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Ui\IIT III TINITE ELEMENT METHOD

l What is meant by X'inite elemeEt method?


Finite element method (FEM) is a numerical techaique
for solving boundary value
problems in which a large domain is divided
into smaller pieces or elements. The solution is
determined by assumiog certain polynomials.
The small pieces are called finite element and the
polynomials are called shape functions.

2. List out the advantages of FEM. Agrl po-6 a.,t t


l. Since the properties of each element are evaluated separately different mate{al
properties can be incorporated for each element.
2. There is no restriction in the shape of the medium.
3. Any type of boundary condition can be adopted.

3. List <iut the disadvantages of FEM. lrf,(l Hr:t 1- \ \


1. The computational cost is high.
2. The solution is approximate and several checks are required.
4. Mention the various coordinates in FEM.
1. Local or element coordinates
2. Natural coordinates
3. Simple natural coordinates
4. Area coordinates or Triangular coordinates
5. Generalizedcoordinates

What are the basic steps in FEM? tb1j/, -t .--- >--- 1


l. Discretization of the structure
2. 'Selection of suitable displacement function
3.. Finding the eiement properties
4. Assembling the element properties
5. Applying the boundary conditions
6. Solving the system ofequations
7. Computing additional resulti
6. What is meant by discre tization? k@l r<'5 %'bg
Discretization is tle process of subdividing the given body into a number of
elements
which results in a system of equivalent finite elements.

7. What are the factors governing the selection of finite elements?


o The geometry ofthe body
o The number ofindependent space coordinates
o The nature of stress variation expected

PREPARED BY S - Tech (A6r)


AZH AG ARS AMy lti\.
ASST. PROFESSOR Deportment of Civil Engg
8. Define displacement function.
Displacement function is defined as simple functions which are assumed to approximate
the displacements for each element. They may assume in the form of polynomials, or
trigonometrically functions.

9. Briefly explain a few terminolory used in FEM,


The various terms used in FEM are explained below.
o ' Finite element - Small elements used for subdividing the given domain to be
analysed are called finite elements. These elements may be lD,2D or 3D elements
depending on the type of structue.
o Nodes and nodal points - The intersection of the different sides of elements are
called nodes. Nodes are of two qpes - extemal nodes and inbmal nodes.
o Extemal nodes - The nodal point connecting adjacent elements.
o Intemal nodes - The extra nodes used to increase the accuracy of solution.
o Nodal Iines - The interface between elements are called nodal lines.
o Continuum - The domain in which matter exists at every point is called a continuum. It
can be assumed as having infinite number of comected particles.
I Primary unknowns - The main unknowns involved in the formulation of the element
properties are known as primary unknowns.
o Secondary unknowns - These unknowns are derived from primary unknowns are known
as secondary .unknowns. In displacement formulations, displacements are treated as
primary rmknowns and stress, strain, moments and shear force are treated as secondary
. unknowns.

10. What are different types of elements used in FEM?


The various elements used in FEM ire classified as:
F One dimensional elements (lD elements)
) Two dimensional elements (2D elements)
F Three dimensional elements (3D elements)

I l. What are l-D elements? Give examples.


Elements having a minimum of two nodes are called lD element. Beams are usually
approximated with lD element. These may be straight or curved. There can be additional
nodes within the element.

PREPARED BY s. AZH AO ARs AMYTech (ACT)


l,it.
ASST. PROFESSOR Deportment of Civil Engg
Basic l-D element l-D element with 3 nodes

Curved element with 3 nodes

12. What are 2-D elements? Give examples.


A plane wall, plate, diaphragm, slab, shell etc. can be approximated as an assemblage of2-
-elements.
D Most commonly used elements are triangular, rectangular and quadrilateral
elements.

Triangular elements Curved triangular


element

Rectangular and Quadrilateral elements

13. What are 3-D elements? Give examples.


3-D elements are used for modeling solid bodies and the various 3-D elements are
tottahodroq hexahodtoq and cuvod reotangular solid.

