Paper tation date: April 4, 1979 | Planning and design of the Aberdeen Tunnel ML. Ts,2 Tate ds 2 Date mates ‘The LIRS tad predicted that the Aberdeen Tue] route wos ery move thn half the (986 Crow ead Sion the ter mor route tei Fofulin Roa tnd MCA cared out fhe fe sates e197 taking at ‘ns the LTRS 1986 peice suming no cost ‘ sehce gowih and ompiston of te Mos Tera Rainy System. However moda ite LTRS fethodology wee made in sven way ote prt by to he Atrden Tuned soos of font ae to sist mor reset loans and te td hig sting” (0) The umber of tai anes wae eee (2) Te" pelctors of planing premiere were ought pdt, (9 Te iy aewock wae bough wp de, ued on then fiir the predies o 186 Sghway lt were ie Ore important dane in upating he igh ero wth zal to PHD propos cre ae ne wos ‘nsieration ofa sand cromigg of Vive Haboas a She eastern harbor ae wel atthe western cong proposed by LTRS Sepateanalyes wee performed {5 abe 19 cover he oct te ti, Te tual locaton of the econ eoaig atv found el, any effec the fre trl demand pede for pe ‘Arden Tue ‘Ass col of ch further suse the pedi 1986 wow ow tough Abeien ‘Tene! wt 30,000 22 Thmel xpacy The purcholagia fect on dives eneing uae het ‘en cbse by seal vsearhers Sone have fauna reducten "in etal lane esacity wot hocge ‘inpnsating fare which sly ing can hve ‘lfc i well ope og ane. Suis in the Uled Str and France quote tunel Spices of teen 200 a 1800 pu, ene pet our under gee road and ding eonlions orang there. A well deed andi tno cold be epee te hie pacity athe pper lit ln the ety mote ongeted cones in Hong Kong, wr owe” vel oF Ser ace appropte, for the Abert Tune! ‘bao eapacty of 1900 pec pet lane per hour Sod tunnel dein eae of 1.500 npr Soe weaken The owner Ngue was used for dah he veston system and fr the lana though ety hi he Ine ge was ed consiteration Orono he "onnelpuael aes outs 23. Mage deg anda la accordance wh the then daft PVD Manes of Trai Engen Standard,» sgn ed of kn h at chosen fr teu. Uae eof ice ‘ening a requed, md 9 verte earner SS tort the Datta sea accord wih standin ode Enropean practi a fow kar profile wat sopled nde, {2 mite ae Gten fet cote td 3 Improve capaci an ety. minimum o Sa clenane Mon arg er 978 from kerb to wall on one se md 030 on the othe, erag ts 30 ergy wakony, were ced othe teste minimum dimension cone wth ound eae ‘gneering rate whist ising contusion cot 3. Prtminry iets nds coniions 3 Gomera ‘De basi algnmen ofthe popsed tune! had been sublised by the LTRS and he conus Boe was 1 dy the feasbly of + tole dual gery ote eaneting the proposed exenon of Cal Rend Plover ihe north en wth Wong Cha Hang Raa nthe sou. ‘Assi the tel gue wa there fay wel eine Hower, sme Toa ex Hal exid in the pos the pra funnel ‘lgament twee in" war ‘obviousy Important to pay putin stent to theme spets osu the advanaes of sort tuonel wih the ss ‘tsficton goles condition A compteensve site Inston progate was efor, cre ot dig pation oe Fey uy, it by examining wha geological de we vali, thes by vital examination pose signers in the fio ated by the eximisin of sera pote. ‘ero, aed tna by eellng td ctaining cre spe. ‘The dent ana ine watered tothe poral eas ‘908 olla oles were riled slang the ove st pots wich hee nee inition of posible greene Protas Examination ofthe clour wil photographs sugested tha two major watercourses, ming orth id sath ee the cena ria of HongKong and ost par othe Proposed unt! aigament, ee pologealy. cartes {nd mig czy fault ones Arne proposed. toe lyment was ters both ai & very oute mle any Potent! Tal might poate “diet nnd onions in exch toe o's dita f thot 100 tes The bores. an sae. polagal mapping bower, ‘ahhed that ie seat wee cotled by ¢ wel lope st of arthouth segs New te south ora tere were a umber ofa her tones, wih 1 ‘maxim ld of 23am runing slang the lint of the Scans and atthe north the sumac ran fom the en dg past the propose ate of the oth port) ‘opened te be cntraea by aes of cemiely Zinte up to 3 eter wie. The. ata’ ha o> era the sen of the grate that t Sem dhe ‘ost oof the weakest matt so be fel bres by hand If tone encountered inti woud be ‘pct hat sgueaag conan cul ovr and Beaty Tunnel sippote wal be eed, Fall ts of the geolapa condons are gen in sec 6 32 Sout porta Toe south portal area losis on he Soret tonne route tem Hippy Valey wer stun ithe wie, at aly it below ary ug Roa and thout Bh ore Is Ineoxction with Wong Chak tang th tna ‘oye wee poor thle aa obama ‘infomation relent te ground condone a unl level, ad to enible the test scl oso of the petal fo isle,€ Amongst sereat poral loons and conespenting tunnel sipsmens inal conaiee, two prea, ‘ksguteé 1B and’ 2A, were found worthy of dtd livesgaton, I choetg the Ca! port! eton it as Inport 1 etch the extent sad ate of he ott Gownd rough which the tne! apne. weld ensrqunty have to pas. Fuchermote, i the He {ke wee were centualiedby a major lt 200 a agian tte on te probleme of neling thongs sane Sood emt Tocaion 1B and ls suodted tunnel algament were rere "Je bogie fe ean Progam snes tunelig ander seas wes act [ole andthe portal appre rst ran sound te ee tf the Mt alley towards te Woes Chak Hang nterchage fs, allow + Tare ope ae tte wet for ose Ir eiational ot, Dlligcommencs cise ad Fig, 1 Manon south poral, SES ‘ling tec fi pot west 9 100, ‘Snolimousy, cling cononced a losation 24 whet 'eoctuntew’ rock appoint toe! Inert ‘The leegh af st around tunel gue ath oeaton ‘We esmated fo be abou! 40m anit the seme tine, SBrfice poloeal mapping dpelnd any double tha te ‘team crosing