Experiment No.

5
PERFORMANCE OF HEAT EXCHANGERS

1. Objective:
1.1 To demonstrate the effect of the flow rate variation on the performance
characteristics of a counter-flow and parallel flow concentric tube heat exchanger.
2.Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):
The students shall be able to:
2.1 understand the operation of concentric tube heat exchanger.
2.2 determine the overall heat transfer coefficient.
2. Resources
Equipment: Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger
Contact Temperature Sensor
Laptop
600 mL Beaker
Stopwatch
4. Set-up

Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger

5. Related Literature

The general function of a heat exchanger is to transfer heat from one fluid to another. The basic
component of a heat exchanger can be viewed as a tube with one fluid running through it and another
fluid flowing by on the outside. There are thus three heat transfer operations that need to be
described:

1. Convective heat transfer from fluid to the inner wall of the tube,
2. Conductive heat transfer through the tube wall, and
3. Convective heat transfer from the outer tube wall to the outside fluid.

Heat exchangers are typically classified according to flow arrangement and type of construction.
The simplest heat exchanger is one for which the hot and cold fluids move in the same or opposite
directions in a concentric tube (or double-pipe) construction. In the parallel-flow arrangement of Figure
18.8(a), the hot and cold fluids enter at the same end, flow in the same direction, and leave at the same
end. In the counterflow arrangement of Figure 18.8(b), the fluids enter at opposite ends, flow in
opposite directions, and leave at opposite ends.

A. Concentric tubes heat Exchangers

B. Cross-flow heat exchangers

 Alternatively, the fluids may be in cross flow (perpendicular to each other), as shown by the finned
and unfinned tubular heat exchangers of Figure 18.9. The two configurations differ according to
whether the fluid moving over the tubes is unmixed or mixed. In Figure 18.9(a), the fluid is said to be
unmixed because the fins prevent motion in a direction ($ y$ ) that is transverse to the main flow
direction ($ x$ ). In this case the fluid temperature varies with $ x$ and $ y$ . In contrast, for the
unfinned tube bundle of Figure 18.9(b), fluid motion, hence mixing, in the transverse direction is
possible, and temperature variations are primarily in the main flow direction. Since the tube flow is
unmixed, both fluids are unmixed in the finned exchanger, while one fluid is mixed and the other
unmixed in the unfinned exchanger.

6. Data and Results

Counter-current Flow

t (min) Th in Th mid Th out Tc in Tc mid Tc out

0 28.1 28.2 42.4 36.3 36 51.7
3 30.3 30.4 64.9 50.4 48.8 55.3
6 37.7 37.9 91 60.3 54.7 56.1
9 35.8 35.7 75.6 58 56.6 53.7

ρH = 0.6 kg/m3 CpH = 1.996 kJ/kg-K

ρC = 1000 kg/m3 CpC = 4.187 kJ/kg-K

Power Power Power

t Eff % ∆T1 ∆T2 ∆Tm U
emitted absorbed lost
0 - 0.0171 64.4798 - 64.4969 14.39% 23.6 6.1 12.935 4.985
3 - 0.02994 20.5163 - 20.5462 22.34% 25 14.5 19.276 1.064
6 - 0.0638 - 17.5854 17.5216 33.74% 18.4 30.7 24.028 - 0.732
9 - 0.0477 - 18.0041 17.9564 23.28% 17.9 17.6 17.750 - 1.014

Parallel Flow

t (min) Th in Th mid Th out Tc in Tc mid Tc out

0 29.5 29.7 50.5 45.6 42.2 28.3
3 31.8 32.4 79.3 58.7 56 27.9
6 29.4 30 69.6 56.7 54.2 28