PREPARED BY S.AZHAOARSAI Y &l.Tech (ACI)


ASST. PROFESSOR Deportment of Civil Engg
14. What are axisymmetric elements?
Axisymmetric elements are obtained by rotating a l -D line about an axis.
Axisynmetric elements are shown in the figure below. (

15. Define Shape function. /tft I l&X .!'11 1L6' t


Shape function is also called an approximate function or an interpolation function whose
value is equal to unity at the node considered and zeros at all other nodes. Shape functiroS is
represented by Ni where i = node no.

16. What are the properties of shape functions? 1sar hz"1 ;r.:st
The properties of shape functions are:
a The no ofshape functions will be equal to the no ofnodes present in the element.
a Shape function will have a unit value at the node considered and zero value at other
nodes.
o The sum of all the shape function is equal to f . i. e. lNi: 1

17. Define aspect ratio. re"61 #*q r--" f


Element aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of the largest dimension ofthe element to
smallest dimension.

18. What are possible locations for nodes? t{c) t 2-"' 1


The possible locations for nodes are: "'-'*'
' r' Point ofapplication ofconcentrated load.
/ Location where there ii a change in intensity ofloads
/ Locations where there are discontinuities in the geometry of the strucfure
y' Interfaces between materials of different properties.

19. What are the characteristics of displacement functions?


Displacement fr.rnctions should have the following characteristics:
o The displacement field should be continuous.
. The displacement function should be compatible between adjacent elements.
. The displacement field must represent constant strain states of elements
o The displacement function must represent rigid body displacements of an element

20. What is meant by plane strain condition? I Hs1 2€\I


4f
Plane strain is a state of strain in which normal strain and shear strain directed perpenaiorta
to the plane ofbody is assumed to be zero.

PREPARED BY S.AZHACARSAI Y rlA.Tech (ACI)


ASST. PROFESSOR Department of Civil Engg
1. State the methods ofengineering analysis.
There are three methods ofengineering analysis. They are:
1. Experimental methods.
2. Analytical methods.
3. Numerical methods or approximate methods.

2. What is meant by finite element?


A small unit having definite shape of geometry and nodes is called finite elernent.

3. What is meant by finife element analysis?


Finite elernent method is a numerical method for solving problems of Eirgineering and
Mathematical physics.
In the finite element method, instead of solving the problem for the entire body in one
operation, we formulate the equations for each finite etement and combine them to
obtain the solution ofthe whole body.

4. Give examples for the finite olement.


1. One dimensiornl elements: (a) Truss elements.
(b) Bar, Beam elements.
2. Two dimensional elements: (a)'friangular elements.
(b) Rectangular elements.
3. Three dimensional elements: (a) Tetrahedral elements.
(b) Hexahedml elernents.

5. What is meant by node or joint?


Each kind of finite element has a specific structural shape and is interconnected with the
adjacent elements.by nodal points or nodes. At the nodes, degrees of freedom are
located. The forces will act only at nodes and not at any other place in the element.

6. What is the basis of finite element method?


Discretization is the basis of finite element method. The art of subdividing a structure
into a convenient number of smaller components is known as discretization.

What are the types of boundara conditions?


There are two types of boundary conditions. They are:
I. Primary boundary condition.
2. Secondary boundary condition.

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ASST. PROFESSOR Deportment of Civil Engg
V

L State the three phases of finite element method.


The three phases are: I. Preprocessing.
2. Analysis.
3. Post processing.

9. What is a structural and non-structural problem?


Sauctual problerns:.ln structrral problems, displacement at each nodal point IS
obtained. By using these displacement solutions, stress and strain in each elemefltcan be
calculated.

Non-structural problems: In non-structural problems, temperatures or fluid pressure at


each nodal point is obtained. By using these values, properties such as heat flow fluid
flow, etc., for each element caa be calculated.

10. Why polynomiat type of interpolation functions are mostly used in FEM? frtrlv'a 9Fg
The polynomial type of interpolation functiors are mostly used due to the following
reasons:
I. It is easy to formulate and computerize the finite element equations.
2. It is easy to perform differentiation or integration.
3. The accuracy ofthe results can be improved by increasing the order ofthe
polynomial.

