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protocol
Chromatin
fragmentation
using
the
Covaris
S2
sonicator
by
Ethan
Ford
(version
12/1/11)
X-‐link
Cells
1. Grow
six
15
cm
plates
of
HeLa
cells
to
90%
confluency.
2. Remove
media
and
add
wash
with
10
ml
of
PBS.
3. Add
10
ml
Fixing
Buffer
with
1%
formaldehyde
(see
note
#1
and
#2).
4. Incubate
5
min
at
room
temp
on
rocking
platform.
5. Add
0.5
ml
2.5
M
glycine
to
each
plate
(final
concentration
0.125
M).
6. Incubate
5
min
at
room
temp
on
rocking
platform.
7. Pour
off
media
and
rinse
2x
with
PBS.
8. Harvest
cells
with
10
ml
PBS
using
rubber
policeman
into
a
15
ml
tube.
9. Rinse
plates
with
an
additional
5
ml
of
PBS
to
get
remaining
cells
and
transfer
to
the
same
15
ml
tube.
10. Spin
cells
down
at
3k
rpm
for
5
min.
Prepare
Chromatin
11. Remove
supernatant
and
resuspend
cells
in
15
ml
‘Lysis
Buffer’.
12. Incubate
10
min
on
ice.
13. Spin
cells
down
at
4k
rpm
for
5
min.
14. Remove
supernatant
and
resuspend
cells
in
10
ml
‘Wash
Buffer’
15. Spin
cells
down
at
4k
rpm
for
5
min.
16. Repeat
steps
14
and
15
one
more
time.
17. Carefully
remove
supernatant
as
to
not
disturb
the
pellet.
18. Carefully
add
5
ml
‘Shearing
Buffer’
and
very
gently
turn
tube
sideways
and
twist
to
wash
all
the
‘Wash
Buffer’
off
from
the
side
of
the
tube
while
leaving
the
pellet
completely
intact.
19. Spin
cells
down
at
4k
rpm
for
5
min.
20. Repeat
steps
18
and
19
one
more
time.
21. Resuspend
pellet
in
8
ml
‘Shearing
Buffer’
22. Transfer
sample
to
Covaris
TC12x12mm
Tubes
with
AFA
Fiber
being
sure
to
fill
tubes
completely
(a
little
more
then
1
ml
per
tube
-‐
see
note
#3).
23. Sonicate
with
a
Covaris
S2
for
with
the
following
settings:
Time
12
min
(see
note
#4)
Duty
Cycle
5%
Intensity
4
Cycles
per
Burst
200
Temperature
4˚C
Power
mode
Frequency
Sweeping
Degassing
mode
Continuous
AFA
Intensifier
No
Intensifier
Water
Level
8
(water
level
should
be
1
mm
below
TC12x12
tube
cap)
24. Remove
samples
from
TC12
tubes
and
transfer
to
new
15
ml
tube.
25. Repeat
sonication
with
the
rest
of
the
samples
and
combine.
26. Add
10%
Triton
X-‐100
and
5M
NaCl
so
that
the
final
concentration
of
the
sample
is
1%
Triton
X-‐100
and
150
mM
NaCl,
i.e.
to
8.70
ml
of
chromatin
add
1
ml
of
10%
Triton
X-‐100
and
300
μl
of
5
M
NaCl.
27. Mix
and
transfer
to
8
microfuge
tubes.
28. Spin
chromatin
in
microfuge
for
10
min.
29. Combine
supernatants
in
a
new
15
ml
tube.
30. Filter
chromatin
through
2
μm
syringe
filter.
31. Remove
syringe
from
filter,
remove
plunger,
reattach
syringe
and
pass
an
additional
1
ml
of
‘IP
Buffer’
through
syringe.
Immunoprecipitation
32. Take
100
μl
of
chromatin
and
put
aside
for
input
control.
33. Use
1
ml
of
chromatin
per
I.P.
(extra
chromatin
can
be
stored
at
-‐80˚
C).
34. Add
approximately
0.25-‐1
μg
affinity
purified
antibody,
1-‐2
μg
purified
IgG,
or
1-‐4
ul
crude
serum.
35. Incubate
at
4°
C
overnight.
36. Equilibrate
beads.
Prepare
one
1.5
ml
tube
for
each
for
each
immunoprecipitatin
with
1
ml
‘Shearing
Buffer’
and
desired
amount
of
Protein
G-‐Dyna
beads
to
each
tube.
Mix
by
inverting
and
spin
at
3k
rpm
in
microfuge
briefly
to
get
liquid
off
top
of
tube.
Place
in
magnetic
rack
and
remove
all
liquid.
Note:
Protein-‐G
beads
are
a
significant
source
of
background
so
it
is
best
to
use
as
few
as
possible.
The
stated
binding
capacity
is
200
ng
antibody/μl.
37. Add
the
chromatin
from
each
I.P.
to
the
appropriate
tube
with
equilibrated
beads.
38. Incubate
at
4˚
C
for
1.5
hours
in
tube
rotator.