onthe alert sted wit loeton 2A ght hve tee the ate of pote fel of mar Spuieanes, Wit information arer eiing a Soneetted i eater ower, cing. nbquet unions with Goverment departments onthe gusston ef nd sale ‘ey Tor the Poet, mee spreied ha the ond sgposces to © portal at lenton 2A would seiuly ‘Met Sth Sn Wot ond Gas Wat ages stusted ts Valey. Fuser audi Indested ats wile configs ‘in of aprach roads cul be dened fo avo the Cente of toh thse hovel sige spots Dut uch inlet etna eit ofthe portal cero that of he ‘tial. oculo IB. Fares “mvesigaon. wah ws had ot ins weaned the feesbliy of tach a location, ate with some of th reaped techn dssdranugetetoned above 353 Nort port “The pie lostion of he north pot situate in the (Golo Comet at Hipy Vale, was sey governed by the mgurenens for 2 smote fw Sat te (Ca Rod Extent, Borehole were sunk Setsta the proposes petal and Lower Siabbr Rnd fo detemine the snl properties sed ‘eck ptofle.Toe principal ine of tex wat long the ropoted cone af the tons ih caches bene rove to tne invert level on rhea th cette of G6 ‘stern tne. The. posdons ofthe bashes were {tefly ated to ghia he most bfomaton from he ‘ite imam datnce athe cot. Salen | | le, — Pe 4 Tyla tection tough south port34 Cena ripe ee Shrew nk ang ine connecting two potion. ctu fh a depo tunel, EE" tpn, the boc wee otc do to fuente bt wee termina sre dane sot {Soe me Ae somaya gop fae eg Ivette, Beit ofthe pence of conde dept of weak sted ante ste ofthe bre en at fen tddng asi ow toe agent proaieny et fasta A forte bbe confaned thts wet tons of aed ante cult be expected to be scounered along ts eed signet Ade ‘Heidt tne algnaest oud rhe Tustin dle ond, ith te ams of ee pane ang the tls ty ate ge Te ncn he oh ce wae be nt nat 513 lo, whet te bowed aignnet ated loge of eh tbe by on Sth wt in {ie eet fis woal bay’ econo tet ‘wong Gaouph heared son Te apes say acpi 4 Further vestigations 4 Goat ‘4 smec h ben selected which provided the bet satibe “tunneling coodtns compstble ther ‘tins, However, che temaed = umber of seat ‘hich wold rece partie ttentin ‘The inkl eld estate Ha adie that 80% of ‘ee nel would We lected in fre mae pate, 11% ‘i low jie vole, 6 ix were aie the sor porta and 39 i eilieed gun montane athe ‘uth portal der layer of sopewh td gh watertbie (ete "Fie 5), "Ths the wom tobe paclaiy ‘Sresigated wee the pec extn of westice reite st the north en the cage and conten of te pant ‘emi and vleanifmontonie tris nd toot ‘24 condition of the weitere ronacie atthe south ee. Engin and consuuedon suthotes with expetience f he Tal of underraund conection ae gece red tat Suck proses se ely to pase nore ‘etal poten arte mony efi ngotece 18 Hera Kor ain ach 170onstruction and bung work. the fates cae the fricues we dened for condtons whith be Tere, and there preter canbe Tt Sova for (teedon 2d toice loadings 29 that wean. ‘eetced to's minum. Art peel toes unerale {is wil oly scar the Fudan abtroean putsof the tik Inthe ex of ewan! or sin ondeound uctre the le oF the constuction mort, both tempor sd rane, a eu out Sodio which cant be ith apt ssc ae ie a te, Seite the mon cael preliminary inet, “The exact nature and exten! f he poopie stata ‘hough whieh the ttn woul pst pth doen tstmited ely by extrapolation of ace ae inmate svc invite woul thefre 0% be posible with dis degre of knowledge, to etarmioe accu al the guiates of primary oppor ested, rau + lige coatigeney st fo alow forts anceiaty. The shire of att condone type of clase ty the Condes of Contact tobe ud ment a tht tenderers ould almet erally plete rater high eet “Oeoer ie iss paced pe them In aeton toh facts Ks propose to uie certain piace ofthe New Atta Tumeing Me! (ATI inte design of the construct, and for ht 4 ws esl to determine fly varus paameets by ld measverent. Dende of this despa agpreh the fegied parame, and their spfiane te Ses ste ‘Poe lata in Seat 6 i was eefre recommended and speed that plot "unt should be ecated slong he abgent of on of the Sinn tuber 42 Por nme “The objets ofthe propo let tunnel imestgetion {) Determine sesuctely he ature of ground ondon ht woule be at rng the anu ton of te main be (@ Obtan te nessa fuck paameters for detaled ‘eign Uching ims ction tte vpn (pound ses ld in Betermine. mote sews the extent of rock ‘ypeh and ence Init ‘pee Sad excavation "echlaue hich woul be ined was deeded tat he pt noel Should die long tue propoted tlgamest of te norte bound ber is ake speaete be coset the vee of emily thee ante whi were tobe aed if pole: Eng ‘ox to short spec ston, the plot funnel wa oa ‘odie noreaheecssancton 2x {Sa “To ene plot tel was tobe poly mapped in seus pert he rook nat tote segted intone fn to tatn "te exact lenge of ea cat to be encountered nthe wocirbound ube Ta aden to tipping the extent ofthe vanaur eck "Opes spect eon would be pl to mapping the oftaon ad ‘pacing of the icontnules and any see aheraion of To locate the iteries previuly mentioned, + 340m hive com the wort) ane 2 tm de from ta sath ‘oul sufi Acorn tenders wee eld and ty 197 contact forthe wodk war reared to Garman (ik) Ld Work eammenceé weedy end te woth éprogened anooly. Condons it the decomposed nite woe cht exgcted and oat noir to ‘Scoentnl st pou tanning ehniqus, atthe south ent However, the story war ey erent Alloa adel doposs overyed the composed Imomonite wth "sey alleen properties om mole decompose” rane. Bot these neta were {heraty toerspeed wih boners of concer Se, snd thse fst combined mith he presence of igh rite able to prodacecoaons