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7

1. Introduction

ir::
to finite element method

$'initr elernent metfuod w*s origin&lly developed in the aircraft, industrylo facititate a
rofinedanalysie of cornplex air Ii'ame structures. Though the procedure was develope<l as a
mncept ol structural aoalysis, the wider basis of the mcthod makes it applicable to a variety cf
6old pmblems *uch as tieat eortductic4 fluid flo{fu"dro etasticity, diffusion-convection, math-
f
!iqs, q .tc, ia additiorr tq $tru6t*ral analysiH, In gencral, this methcd is applicabte
problems where a variational formulationdf the physical pbeoomenon is feasible.
:, Thq basic eoncept ialqlved in the finite ele$lenl method is that every skucture may be
eo$idercd to bc an assemblage of a finite number of individual structural components or
d6menls. Tlre*e elemenk c*n b* pui togethel in a number ofways aad hence they can be used
irr represenl exeeediagly eomplex geomrtries. In the analysis ofan elastic contiauum by this
method, the eontinuum is idealired as an sssenrblagos of two or three fimensioaal olements <rf
p{sper $hspo, wit} a finita number of intcrconnections. This appmximation of discretieotl-o& is
purely n{ a phyxical naftre and there oeed be no ap$o$imatiob. in the mathematiea} asalyxis

eiemixt method permits the incorporation of stch complexities as roa- homoge-


unear dat€rral
; rlon linear nratei{al bahaviour,
linear'rrtat€i{al dy:amic loading,
b6lt&vlouf, d]mamlc insitu st:'ess
loadm& msl&u stress condruotl"s, arh!
conditiorls, arbr-
ries. diaeontiauities a*d sther faetors thst csltooi b€ reedily h*Ddled by elosett

ffnite di$erenee me*rod, the goveming{iffertnti*l eguatio*is disreti$ed;


mcthod, the phyeical body or continuum that tbii5titutes-ftu Bjiir'teil iii
discr*fised. In birundary elemerlt met}od, only the boundary of ihe body i* disereti*ed into a
+.urgbqr ofsqgrEslds m elemsnts. Of the many ways to foniulate the properties ofliadiridual.
€Ieqlea&, one is the vsriational appoaeh which relie* on thc ealcukls of variatitns ard.in-
ealves *rs :g*lisigqtio4 cf a funclionaL For prohlerus in solid meehatrie, the fundional tut'tts
out to be the potential energy, the complementary potcntlal energr'or some derivative of these.
Aeccdicgly, *i1qle.q!e &veral 1'*rh which
ui*yp broadly clnselffd as
1. The displacement approach
2. The force approach
3. Thehybridapproachand
4. The mixed approach

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/l Cc.T Dhr/rEEcc/1n N-h--ah--+ ^a al,,il E-^^
2. DET'INE TERMINOLOGY
(

p/cnrs: The inLerfaces lretr.,,een the elements..

!$e m*y

,/.
uirknowns

3. Define the basic procedure in Finite Element Method. XrSt 8r,* 'r-6')
- -

.1.

eorr€spotding ta a
, i.bat {61 *{ft]{P}:
4. {}6tiiaiheal*iti**t

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Dn.tcEcc/1rt F\^_-_4*_-. ^J.:.,:t tr'-^^
^cc'r
rit:*s arc us*ernbled !o geu{.,trte t}to sf,ruiiltir{: stiilness nratrix. lIn nrost
the sizes of elentent matrices are in lhe range 6 x 6 to 40 x 4B- Slructure
natriccs cnn be oisizes ranging from 40 x 40 to 2000 x 20001.
timlo:y eon<{i{.-!ons.l Tlre sLructure lbr which we generaled a
ostructure stiff-
4
atri-x' i}1 ste p S is just an assembiage ofelen:ents, Iro; yel attached tti the ground-
rso pul it on the gxound. it bocomcs a bridge or a dome or a &amc-a -real
;tructure. l"iris |ngolves imposing the e6rrdition that dirplaggruqqts . et some of the
stnrctue cc-ordinates (iu'Lroducsd in slep 5) touching the.'gro!.!nd1:-qre.ej$rer zero or
rustricted to a finite value. Tirc sr.r.rui" stiffnr:ss matrix devclqpeil in step 6 shali
therefore be modi{ied to realize the coadition that displacements at spme of the co-
ordinates need tc be zero {or finit'e}.
l&lhel we .uraclify tlie stilfriess malrix thus, it rvili be non-singular, grsitive delinite.
Its diagonal values woulcl be positive atrd dotninant. '.
If lKl is the stiffiress rnalri-x so mocliJied rhen{p}:,IKl t4ia*d{!i}x:lK:{$:,Here (F} is
tlre vector ol kno*'n forces at structurt co-trdinates, and [p] lhe displaeements'
slru*trrre displacement