39. Spin
briefly
in
microfuge
at
3k
RPM.
Place
in
magnetic
rack
and
remove
liquid.
40. Use
filter
tips
for
all
remaining
steps.
41. Wash
2
times
with
‘Low
Salt
Wash
Buffer’.
Wash
instructions:
Add
1
ml
Wash
Buffer,
mix
by
inverting
or
pipeting.
If
mixed
by
inverting,
spin
briefly
to
get
liquid
off
the
top
of
the
tube.
Place
in
magnetic
rack
and
remove
all
liquid.
Transfer
beads
to
a
new
tube
every
other
wash.
42. Wash
2
times
with
‘High
Salt
Wash
Buffer’
43. Wash
1
times
with
‘LiCl
Wash
Buffer’
44. Wash
1
time
with
1ml
TE
pH
8.1.
45. To
elute
chromatin
(ChIP’ed
DNA),
add
49
μl
Proteinase
K
Digestion
Buffer
and
1
μl
Proteinase
K
(20
mg/ml).
–
To
your
Input
DNA
add
2
μl
10%
SDS
and
1
μl
Proteinase
K
(20
mg/ml).
46. Incubate
at
50˚C
for
15
min
with
occasional
vortexing.
47. Place
ChIP’ed
DNA
in
magnetic
rack
for
2
minutes.
48. Transfer
supernatant
to
new
tube.
49. To
ChIP’ed
and
Input
DNA
add
3
μl
5M
NaCl
and
0.5
μl
30
mg/ml
RNase
A.
50. Reverse
X-‐linking
by
incubating
4
hours
to
overnight
at
65˚
C
in
hybridization
oven
to
prevent
condensation
on
top
of
tube.
51. Add
1.5
μl
20
mg/ml
Proteinase
K.
52. Incubate
1
hour
at
50˚
C.
Vortex
a
couple
times
during
incubation.
Purify
DNA
with
AMPure
Beads
(See
note
#5)
53. Add
50
μl
of
well-‐mixed
Ampure
XP
beads
and
60
μl
20
%
PEG8000
1.25
M
NaCl
54. Mix
by
pipetting
up
and
down
several
times
(See
Note
9).
55. Incubate
at
room
temperature
for
15
min.
56. Place
on
magnetic
rack
for
5
min.
57. Remove
and
discard
the
supernatant.
When
removing
supernatant
do
so
very
slowly
with
pipetman
being
careful
not
to
take
any
beads.
58. Keep
sample
in
magnetic
rack
and
add
900
μl
of
freshly
prepared
80%
ethanol.
59. Incubate
for
30
seconds.
Remove
and
discard
ALL
the
supernatant.
60. Repeat
steps
58
and
59
one
more
time.
61. Let
the
beads
dry
at
room
temperature
for
2
minutes.
62. Add
45.5
μl
TE/10
and
pipet
up
and
down
several
times
until
pellet
beads
are
completely
resuspended.
63. Incubate
at
room
temperature
for
2
minutes.
64. Place
in
magnetic
rack
for
5
minutes.
65. Transfer
44
μl
of
the
supernatant
to
a
0.2
ml
PCR
tube.
Post-‐ChIP
analysis
66. Use
4
μl
of
eluted
DNA
for
with
QuantIT
HS
DNA
Assay
Kit
(Invotrogen)
67. Run
5
μl
of
input
DNA
on
a
2.2%
agarose
gel.
68. Use
2.5
μl
DNA
for
qPCR.
69. Use
10
ng
for
ChIP-‐seq
library
preparation.
Notes:
1)
It
is
highly
recommended
to
use
formaldehyde
from
16%
single
use
ampules
or
freshly
prepared
16%
formaldehyde
from
paraformaldehyde
(see
protocol
for
preparing
16%
formaldehyde).
2)
It
is
highly
recommended
that
you
try
a
time
course
of
crosslinking.
Different
proteins
crosslink
at
different
efficiencies
to
the
chromatin.
It
is
also
possible
with
some
proteins
to
increase
the
efficiency
of
your
ChIP
by
using
a
second
crosslinker
such
as
DSG,
EGS
or
DMA.
3)
It
is
critical
to
use
these
specific
tubes
from
Covaris
with
the
appropriate
tube
holder.
It
is
also
critical
that
the
tubes
are
filled
completely.
If
your
sample
does
not
fill
the
tube
add
extra
Shearing
Buffer
to
the
sample
until
the
tube
is
full.
4)
To
optimize
chromatin
fragmentation,
during
sonication
remove
25
μl
aliquots
of
chromatin
at
various
time
points.
A
good
start
is
2,
5,
10
and
15
min.
Each
time
adding
an
additional
25
μl
of
shearing
buffer
to
sample
to
keep
tube
full.
Add
75
μl
of
H2O
to
chromatin
aliquot
and
proceed
with
reverse
X-‐linking,
Proteinase
K
treatment
and
purify
with
Qiagen
MinElute
column
according
to
manufactures
instructions.