ρH = 0.6 kg/m3 CpH = 1.996 kJ/kg-K

ρC = 1000 kg/m3 CpC = 4.187 kJ/kg-K
 Power Power Power
t Eff % ∆T1 ∆T2 ∆Tm U
emitted absorbed lost
0 - 0.0251 - 72.4351 72.41 9.70% 1.2 4.9 2.63 - 27.542
3 - 0.0569 - 128.9596 128.9027 25.98% 3.9 20.6 10.03 - 12.86
6 - 0.0481 - 120.1669 120.1188 18.53% 1.4 12.9 5.178 - 23.21

Calculations:

𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝑸𝑯 𝝆𝑯 𝑪𝒑𝑯 (𝑻𝑯 𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝑯 𝒐𝒖𝒕)

𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑨𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒆𝒅 = 𝑸𝑪 𝝆𝑪 𝑪𝒑𝑪 (𝑻𝑪 𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝑪 𝒊𝒏)
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒕 = 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅 − 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑨𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒆𝒅
𝑻𝑯 𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝑪 𝒊𝒏
% 𝑬𝒇𝒇 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑻𝑯 𝒐𝒖𝒕
∆𝑻𝟏 = (𝑻𝑯 𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝑪 𝒐𝒖𝒕)
∆𝑻𝟐 = (𝑻𝑯 𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝑪 𝒊𝒏)
∆𝑻𝟏 − ∆𝑻𝟐
∆𝑻𝒎 = ∆𝑻
𝒍𝒏 ∆𝑻𝟏
𝟐

𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑨𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒆𝒅
𝑼=
∆𝑻𝒎

Trial 1 @ 0 minutes (Counter-current Flow)

𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝑸𝑯 𝝆𝑯 𝑪𝒑𝑯 (𝑻𝑯 𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝑯 𝒐𝒖𝒕)
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 = (0.001)(0.6)(1.996)(28.1 − 42.4)
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅 = − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟏 𝑾

𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑨𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒆𝒅 = 𝑸𝑪 𝝆𝑪 𝑪𝒑𝑪 (𝑻𝑪 𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝑪 𝒊𝒏)

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = (0.001)(1000)(4.187)(51.7 − 36.3)
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑨𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒆𝒅 = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟒𝟕𝟗𝟖 𝑾

𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒕 = 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅 − 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑨𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒆𝒅

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡 = −0.171 − 64.4798
 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒕 = −𝟔𝟒. 𝟒𝟗𝟔𝟗 𝑾

𝑻𝑯 𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝑪 𝒊𝒏
% 𝑬𝒇𝒇 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑻𝑯 𝒐𝒖𝒕
42.4 − 36.3
% 𝐸𝑓𝑓 = 𝑥 100
42.4
% 𝑬𝒇𝒇 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟑𝟗%

∆𝑻𝟏 = (𝑻𝑯 𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝑪 𝒐𝒖𝒕)

∆𝑇1 = (28.1 − 51.7)
∆𝑻𝟏 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟔

∆𝑻𝟐 = (𝑻𝑯 𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝑪 𝒊𝒏)

∆𝑇2 = (42.4 − 36.3)
∆𝑻𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟏

∆𝑻𝟏 − ∆𝑻𝟐
∆𝑻𝒎 = ∆𝑻
𝒍𝒏 ∆𝑻𝟏
𝟐

𝟐𝟑. 𝟔 − 𝟔. 𝟏
∆𝑻𝒎 = 𝟐𝟑.𝟔
𝒍𝒏 𝟔.𝟏

∆𝑻𝒎 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟗𝟑𝟓

𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑨𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒆𝒅
𝑼=
∆𝑻𝒎
𝟔𝟒. 𝟒𝟕𝟗𝟖
𝑼=
𝟏𝟐. 𝟗𝟑𝟓
𝑾
𝑼 = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟖𝟓 𝟐
𝒎 °𝑪

7. Interpretation/Analysis

The amount of coefficient and efficiency gained by using counter flow and parallel systems
depends on several factors including the flow rates and temperatures.
8. Conclusion

After the experiment it can be concluded that in a parallel flow setup where both the hot fluid
and cold fluids are travelling in the same direction as each other will still cool the hot fluid down
by a considerable amount but is not as efficient as the counter flow system.