menk rryenuy have u nt*"" of i2 N/mmx 1.o the 1efi ard 2.8 N/nrm2 to the right. This
is i* faci not lorreci, &or possibk- T.his iaacorracy due 19 discre.lisStluB g:S exraller
.'' *. *"** iur elsments nrd're in nontbsr-Aid 'l*sti;*"g&e'W*"raru also.
""d:*-*Jf*, "*
aalo,pt sog1e stres.r srnoothing techniques to aehieve a continuous variation of stresBes "
fropr the disean!.iouous output rve 5et liom ltep 7.

4. Define Discretisation tr l?rA r 'l F{o.1f ,,@ I , Nov 1 lvu l-.o t o


*rea or vahrmo,we*'-*1t tO ailallee
-,,1 Discretisation is t}re piocess of scpatatiug the lengl.h,
irrto discrete {or separate} park or etements,

is re,adily made up of discre.te I-D


. Evr:.p

slab, rholl etc. can be approximatdd 8s *rl a$searblege of


elements are the most used ones. When otr 2'D tlorain
tECtrrffi+ot*se elernenis that, can havecurviiil baunrla'

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a cc'r Dn/lccccarf! l'r-i--.-^-r 't /':"il C^'^
l;-"..t...]*€ry<.
I
t'tode 1 Xde S
{a} Basic elemeflt
l

tilio n&{iflls

bi

1a

Types of f inite Elements

fid bodics (shcss€s in eugioe cglinders" skesssnmfu &ood$fuos. o:


point loads e

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cc'r o,)/.1cccc,^l! N^6--.h^-. -t /.i.,:t E__-
^
,y'-) \ rmaamrr FLrNcrIoNs luov t o-zr- ,-.-\
" / There arc probabty more than 100 elements in z-D to choose from. Mo.st FE soflwa-re
\ \-gfve
an elemcnt meou you can click on. Each oneofthese elements have been developed ir the
. past 3 decades painstakingly by mathenrai,icany minded researchers to augment
the wealth of
FE bank. we will see herein some basis ofdeveloping a simplg ?,D trlangular constant strain
element (CSI element)-
..C5f,.Element ^- .-t>v.) .l..tr'7- j"irrt. I tvr
st-uo we develop an element, we start by stipur*ting a displaceiirent moder (or fietd or
-^ .
Imclloll, ln the tbrm of a polynomial (moet common) or trigonometric funstion ess rommoni.
Functions like
u@, y) =a, + crr +.ay
-
uk,y)= ca +q,.!+a*y
lead to a constant strain field. This is because,

- _Eu
", = .f* = dz, constant

.t'
: iia't .qs , .xit&hii1"

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Ofri^CCcc.1f) t\-h--.-^-+ ^t aa.,al C-^-
^cc.r
il + fAJ-r'{u}
ii {iailiog a' cz, &E no to &*d inverse of the uratrk [Al

[r itx; ],.]"'
la l- ,=ll ytl
I t .r* vrl
(x5y;- r;y;) -tixtrl.1
{16 - l1} -Jr) l
(x1 - 4s) - x,) I

1
s*= (eg, +
6 ry:, * e*an)
rrliera 6, = (y, *yn) q = (q -.xf
6r=(r^-J;) cr=(xi*rr)
&**(Tr-$ cn-$'lx,)
Si&*$I:q {,s,cs{*,*t*,iU*iB*el ydirs,nn e$,

or?)