which indeed {nteling by comeronal telsgue impose the ‘sce fasion ound testnan "at sstinston of compere cite incatd that spt ning rtm sey to ae et Feng houg the decompord soni, woul Sone est equ th cot of Convio Se throu th whale ofthe rst mu, eitout upping che fe amount of sgifeant sua. This ster cour of in nas hee afope and cntst nas mate with the decomposed ‘montnite from wit th ewenoed orden adn sane" (em Srakthouph The ‘pproxinate lotion of the vadous pelos! fetes Bower bythe pt tone re shown a Figure 5 43 Choi pou re “he exprcae ged fom the plat unl dive athe south poral ndeatd at some form of specie rend {este aig use wold eget reap ‘helene neue of thet te, together with ‘wpogphtl estan, rece serous conection of "HE Ue of creed i The min rquement spor te be to reduc ground wat inlow a te Tce Ye et herby alice stably could be enced 10 ‘ow comentonlfrepaing techni 10 be appa. ‘at considered that mage wster mone whieh ot ‘lel might be conceited at the interface of he foloal ta wear te materi a3 he tention aone between comply wentheed tnd eth me Tih the expected extent of sft round tuneing ‘mo the hie before compesat ocx wat mt opt ihe unceainy af ehevoyttelctony pound ser Teweing wha te jonted rack at the mentees Inert, pumping. loner rected, Sone form a trot tertnen war ain equ len te pare ‘oumstaee ard sue of the ground, shen tng ‘ater tha freeing wat indeed. Lite seal dat Ue fect of emigre oa Hong Kong vl at te tthe time. Sucre ts ed been eo te pots cnrecton with th Mase anh Ti ‘ham though the ature f thi sates wes hot teeta tthe coluvm aod ceased orzo now Inst, Asal contact nar ower eto Bachy ‘Soltis Group fr te consactin o's sate south oda ex ‘ate 13m donee ws suki a itabie action to 1 cepih af me 13 meer wih ie top 6 mets hag ‘nen peo insted ith ow vist som ete [Deas he Tube ences pend “he Conchsions om th vet wore thatthe ecompoted menconite was geousble with low vey ots neta th bl goutngtcqs5, Desi of he portals Fe was conser tha the dius to be epete at ‘Ge south peta oul be wel insted inte contact oetnent and that uate meats fo orereome these ‘eats Saude wpecties and ile tn sone deta ‘Accordingly the rangement swf ies Sand wt Fay deemed. [A exten open eat was propos to enowe much of te colli etl, and to emblesacns Cling for eral grouting to be pole over the ait OF the ‘eft rand ton ens, ‘A contuton dope of 1. hv to 1.0 verte with Tm high beaches and wide Bos wth su Ans vas specie. Te et would hve a mace hl ‘of sound Som. Te upper Sench wold be excavate fe fetlviom, te next ne or two benches tug te fellvm’ asd fe $ read! wll of SPT (Standnd ‘Peoetatin Tes) of ls han 8D, nd dey th ote ‘ple of benches into denser rendu so of SPT gestot ‘ar $0, 0c weathered set to hardrock ofSPT peat tan to, ‘The wet son waler thle wis expected to be socountied at approxmstely 3500 PDL or at sbost nal the dope hight (ssming te conten slope ‘Wes cad owe to 1890 9D) Te dry seen ote tle sald be enconused 3 tom dtp It war Sov hat {oman sabilty of the tape ll, te wer te ‘ould hae oe lovee. “The des and pecticaton povided for sbefce Switch toTOVEX water explosives performance Ain ta ago S't the odontal, 20 gon 20 ents, ove fn pr bch ed an exsiton provers, Petonied PVC pipe wrapped in fier eid vs fo Tane-dlameer (2m) pinged drainage wele were specie on fev cnes along tke ben athe 3600 PD seckng plan. These woul be deep over he nae {nd Tom cep eee Sanwa extnsed een oth $e ft ct fom the 3600 PD tench oan clon a 20.01 21.000 a te belning a the sppoach ct wae lawned tat ths wo ines of wale dang the Se would te effete nding the colli conte, petty folowing heat rane tnd as nado th lca lev inte red! ail nd poe pat of wea rok Te spaced ta an esas tontiton cold ext ee lover ptf Ue hide were the fas of the il wat ty sed land ave, ad the ai source et and wate pes we fe the me pero {ace tthe nesbered rock firth ck contact. Plowing ‘als, is rane cold have saiy inetd plzomestne Jel cau of Se cntnly nan pol deen, where ‘anu be shag by tration nse thn coi ‘eal cove. nd the periph of the excavation were ‘shee i sypeed that in onder to ‘bls the sie deer an exci bt. wd be Iosary not ely prone pod muface iad shallow ‘brie dria tu fo Sig aowt ager owing ot {he wate tel win he moe pease weird eck fie rock contact sone Toe well were to pete at lea 0m off tok orto extend at leat in below ‘telnet vel. By preventing the developnest of at Piccsionshearing, BIPRNanniafeLTOVEX speticay spat pesntngesatleyou SSoumresncciaheeceutes 6seep ten dens am ed al ‘Ender ppg ofthe Bato ofthe exceation Would Sevredued ot lainated and soft pound tunneling sien eoajnction mi he chemi prong "the spponiate extent ofthe sof pound grouting relied how in Flues 3 and 4. The specs ‘Eaued tt the method of ieetoe ole whe a Tube ‘inet’ prniplewith the volin at of jectn, fd grostng penne #0 be aed a onan it feaclica of mater being, grovteds Te enach extent Would be Setemined by eres of borhole locsed ttn the zone of pouting and te aceuacy Of tht outing determine Wy the veut of iS permesbty {St pedomed at vaour dept within tne boreholes, Based onthe result ofthe eel pou et ine 5 een bentonite sn 25% heel out by Yolne ‘as spelled, suck thats ea Sm f fone rut over woulbe preset foloning exe ofthe tunel eave 3 tigee of iil ia ve i of 285 of tug! immediately behind te porta ‘itu and Slow te 36.00 PD orkng ptf: mat ied sha mp som. Te weet rua ithe ted wat @ sotspecited in ceva ut was to bs opened by tenderers ia 4 ceaiuston of the eit dope to te 1590 PO ach furee semis! grouting