Elute
with
30
μl
elution
buffer
and
run
3
μl
on
a
2.2%
agarose
gel.
It
may
also
be
helpful
to
assess
the
integrity
of
your
epitope
during
the
shearing
process.
To
do
so,
remove
5
μl
of
your
sample
at
each
time
point.
Add
25
μl
of
H20
and
2
μl
5M
NaCl.
Incubate
overnight
in
hybridization
oven
or
PCR
machine
at
65˚
C.
Run
10
μl
on
a
SDS-‐PAGE
gel
and
Western
Blot
with
an
antibody
to
your
protein.
5)
AMPure
XP
guidelines:
a)
Make
sure
that
you
achieve
a
homogenous
solution
of
the
beads
and
PEG
by
pipetting
up
and
down
a
sufficient
number
of
times.
b)
When
removing
the
supernatant
after
the
binding
step,
I
remove
all
but
5
μl
with
a
P200
pipetman
and
then
go
back
a
carefully
remove
the
last
5
μl
with
a
P20
pipetman
unless
I
have
a
lot
of
samples
to
process,
then
I
just
remove
it
all
in
one
step
with
the
P200.
c)
When
washing
with
ethanol
the
beads
stick
to
the
wall
of
the
tube
better
so
you
can
remove
the
supernatant
more
quickly
and
less
carefully.
However,
I
make
sure
I
remove
all
traces
of
ethanol
by
going
through
each
tube
a
second
time.
d)
At
the
elution
step,
when
transferring
the
eluted
DNA
to
a
new
tube
it
is
important
not
to
accidentally
carryover
any
beads.
I
carefully
look
inside
the
tube
as
I
am
pipetting
up
the
eluted
DNA
to
make
sure
I
don’t
accidentally
take
up
and
beads.
Then
I
look
at
the
eluted
DNA
in
the
pipet
tip
see
if
I
can
see
any
beads.
If
there
are,
simply
pipet
the
breads
back
into
the
tube
you
took
them
from
and
wait
a
few
minutes
for
the
sample
to
separate
again
in
the
magnetic
rack.
At
this
step
it
is
important
to
leave
at
lease
1.5
μl
behind
as
it
is
not
possible
to
remove
all
the
liquid
and
not
take
any
beads.
6)
This
protocol
can
easily
be
scaled
up
or
down.
The
number
of
cells
per
ml
of
shearing
buffer
should
not
exceed
5x106
according
to
Covaris.
Fixing
Buffer
50
mM
Hepes-‐KOH,
pH
7.5
100
mM
NaCl
1
mM
EDTA,
pH
8.0
0.5
mM
EGTA,
pH
8.0
Fixing
Buffer
with
1%
Formaldehyde
9.375
ml
Fixing
Buffer
625
μl
16%
formaldehyde
note:
this
solution
must
be
prepared
fresh
and
used
immediately
Lysis
Buffer
50
mM
HEPES
pH
7.9
140
mM
NaCl
1
mM
EDTA
10%
glycerol
0.5%
NP-‐40
0.25%
Triton
X-‐100
Wash
Buffer
10
mM
Tris-‐Cl,
pH
8.1
200
mM
NaCl
1
mM
EDTA,
pH
8.0
0.5
mM
EGTA,
pH
8.0
Shearing
Buffer
0.1%
SDS
1
mM
EDTA
10
mM
Tris,
pH
8.1
IP
Buffer
0.1%
SDS
1
mM
EDTA
10
mM
Tris,
pH
8.1
1%
Triton
X-‐100
150
mM
NaCl
Low
Salt
Wash
Buffer
0.1%
SDS
1%
Triton
X-‐100
2
mM
EDTA
20
mM
Hepes-‐KOH,
pH
7.9
150
mM
NaCl
High
Salt
Wash
Buffer
0.1%
SDS
1%
Trtiton
X-‐100
2
mM
EDTA
20
mM
Hepes-‐KOH,
pH
7.9
500
mM
NaCl
LiCl
Wash
Buffer
100
mM
Tris-‐HCl,
pH
7.5
0.5
M
LiCl
1%
NP-‐40
1%
Sodium
Deoxycholate
Proteinase
K
Digestion
Buffer
20
mM
HEPES,
pH
7.9
1
mM
EDTA
0.5%
SDS
TE/10
10
mM
Tris-‐HCl,
pH
8.0
0.1
mM
EDTA
Figure
1.
Time
course
of
shearing
time
course
for
HeLa
chromatin.
Six
15
cm
HeLa
plates
were
grown
to
confluence
and
cross-‐linked
for
5
min
with
1%
formaldehyde
according
to
protocol.
The
final
nuclear
pellet
was
resuspended
in
10
ml
of
shearing
buffer.
1
ml
was
sheared
under
the
perameters
described
above.
25
μl
was
removed
at
each
time
point
and
processed
as
described
in
Note
3
(above).
Figure
2.
Western
blot
of
a
chromatin
bound
protein
after
Covaris
shearing
and
reverse
cross-‐linking.