PREPARED BY s.AzHAoARsAll y lt.Tech (ACr)


e cc'r OnzrCEcc,,tlt l\^---3-^-. ^3 ,:..!l C-^^
$ubgtituting the values ofoo, ou, c., and ou oblained above,

t' r -
,i
za
b,u, .+ bru , t b6u1 I +
1.,,, .,,,,, ll: "ii;,1 i,i,ni,u,u, * u n, u)
ln rnalrix lolm {e} cal be rvritten as

lal *il ; l ;l *lfil


lhis txn be re-writtea as

{gl - IBI t6l ...(11.8)


where;
o bi o a* ol
,lt, c,
lgl =;i0 o ", 0 "^l ..(11.9)
" [", b, c, b, ,* b*)
Wtr aleo know that the stress strain relation is
(ol = lDltel .(11.1S)
w.hero IDI is the olasticity matrix given by
r
"' ll "
rDr=
d?,1,
'- 'Lo nr
Let a set of forees (P) be assumed to be applied to the nodes of the element in Fig. 11.4.
?he stresses {ol shall then be in equilibrium and consistcot with t}rese farces (Pl at the nodes.
llhen it is possitrle to fmm a relation beiween forees {P! and displacements (5} in the
{orrq
(11.1r)

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i..1' Dr'fr'tcccear6 t\----rb^-.! ^a ai,,il c-^^
(

or g{! n$r*litrd disptrsee$&fit $lnpli-

...{r}"14}
ty mean* I Parcd
Ir&r$rs $o" aI {rrrar
I Colst*nt 1
"r "J tir*ar J
'C r.t' yt Quadrntic $
rr :|, rJ,! I Crrl c 1{
# EY ry $.* t', euadrto I6
d *.b 3*y8' 15* ,.y. ;y' eulnti* , *1

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cc-r o^/.tcEc cnn' rr ^_--r*--+ ^! ,.:..:t c-^^
^
t
are c€lled higher ord.er elema*s.
The advantage of havi*1ilot,g.,:r.e-i.rns; t$laii.iiilacement polynomial is that we can
accomraodate changes in'atrairis (and stresses) ri.ithin an element.

I oy

(b) Guadratic model

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,c.'r Olt^ECec/'1n N----'-__i ^f ,.:":l E___
(

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i cct ot!/\ccea/\at N^---.6^_. -a ?i.;t c-_

t"
.
'
fl
7
AlongsidewallABCDofarectangularwatertank5mx2mx2.5misacteduponbywater
p.rrr*. (Fig). It is divided into elements 0.2m long and 0.12m high. Find the nodal forces on an
element near the base given that
f

ZGt}{t*

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a ca'i_ Dh/"rcEcct't,! t\--__'_^_' ^t ti"il C"^
F;

Xftmeq

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!*0.14?6k$

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,/l c d'r- O.l/rEEc<artt t\^---.--F. ^3 ,.i..rt C_^-
COMPUTATION OT NODAL DISPI.ACEMEN?S
Thie is ihe step that calls far the use ofcorbputem ildsperately. If the size of tlro eysten
stiffriese matrix exceed 5 x 5, (\Yhich it will), it is al:nost impossiblc to invert the matrix m&uu-
@
ally- Of course FEM is a totally computer ba,sed method.
orce we goneratc [K] and [Fl, rve go io the nexi step of computing lul, the displacements
nt the global ctr-ordinates. Since
{Fl = IKI tul .(11,15 )

{u) = [KI"'l tfl


B*t [Ki as developed in step 11.9 can not be inverted. fKl has to be modifie{,by ti*ing
iato aceoufit the faet that the etructure for *'hich [Kl is generated hds to be secured to the
ground. ln other word* 5re have to arrest displ*cements at suflicient number of co-ordinates of
ihe system s{, tbat the dtrueture is stable. When ihis is not done the [Kl mstrix would lre
singular and can mt bo inverted. {INs determinant would be zero)
Tampering with the [Kl matrlx rvould be a cr:mbersome affair and would involve a lot of
labour,
For example, suppose \rye \vant io m.odify [6],iu equation 11.14 so as to srrest
dhplaceraeats u, u, rnd u* of the structure in Fig. 11.16(&), *'e can take any o,ne of the follow-
ing courses.
t 1.10.1