thoughout the ve blow Be ‘36.00 PD elorm; or tulle hentngs combined th tlhe of thee methods ash at approses woul ow Tenses toute para shou for wach the levis ‘xpevente rex equipment was mot ited oliag completion the portal aurea gels and depending on the mth ited bythe cotaior for ‘eccrine 28 mgt tena te whl of fe fopen cut excavation woul te baci tthe pre Shown in ius # and stably neapes, 2 Nort pera With the considerably mere fvourtle pond eon ion exiting a the noth pn and te ees of uneling experienced with te alt tue, ¢ wae not conieed rear to spec deal meined of portal eb ‘en Furthermore no roma westent was eed for ltd temporary open cet wat eee Tes nsaner, weer, the slope nate arama fo 10 realy with suace preecion by cna ony and Be sbence [Fs hgh water able no bans dee was ee, ‘gin ch completo af Ge. poral acts. sod amnesrment ‘of tunneling proper, the slope auld be tek ad easeaped oe previ etal conten, 6. Dai of tel rst 61 Goneat For te design of ny underground stctue within paclr ype of mater ie fundamental tht the fipnerpeies the verpae of thy rn ands Intersten wit the sapporing snd suroudig medio To achine thew sins, bts the ses dtibton ted t all these nd safety features. Explosives Products The Jardine Ko Engineering Corporation, Ltdsurrounding aerial must be known. The method of Gnsurton ted the ques and dere of pplication of the apport areal eal. Fortis purpose the degn of Aberdeen Tyan! as Invohed the pines of medereBoropean tunel, Techniques, extenave ld examinations of the ous {ologl cndltons an te evant of materi dese Puoetes, The setter of peameters war general Sine om Isboretory tts on rock tie nit Sela messes fom ‘he explntony pt tne Seer computer programmes wee ind fol te suyig olga rock Opes. otrenona late Eentinooas program wat adopt forte completely ‘eromposeé mar eising at the por ind for more ometet cock lated alg the marly of the une Jeeps The evaluation of appropiate modal ning is appro dif nt present such fealty. For the more Jott rook ypes 1 mechs Sint pope wae re In tls progam the effec of tesa tees sch ab Jolt tite and Heteropety wore ude. Thee See In tum made the meni ad scien of Sei Panneten mere aiff. "The conte detormation of ck tas x esl of tunneling ad the Fowl of luda on temporary a permanent urdeground. apport ar porta for fe ‘conomiecostvton. Te base pratt depend oo {be cnsirction method aed snqenen andthe glo enditno shough whith tuonel Sie, For he Seen {arf the pomechanil pects af the conection Die have etn modeled onthe pci of Avstan funengwcalgue in exene the ethod rakes of {he ppt avaliable from the rounding cack mae 9y Pie 6 Type goto fom pt ane! eee | the insalnien of an aly spport consis of hotrte 2 fk al Tis ppt rede net the extent oF ‘wealoang epeened by deterring mod rand the ‘revo. Os sts eration the on apy ofthe Fock I arproredané the nd onthe a lings oS Boe eifcet an esnomietinings ren onitoag of rock defomtons during etal tana onto ska exenti 62 Gea! merreaon ‘A torough roll tnestgation eof utmat Angora in aabliting puremtre wach ow ‘oleling ofthe galgy a he tonsa the mas flied cones "Te inl eld svestiatcn fr the proet compre ‘magpie of th face geloy, bere exploration by ott bong ad dimond ding aed am refraction Suvey. From te plot tno the extent 204 postion of {Ge decampoed onze sad othr rock cota! sonet and toe ith pose eifeties tobe expected the ‘ha anes were precy ei Wit he pt une! being varus rock mechanics, ‘ens wee carted out to esalsh dose panes fr tit arog rsh eyes Smbary the gelope joing ond Western character of the tases mete logge ‘Sst inthe caiention of inal Tunnel supper ort ‘ae, Sa To hae own Fae 6 “The thw ilvnt rock iperwere encountered with varying ees of chem luration apd weathering and wee classed a grant, gute porhyry and sjeiel ‘Monzone. The ge ie a pute ook cing ‘Stel of aa fear and quarts with papel 20 Hong ang ew 1272sftenpsteat The quire porhyty intaie vocal ock featane plenccss of sures nd lake feepar a 4 frying poundras. Manzoni + grmaar poe ‘out eonahingapprosintly equal aout of ones {nc pagans ane smal amount of qos With ta ‘hang the gectatage a snatant tere the ck “fi bans cxhibied vning degree of weathering ‘om ple topic, he delat of which contre byte Jon patie i eguency Thee i generally ‘ton is eatheing th inceing dept frm the ‘fae rom te profs produced fmt owhol lose fic rte he pole of the fresh rock nde flow teporapiied| stares i the aren bt can be local Infenel by the greece of ale dpe (lt ae ‘Tae morzrite western 3 sia hon to the pa. ein sacra cen or costed th waving ck sis of aay font miners nding leo, ‘qt, ate, day and cre, Cle ncomon bath the pres and the voearc,The presence of cle at so prst tought the rok a rele vt wat ‘ery appreat ine wenity of the golgeal contact een epee nd vei @] "Fron thle sig td falieg head permesblty ete cared ou in Horholes ser Both ovale it wae tet ‘eefcents of ‘pemeahy (6) raged ftom 10" to {O-eme, he inter sae Ding more pede south Sint, the sauedester level in Sotho ear fie sou poral owed hat tbe tunel ‘would be ‘icote blow the gouiater lve! thoughout he ot ound exceation which confirmed the seed Tor wel 63 Tiel erin permet From th fil nesgation program, standard pent ‘sn an permenbly testi sll Gund and water esate mearemeats ork pve eatin of {St and rock properties adon cuties rock core ‘4 undiried vol pe ce ecvered tnd se of Ithoator et perform Wt eget fo rck crs the te fs Cras coe sate ported ruc of "Sat aip and see ofthe eck oe whieh, one @& inte toe omelgsment, allowed