9. Questions

1. Draw the different types of heat exchanger and identify its industrial applications.
2. Derive the heat exchanger effectiveness equation.
3. A 1-2 exchanger with one shell pass and two tube passes is used to heat a cold fluid from
37.8 ° C to 121. 1 ° C by using a hot fluid entering at 315.6 ° C and leaving at 148.9 ° C.
Calculate the ΔTlm and the mean temperature defference ΔTm in K.
4. Water is flowing at the rate of 1.13 kg/s in a 1-2 shell and tube heat exchanger and is heated
from 45 ° C to 85 ° C by an oil having a heat capacity of 1.95 KJ/kg-K. The oil enters at 120 ° C
and leaves at 85° C. Calculate the area of heat exchanger if the overall heat transfer coefficient
is 300 W/m2-K.
Answers:
1.
a) Shell and tube heat exchanger - shell and tube heat exchangers consist of series of
tubes. One set of these tubes contains the fluid that must be either heated or cooled.
The second fluid runs over the tubes that are being heated or cooled so that it can
either provide the heat or absorb the heat required.
b) Plate heat exchanger – these exchangers are composed of many thin, slightly
separated plates that have very large surface areas and small fluid flow passages for
heat transfer. Advances in gasket and brazing technology have made the plate-type
heat exchanger increasingly practical.
c) Plate and shell heat exchanger - combines plate heat exchanger with shell and tube
heat exchanger technologies. The heart of the heat exchanger contains a fully welded
circular plate pack made by pressing and cutting round plates and welding them
together.
d) Adiabatic wheel heat exchanger - uses an intermediate fluid or solid store to hold heat,
which is then moved to the other side of the heat exchanger to be released.

a) Shell and tube heat exchanger b) Plate heat exchanger

 c) Plate and shell heat exchanger d) Adiabatic wheel heat exchanger

2.
3.
(𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐2) − (𝑇ℎ2 − 𝑇𝑐1)
∆𝑇𝐿𝑀 = (𝑇ℎ1− 𝑇𝑐2)
𝑙𝑛 (𝑇ℎ2−𝑇𝑐1)

(315.6 − 121.1) − (148.9 − 37.8)

∆𝑇𝐿𝑀 = (315.6−121.1)
= 148.9 𝐶
𝑙𝑛 (148.9−37.8)

121.1−37.8 315.6−37.8
𝑅 = 315.6−37.8 = 0.2999 𝑆 = 121.1−37.8 = 2.001

𝐹 = 0.875

∆𝑇 = (0.875)(148.9) = 130 𝐶

4.

𝑞 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 )

𝑘𝑔 𝐽
𝑞 = (1.13 ) (4187 𝑘𝑔−𝐾) (85 − 45)𝐾
𝑠
𝑞 = 189252.4 𝑊

𝑞
𝐴 = 𝑈∆𝑇
𝐿𝑀
∆𝑇𝑚 = 𝐹𝑇 ∆𝑇𝐿𝑀
(120−85)−(85−45)
∆𝑇𝐿𝑀 = (120−85) = 37.44437845 𝐾
𝑙𝑛 (85−45)

For FT:
120−85
𝑅= = 0.875
85−45
85−45
𝑃= = 0.53333
120−45
𝐹𝑇 = 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 0.84

∆𝑇𝑚 = 0.84 (37.44437845 𝐾)

∆𝑇𝑚 = 31.4532779 𝐾

189252.4 𝑊
𝐴= 𝑊
(300 2 )(31.4532779 𝐾)
𝑚 −𝐾
𝟐
𝑨 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝒎
10. Reference

R. Whalley , K.M. Ebrahimi , Heat Exchanger Dynamic Analysis, Applied Mathematical Modelling (2018),
doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2018.04.024
 Technological Institute of the Philippines
363 P. Casal St., Quiapo, Manila

Experiment No. 5

PERFORMANCE OF HEAT EXCHANGERS

Aquino, Justin Giohann G.

CHE 409 – CH42FB1
Sept 13, 2018

Engr. Efren Chavez