for appropriate
pational Therapy, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwau-
community-based, barrier-free housing, both new and
kee, Wisconsin.
modified. Because of their training and skills in functional
Tbis article was Clccepted!or publication August 30, 1990. assessment and environmental adaptation, occupational
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COMPlETE LOSS OF SIGHT En trances. [xi ts and OooT'flays AB'B2C DE FGH I J K LMN
Figure 1. The Enabler model. Note. From Access to the Figure 2. An example of an Enabler problem matrix. Note.
Built Environment: A Review of the Literature (p. 75) by E. From Access to the Built Environment: A Review of the Lit-
Steinfeld, S. Schroeder, J. Duncan, R. Faste, D. Chollet, M. erature (p. 91) by E. Steinfeld, S. Schroeder, J. Duncan, R.
Bishop, P. Wirth, and P. Cardell, 1979, Washington, DC: Faste, D. Chollet, M. Bishop, P. Wirth, and P. Cardell,
U.S. Government Printing Office. 1979, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
mensions of disabilities in a manner that can be easily this, they presented a useful summary of the information
understood and addressed by a multidisciplinary group. available at the time and identified the existing gaps in
The limitations include the inability of the matrix to iden- each of these areas of barrier-free design. Issues such as
tify that sometimes more practical, alternate ways to ac- the influence of speed, range of motion, accuracy,
cess and use the building may exist. strength, and endurance on function were also discussed.