poteatal weak seas to ty teaifed a9 mabe elimina tore Spor toe deve "A hee parca eon within the pt tune! the sicturagology wit cetemined ty maui te ip fed sie” of tesous Jose sui Tn dats eet then veggie aio To ghe tail mee of {oe ofeataton. A toga’ of WE jt spacings at ocd ope amtaie othe spat deibuton of ese Jt ella elution ow propoed tunel Alo eae thee toes, sampit nee scored ad. ptslogal tats peifoomea The rene of thot inves capinevion with ater ftor texted tht the pe es coure gabved wih beteing byeotermsl me ‘Sl 2 the plot tose vanced fom te north po The sastial els of ke unis vnooeied ‘compression tei gfe You's Medulu for the rte of 1330 3 OMEN /m ad forthe wleanis of S20 1OPkNie? wide Poisons rio iz 030 and O26 reper Urey. The enteral compresie eng for be baie 758MNg* aed fort oleae i appeon Finely LO3AhN/ns te sna sgn wee SOND nd €2MNIn® respecte Tis informant kent representative of the Stet te witout ay ont ‘Meant 1S umber Of specie ont were sete and sles recowred for taboos) testing. Dut hoes ength ‘als weve etrmened aig oes st shar ypu weve, tefore the ser fore wat spied ae norma sess of the jt wat determine by seeing te onal cpicement tthe jt fo eth eee the oral load. The shar sffet in deternined by ‘reacting defers respon to shea fre, Once {pha wceinee the ale of 9h norma shes for ‘wee recoded Dilton wa measured by noting he nesta ‘pleemen! perpen ote sip diction. rom it the rlatonsip between ele of ition and dston wet eine ‘Shiomie wavs lng the tno se ao pesfomed nd the rests compared with other simi tveter of Simbu vegans Some vets wee to aoe on tome intact samp of the rou rock fo sorwats sme ‘ude with other abonton tet on sop fr sang Tor compu stm veloete with tock nes. Intl tech fe tren ected sts nine Mt jack "ee performed Fam the rent of tha tee Imestie of the saidiectonal alae, modal a etermind and the insta ses avay om the urn of the pc nl evalse, Theoret othe at jest eer eea sieAddition insta stress mesiemeats were pesfomed ving the Leena el. Ths wt econ stn hich teases the sain vllved when the eo wish nin he sala mater vecoed town in Fue 7 (Ores the tok uaounding ieee ser eve hres 2 concotn ba f ai e ook modula ‘heinaty sess eealy eae “he east ods oad from the at sk seed ses wal 2070" IOFKNIn) wt he eed “Ain he val f the ata seme ate tthe At fics and Leeman als sgieed rasbly wel Of reat Importance was thatthe mine Leeman one indicted the onion set penesally be ti agen eae 1 the vena! soe Alo the Lt ease en wat fourth te norh grt, grater tan the compte ‘eurden ses, we 300 fom the neta port te tnt ses was lowe than he computed orpuren sss ‘and the hoczonul ste was equ to tie ver stem, ‘nthe soft grand section of te tunnla th pris urbe sales were obtaes to st othe peed ‘of sang wport and asoeted peemetr forthe opt ea excitons. Pom te smal aries bortory {25 to determine padigs, atl deaty, ete conte, shes, vag pnb modal fo al es, 64 Seeton of rane! shape ‘he steal sernces esque for + toe ering two tafe lanes late that te afi et be tant 1m eosseetion wh the jr axis hoon Aft. hile shoped rst tel woud induce vey Ki tes Eeneenatins im some test of he tne! pespey at ould orertets the rockin compre I eon, ‘emble tena ses would be duced i othr sess hich would alo be key to coe rok Tale snot [ied ook has anat zero teri seet However, depending on hee the vernon dct re sed note fourbe shape, sch ttn, lip, ‘x Bore ahow sped, can be schewed. Spacing the tos "unre abo impowan sie i hae been maned Tha Sica nares inte indced areas ogee athe ‘otk when thy separated byes than ont el Shnetr. Sindaty thre elaine enpsed othe fonstution specs ef the tance Th moe sree ‘hod shope was chan Sr shown Hip. 65 Desnantue ‘The stably ofthe exons snd the dein of he oa once lings fr Aberdeen Tunael wee nay sing the numeral modeling ‘ecigus of Fe “enents forthe valour reprentthe gelopal tok lypes and decoroted mater san te agent. The former types wer bined by eae of mates ‘hin pt trol ‘Using ths method, sts editions én asocinted sacemesis were rated att Tent of mneliog thin presesee materi die by the in see fel the rock wets thee ia esis wee dough {0 hve been ease by then, pry and tectonic Fret tad wee predcd by the i ses mesures ious exe, Sindy, the antopi dete ope ofthe ateals wer pelted by the exes ‘Romeshancl ening prog undertakes Tae sot 22 Hoa Koger ren 072 {pound scons then se wen sly eb by festa the overburden seme ance ffm om ig Deprdig on the nature f te meals sone the pment the rok mut was motled a coonwm Cir iar "orton Octet, or whee {eplasi a + eicontnuam fs wh he bears ot let joints set tos, rtaten, eatin, nteock tod cher ecogealPeooneet” wer consee Geney the beat athe Josted Tock mate ea Iota montium povided Jat pangs wee all fxnpaed with over Simeson af te exci’ ‘leately I he rock waz mao Fly decompose ‘Ms in evey sane equim conions, wets snd, the aayar Sway promted + lowe Dot ‘Shion, and there # tafe nn pedton of exis, Seer and mowenent. 