WlW"-f ,o\\, [,3t* 9^]

arbitrary and irregular

easily; this eal be atr im'

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r .._r Dh?'tccc c?.\n i\^---+---! ^t a:,':l c-'^

I
Sotoe tfu natrix egw$ion $l - {X} tu}
(
wtue [Ft? =fi00, tzo, -r0]and tKt *l': :r lf. a,** r*u*oto,- a.
[: 4 z4J
@
o lfu,l
fr 48 o
=[o + ll"rl
Lo t zallq[

1. It ie of utility wheo applied to meilcixts nithor* s, pruper phyeical compre-


hensim of the pmblm.

$I*tqPl
impodlle. &ime cf thc rcaoors ere

;Ot&enrfue
tne might th* soflsare, it is
riecossallr
validatipu is
rm solved co*es. fte
f*Peciali5r in rmlring
inputs.

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' acct Ort/1CECa/afl N^-^-a5--r ^a r.i.,:t C__-
USEDF*&.
Since its intmduction in thq
frey hare also becom€ so Y&ry u&qia.
and deigning very comple* qrgtillri
4
alement *rltsirres
No. Ctpabtlitles
l. ANSYS

2.

,LUe"A,Sr.
... ,. .. ,

5. STSAP

b-

3,

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,.a'r Dll/1EEc.arD h----+*^-+ -t /'i,,al c---

,/
Element Types

Eelnant Dcscription Comments


Onedimeneional
lkuss
T$lo nodm- Axlal forues only.

Bc*m
?wr: end rode* arrdl a reference
node. Sher.r cefitrc. s]fld ftode ]ifie
ca$ be orlg€t frnrn ihe seatrqidal
a.ti*. Crot*-section ge<rm€tri€s may
bc chassn from the stilIdad Ii-
brary, cr be user-delired.

On*din.ndo axl bsdy Unf tlrmfii**

T*qdlm.ep*jeual
Plane q${}yqir
?iaoe ptaue strain and ax-
"r*r,elenremtrc with 3,6, ,l
t*ymmetrie
&nd * flo&s.

Tl.4e1,sI?:l
The * a*d 4 aod* *Iementr are also
plntc clomtnts applle*tlt to thln
pla,te ard rualysir.
I
?he S and node dernents are
thi& or thin pl+ie element* and
.afl he usrd ar frlly curred shdls.

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cc'r Ofl/\Eccc/rn N-i--.-^-r ^a ,.i,,il C-^^
^
2ulrkrclrrtt rt

{
mhno*
+
I
I
I

n\
sM
Thre€-di;ner&ional

r+I 3F-Ericks
For three dimensioua.l tcntinua
th*re are4 aud l0nodetetrahcdral
elemen !s, 6 and 15 uode wedge cI-
ernentc, S, tr6 a,rrd 26 node hexa.he-

ffi r+T
r"iE/
dral elements.

Thre+dtmarrlond Dody

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rccf Dltr/.lcEccatrt .\-r--Jh^-r -t aa,,il C--^
@
l-/ ,orrocEMENT F'UNCTION (oR) convergence requirement 1.t yr^ o-*" t

l. Displacement function must be continuous and displacement will be compatible with in


the adjustable displacement

2. The first part of the requirement is readily by choosing .polynomial function which re
incorrectly continuous
.,. The second part is utilized that adjustable element must deformed with cross opening

overlaps (or) discontinuous in element


4. The displacement function must be capable ofrepresenting the rigid body displacement

, of the elements
When the nodes are given such a displacement corresponding to the rigid body rnotion,
the element should not experience strain and hence loads to 'o' nodal forces.
6. The constant term in the polynomial usually ensure, this conditions the displacement
function can be capable of representing the constant strait within the element
7. The necessity of this requirement can be understood physically if use the subdivision of
body into small to smaller units. As this element approach a constant valve for lD, 2D,
and 3D of elasticity problems

The linear term presents in this polynomial satisfi is requirements.