65.1 Decristion of he te eoment methods ‘wo bale types of compute prope wee used i he seg, manly ihe. continuum areas ard the dco ‘uum sale and are dein’ teow terme Ot Uiplaoepeat methad a ite elements, 65.11. Como anayie The golgel mats tobe soled x continua or si ide nt numberof way shaped parte regions known semen to fom agri Whee st Sonetatons ae Hy to osee, fr exarpearound ‘pel scavaon rin the Ung where ee stent {fadans occu, then clement re yoed slwe topes Thee element ae aso aangd to neeomnet 3 Jos, todas sah we felored to ae mode Teenie Wot, termed the ld varie we the placements sha he pid Dy ig stable poynomie che dtbuton of the pcm within an lesen ad te compat ‘equesents a the interface between mens canal ‘speed in tes fmol van wich than become te ‘nepal vanowes, Woe he bovnuie f lmera st eed ty ar lly led Pramete ypes. Pains ot ‘ital wore ae then employed to develop the faite ‘ent equtans wich elated he dl daplacecets Se conepondig sen modal verry or nodal forces ‘ich ae ately gant fo he bounty a int Seton he eet Tt elationship provided y te eo led propey snsra wich bd Othe mail propertis te {Bonetie properties ofthe wlament Fnaly there ne flenent feats ae asenbled to forms sytem of Serle uation for the ates pil lem. Toe ‘szown diplucements a obtained ty saving tire ‘abr equation. From the naa scents te ‘Sonia vatabies was suns an sin or meee Sobeabaned “Tie contin Gite seat grid eed for competent ‘ack shown a igre &. A sight medion was made {Sts i forthe ste esund rly, 65112 Dicom onesie Whee microcracks appt fom sink, jolts and fale tay have profound effet on te defontiona, repose, fed datsbuton and tedatustion bana otthe ok mi. The macros ad dened intoms of the ont Se sta Sudesh ‘omega ney ante “er ste Bil wil» cotinine iuncton ‘teen th sine and dicey came gt pede i han op sd Soon ate toh te tate nc nal Sete the maroc Tevfow i eas oe ‘anata tuned gd nd ‘be “nee ‘Snares wih lost pees se roel cacti that te motley os Emponesten te comps, On its ne dal fe tot ms ipalisnt se Compton madi of he ie method of solution to the problem is much the see the pcp sr for contin mye Showg'a dite pi tet er howe in Pages tnt piled progam Ge tics iin ts cachaton a eneed Sentero ht pede SE hl top bet mai at Ts Fericndy ingot wince lowe prams a he Sito he sageh ‘pendent shee Sno the gS apepion af see ope 6 Desi concept ‘The design concept for Aberdeen Tunnel hat ben th the sem ef itil suppor he mob capi te strung tel andthe final ones ing etn ia ate fe perme ppt the we 661 Contmeton epee of iil mel ppt As prviwly sated the dimensonig 9 the i spor and al coer linings or he varus papal ‘ook types have been based onthe ddan pins of ‘aodey Europes graten, The New Auth Pueling eked (NAT) iho sloped wes not ected toil beer of he wrocrgeclopesl tod Santas Uiniaios asad with the Smplomentition of the ‘mehod in Hong Keo. 'NATHC is elo the pice tat i ie desiabl 0 take the uta avantage of te sapacty oF te ook to ‘Sippor i, by seal a dletely controling he fot nthe iatutent prowess wich taker place in he Steud ook alec exertion fe. eering to Figure 1 tbe oming capac of he ctr ach ear be dace by the r= Gr) cre tra Sarat of th typeof rose andthe inkl set ition wish determines te gone sess tte Iivedor In campetent rock the tama compreane Seng of the mater axe te tng order Sets ring during the ste earesrant proce thd feullbstin wal ecurfellowng relately minor ‘ormatons, Atel, whee te yok hat ieee yal propria tone! suppor ie reqae, te ‘jee of hich fea function oe amonnt of td) ‘Bomaion of be excaaton, ‘Wi deformation the bode sree decree ak te tatu ofthe ple 2ne(R) ices how in Pius 16 ta abe testa rath sere (Pile Sh, sestane i mold. The recuse ail son eum by aplanton of ial nme! oppor ‘crest any ling tea Be bores zoe owed to yi pasty. [Abe itt of te suport acon cure a he (or ~ G2) cue, indeed by Post Ate Pig I6, ‘tli wench fo the rsecve suport nen tele dee of shot, eochonng and ibing von. cis pata esr of the NATH at te inereton ‘lay akes pace an the decndg bth ofthe sane ‘wt the avenge that shoul he ppt pry fal ‘ew equim sate wal be enabed” without any, ‘acon stenghecig as aut of ering the pt invention. "Te cononal soe he lower pent rot ‘ling below the inn ote cere (Aan) sce Tollewing this godt detrimental lating comments, ‘ht cnteadanalnneling methods on ts eter hand ‘ae intestine uly teed onthe cence Fig. > Contin analy. Typ pace ter plot Following essen into orem Eger 199333branch ofthe (os ~ 6) came, WI ny fall, the ite Seton plat mews to he ght and he inl post Feces 2. the sporting ete hat be ‘Seto bore tomer eying eps. sowing conided deinen when cack and Asus open in cha ay tt sock no anger pe ot comeyog shea and cree sens. The wight of the nod a ey slo ei {oprot whic inoue» conning a teesig oad the nine "Foe ptr of NATAL were Incorporate he Aeonatlyse proces by menipslatng wae neces the tau gromecanial pat paranee, i prs ‘he ‘ate modab. To prtent te phemon of Provreattelossing coring under acta is conde Scr and to cies the mina sper al posse plhoned and convled ail monty progam ie ‘anchor fests dunaed tesco 6.6.2 Bxomation proces end stably As ret of excaatig for s wna! oc ay other underground secure etalon of hea ese Fels ecers such ag ta eatin equim nthe ens Bin. The depiee of esebtion of ens futon (OF the rece rock mls imminy ace tote ‘exceation cued bythe slopted consrucion need. ft the rock tation th fn we advanced by comenton bistng methods wing eiliecona delat and in te 08 roond by mulipe eating ehniqus. The extent of Tecsning tht uealy occu wi bes mini inte a ‘of contolee bsg and 2 maximum ofp fo. ae Sianetr wound the exanaton in the sft pound ae Tollway the concepts of the NATN, Hower, te entnt of oes model in the compute har n ety issanes been recused sgufeanty on the ane hat Oe inal apport to. Ge aloped walt prvetexcrche ‘tricatn of Oe nat ml. Roc ling and sai ‘ppson of sotcete dow to the fe a ihe rok 1, 10 Contino ents. Tyla! prince ves oiot Fetloving ctaaron of lining vt rod seston: wi tee ts la the Gel we for che sot ‘pound, blog i conjueion wit soe and ly touted tlt wil do lhewae, The fly groted pare {bit ground bats wil be lsaed om» paren Dass to ‘omer the eosastion of ound mmeditlysjacent {othe exertion and to prot sppage ogre js fie decompond mein. Archi ao promotes ‘ei se loony toe betwun the tat te Dole ‘athe ha lng he ager an ofthe nro. Refering fo Pluses 9 ant 12 the ses retstbation roots ir cently hown by the ponapal ses plots or fever plot deed bythe fink ment sues Tor competent ad ted oc eyed) ‘rom the migitude and eeton of te principal stress lott pera noted, on exratn, thet te toundsry ‘angel seat ety inne or dota, depending ot th eatin on the tae! pole ano te maps ofthe ntl eas, whe the cal ees desea at the beenénry toa vu eqtleat to he applied il Tsubty was sowed in seme eae when de magnitude of the tangata atest wertnied to Yat WHER ‘costed tn vias of he urconfaedsompresive Seng of the materials The was parte evident ‘here the rook was usd, fue octane wate. 1 tims ofthe move paca rls of Us exec, ‘mcoendans fo the varus ook etgoie ere mace {or the al tun! sapors, consisting of shot, rock bots and are, Where isay continued to osur, Songer pattem ook Watt cojuacon with stotet, neray had the effect of prong sufelentconfing reir to prevent leapt of te crown er seal ‘swat modeled effective by sng improved rock sodul over hee far at the expat of te losing one Lame scent toe exvation Ti ‘ieoumed"bowe, ceemutes one of the pinaplet of ‘stn omeling techies. "a hob Basta Testo ck samplescre rom) the pot tunel, De ork aay imited tense song want Fig 11 Bacon fits Heme et € €LOOK \ AERA a “eh ivi Type fore "pot ‘in oeed rock (Betis ‘siete ice chau eorepc ‘ype and queer of iy fom he above the ppleation ofthe aia support wae specie ete wings otesmain rs ‘Too pouibe-exueme cue exit a thes, the ‘xaos sipping ain merely competent a both of the above suatons the enceptus dein of the Engh bee hat th onset Ioneats the lnlng Wks mee deened secaroght ‘ig covertionaletogs. tn Fre 13 he Unig foes tie show diety i ir sced teem Whe scsi tron 5 te iver, einfceent we pele, Whe comstrac: Hon jolts occured pase Hager wee ua compre to the mas, she rok tine Eng eve mange dane and ‘ite 30Gmay thick wit some tnfcemect. Howes, Horan 57838Fe 14 Ground rection caves ba etme (Qn st omam oo pe sn ment 8 con Fig 16. Muliplerod exesometer inert fering tender dicusions an aRtsate unenfovced ng of 00mm’ theese acexped fr the tot Bat rook wets whlch cana of 150 tonal length Seewal sel was, ower, lied fo the Te empetn! rock. Force sll prod setons te lag Simeon athe see wth varying dogs of ares ‘went dependag one efectve tine earn, The "uote ststions a showa in Figure § for competent rocks ited tek snd at ground with te ete bt pat eguemeste 7. Gecmeshani eect ofthe consti phase Geomecanis sot of the more saciid pet of ste “sepervan ons mor inaling projet Te coneoed deformation of + rosk mamas walt of ‘ueling andthe knowlege of lating on enerey aad esuce eps pat ae agra fr we “he fle of eomecanis to be stopted dng the onstton phe of Aberdeen Turn! ted bon 1. Geotecie montoring ‘The sore near and sonnets in coniueton ‘sh ie computer have done much to alt tae Ges Df underground tts Hower "e” same ptacellatsnons. The SSsmpas In elste theory fof example ta he mae ‘otropis may i fact not be tbe cane the fit nar ay the mel bev play adjacent tn excton 3 predicted by NATH. Slay ofien dict t rtrv fom the eld leprae dein paraeters raul by the Weare [everties, thee tere coupled with sound eine ‘hdament hate povided ivaable fomation onthe ep of te Abeoeen Tune Uns sng trom 12) thin economic ning. competent ack though te ‘Poletely reinforced ingen the orl whee groune elton exe dia Tw oder to tink thoy wn pac i necesay 10 Init il mening progam whe the onto, ‘Belt te wed to coteborte dei prctns and entot ‘contraction. nthe inter icmstanee iit file Go detect tunnel formations and took ett Prete before they "Bese aly “appre tnd “To aioe these alas two groupe of nttsmens wl be wed, Toe ft stu competes Insets desoned ‘eau rock mass telortion ety and tie cond [Boup to manure iter Sey or lel rook rest Preset arin oh sited suppor semen of ache ing 1UL.t Rock mas deformations Conegence mers davies sas the change Ia sec between two menaring ole owed int he Fock ‘a or lining sr stow a Figure 17 by aking eating Yirousdheettos ax shown in Figure 1? and aout {oes the cevie slows x pla datacton of mtb nd Sethe mas hve th sch vy fom own, pti oes From ihe tov nteunent bolt ales of mented Sefarmton sere as 2 heck appt theately ca Inte ves. Taecaleltegwloe e extemely aussie sie thy fun extentions of dipleenents prior fo Sensation. If the meisiad dspneeste ste geet ‘an te prediwed valet unstable rock mate coadions sa pra “fe fasdty of the exertion Is seed fom the fomston rea. Salud reo formation fceur untule™ ound. conte, may be occuring, ically whet the efomatoes how 10 ugh of Sabian aftr the exeanon ‘ice har alvaned wal Sem Be meas satin, For sh ease feteton forthe Woda lows fore instalation of ona intl tonne sport. Rees Figure 17 ort ‘pial montrng sation 11.2 Rook mass pressure “The sytem to be ued for monitoring rock mass ‘ere or ining pesues vil be hyraleGlota le ‘ie, ead ins ojurton wih Sonex id ‘rtmsaniee sedis alow an tsps of te ‘Nrictd inerction ofthe ror nil a ia Hing Spon. "fe hydrate stem wed and he procedues for ‘meting both ingen nd rah stones vous Ieeto a the shoteret ol corte ning se shown ‘ypealy in Figre 7. The method af opraon egy tele he pumping of hyde fd 0 toe ee. Once the purpag peste egal to th exer pesure ‘ting on te als ue Mow veered onthe device Towing which no fart presue cree canbe G@ sorted. system agra thie cc Is sownin Fie 1 "rom the presire cll eadings, stets concentrations ‘used by people eects may be vestigated. General tte iracton of the sacral super and lelag conamy fs estiaed by two bonnde of deformation ithe ig deforms etceinely an tg conte Petree ow tea the sipor ty be to ele ad ‘Hook be ssTeed by exes srotcre ot eling Senay ie"cntctprstues ie anecamabiy high ant phase ‘eh ear ‘An elect iateock sytem connects the two 11KY spn Sl crn oo oto owes wil eft the compte tae seo fot Th fearing spl eit ln the wally even of fare ot Sot ‘srly oct, emerey pple wos be runtaned by Ted om sat bak Geel cetney [velar snd wo nota 84 Tat eatecton Ato vite tected fom bie ving rough he tue andl taon wil tenn ote cuth oral ofthe tue, Beseonemaed ia eonet Ee expected thouipat of tal taeston and {eleston syste, Tacs we tobe promed foreach ireton, Hower, the tee est booty wil te ped to dow revs ow rook ero two ‘ents lansing # maim f sn Tanti any oe Section The ote ne x dancton dese’ to ‘Slemmodte naw vtec ‘Css of oncome eis and callecto of tos le by ean ll otng procedures a the India ol tote nef npn manly By acting epee font sn oper peel. Boy ti ote rs eed fm ‘pening pellet We contol este, The te doa ‘cd int poser ad en te ete eqn, A “a ‘uoeet_eeaon 20. Type este for iil mt support eng Komg Ener 9 20‘pero contol al ol eateeton operations fm the ntl ceie and pene with th al of CCTV sal atl ‘pase on wih al tesa incon nd Procedures we cise ‘he proctor ears for the folowing fancies ved ‘ith tol cotta procedure (0) Aculton of ipa data fom the exh, wel the date from loop decor et (0 Bruton offer acount. A pestont i envied coma infomation om the caters oo duty, sar and end of te ‘umber of tl line td estin off, Seal {itoa ide by the cue, te Sal doe toe ‘otal oll rere, numberof proce ics a reputation of al encel penton I wl alo be Pesile to ewate te neceunng of cad $tton om «longer ped ot tine (Uy Toe “elution of trate titles, providing {sfomatien on wae ow sid compotion 2 ae, for ti eve of 10 mins ped Sot ete er ‘hide wet moneh yet, (0) Check of pls uipen ‘The fonctong of Sate equlpment of the tol lisa vl chectad by te procor td sy ‘eign epee by anor er, 8S Tf sete & conto! Ip de to rates efentopetion of th ioe ‘acy id the ey of he etn us bat ws the the! ance immediate apron bemivesuneilnce and convol atom nl be meee Six TVcamerat peruse! abe wil be stalled 3060 ques over toupee tonal tafe contanonee Fin aldvonal ener mounted ‘a1 Soon {ESL pl of ete tng no the eee ‘ong. A Svc Jo detec nen astomatealy i aad te Sport the CCFY emit wil bee tg doce ond RBS defined econ rough tat wile ee Inoue lop deci ‘sted inte want hoe, Intra, Fore deca ne Sproeh rade oe ‘evlatd fr ti tien sentation canal pags, Previous mention me rai convo! achieved by tae dns within he ‘woe ean by uate igh, eet sad ct Son the appends he sgulpmen bang eat ‘hough « cinta pocenr By tmp the ond {ate The TV monion ada dap of he tee, th coatl images oa spe sa sp wl ee Strevioe fo ean « cite piu of the een, iui and "to inpenest 9 mentee aha ‘hg the ae iaton wo demand eshicl operation ote dat and ip wl so be ‘leche by she proce, coring fale Seg egos cy avs emergency ston, niches with fr as and eightngequtmest at wall a lepton ae ovied within the eas fr the pul nd fe ers, The mths and the efgmeot wil sho be ‘ced leone nd sty niche in we can be Buscly two contol pncesting syste wil te asd One syste wi cote and er te eet 3 og ange 978 ‘zllecon proces, whit the other woul be response {or tal turelane and contr, ie atated ven Inn conto and rdware equipo selene or both anes’ ahiey constentone weft lnporne. To meet thse conser, the proceat nis ad esental perplnae sch exter seep ‘suse, liplnors and put datos, wl be Supleted and ether ater wil pene a © tndhy ode, witeby one set of poctne and Sent erp acts ahead, and "the oe et sandy, sy ote oer et ay ane it ay te ng 86 Admination and connol bg The in sdinisvaton and cont) bung wl be situated betwen the southern post siocuesAiougs structurally independ, ae btn dep ee ge ‘hua fe poe i oe ew les pest with he ren sloping hse of th Won (Chk ng asym art's imprest othe buling ‘own on front coe. ‘The bulge dese on tres ll with the wpper ‘wo fom having det asa tothe nate Doe Of te otal Sects on whch ae house the enti fre ‘hs, wound oor tel wil somes ete) an Imehise intenance fcr, mtlhops td offers the send floor contains gneal nite facies ‘ch acount oles, canteen, was wl othe {90 oor wil be te man cunt rum, procs oat, st speriendent' fees, Referees 1 Sg sad Zesiovice (1968). “Rock Meshanes Engesring Pact Iohs Whey Pret 2 Janes ‘nd Cook (865). "Pardanentals of Rock ecan, Seance Paperbncls, Benkewi, O©,Vallappan, 8. snd Kg, LP, tess ‘Arabs of Rocks No Tenson Matt Ceoeconons, Vali, 1968 7 2 E F i : e ‘Buman (971 Names! Apo tothe Mechanica of icontinu’ Ph Ths, Jes Conk Unive of ‘North Guten ast, 6. Raberwit “(965). The New Avstian Tunneling Methed, VI7 No 1.1335 he utr with thank te Dict: of Pate Works, Goverment ‘of Hore Kone fer ghing fs permission fo rece poper hums ea Cue fe aur ase set ect leet tcl ‘golgs Mi. Nile (8) sa VoD Ss Valispan of the Univerty’ of New South Wales foe hs lua astance with computer prog ee ‘Te, rity Hydromechnis Rewach Asoction, rani, Bedford, ae pablus the poses ote ‘cond nematic eympasum en Deore Tesnsony, which wat hid atthe Texas A and A Utero Nowe 1977, the sto pape nd deus cost USE@8 (pata extn « €