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Finite Element Method (FEM) or Finite Element Analysis (FEA): l>L t--6-q

t. Finite element method is a numerical method for solving problems of Engineering and
Mathematical Physics.
^'-v-L
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') In this method, a body or a structure in which the analysis to be carried out is
subdivided into smaller elements of finite dimensions called finite elements. Then the
body is considered as an assemblage of these elements connected at a finite number of
joints called 'Nodes' or Nodal points. The properties of each type of finite element is
obtained and assembled together and solved as whole to get solution.

3. In other words, in the finite element method, instead of solving the problem for the entire
body in one operation, we formulate the equations for each finite element and combine
them to obtain the solution of the whole body.

4. Finite element method is used to solve physical problems involving complicated


geometries, loading and material properties which cannot be solved by analytical method.

This method is extensively used in the field of structural mechanics, fluid mechanics,

heat transfer, mass mnsfer, electric and magnetic fields problems


5. shows the finite element discretization of spur gear teeth

F g. t.h nt ftc dar,ai t tllccr..lEo rn o! rrar ge$ a.elh

Based on applicatior! the finite element problems are classified as follows

. l. Structural problems
2. Non-structural problems
o Structural problems
In structural problems, displacement at each nodal point is obtained. By using these
displacement solutions, stress and strain in each element can be calculated

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. Non-structuralprobletns
In non-structural problerns, temperature or fluid pressure at each nodal point is obtained (
By using these values, pr operties such as heat flow, fluid flow etc., for each element can
be calculated.

GENERAL STEPS OF THE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS Ue1l 1f.^- 2,ls=.1 / 2./sa1
r' This section presents the general procedure of finite element analysis. For simplicity's
sake, we will consider only the structural problems
r' The following two general methods are associated with the finite element analysis

They are:

o Force method.

o Displacement or stiffness method


/ In force method, internal forces ate considered as the unknowns of the problem. In
displacement or stiffuess method, displacements of the nodes are considered as the
_'i*g--_-,,""'
unknowns of the pro6tr6m.
r' Among these two approaches, displacement method is more desirable because its
formulation is simpler for most structural analysis problems. So, a vast majority of
general purpose finite element progriuns have used the displacement formulation for

solving structural problems.


y' We now present the steps along with explanations used in the finite element method
formulation
Discretization of Structure 91 y^^ r^-f
The art ofsubdividing a structure into a convenient number of smaller elements is
known as discretization
Smaller elements are classified as follows

1. One dimensional element.


2. Two dimensional elements
3. Three dimensional elements
4. Axisymmetricelements

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One dimensional elemenls: A bar and beam elements are considered as one dimensional
elements. The simplest line element also known as linear element has two nodes, one at each end
*
as shown in Fig

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Two dimensional elements: Triangular and rectangular elements are considered as two
dimensional elements. These elements are loaded by forces in their own plane. The simplest two

. dimensioial elements have comer nodes as shown in Fig

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Three dimznsionol elenrents: The most common three dimensional elements are tetrahedral
'-eiid
hexdheilral (Biiik) 6lements. These elements are used for th,ree dimensional stress analysis
problems. The simplest three dimensional elements have comer nodes. as shown fig.

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Discretization ".r.4h '\v<lF%
The art of subdividing a structure into a convenient number of smaller components is
,
known as Discretization. These smaller components are then put together. The process of
uniting the various elements together is called Assemblage. The assemblage of such elements
then represents the original body.
Discretization can be classified as follows:

1. Natural.

2. Artificial (continuum)
Natural Discretization
In structural analysis, a truss is considered as a natural system. The various members of the
truss constitute the elements. These elements are conaected at various j oints known as nodes.

Ftg 1,10, Natural disrrul4atlon ol trass

Nodal Points: Each hnd of finite element has a specific structural shape and is interconnected
with the adjacent elements by nodal points or nodes

Nodal forces: The forces that act at each nodal point are called nodal forces

Degrees of freedom: when the force or reaction acts at nodal point, node is subjected to
deformation. This deformation includes displacements, rctations, and/or strains. These are
collectively known as degrees of freedom or simply we can say nodal displacement is called
degrees of freedom.

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Artificial Discretization (Continuum)

continuum is generally considered to be a single mass of material as found in a forging,


+
concrete dam, deep beam, plate and so on.
unlike the truss element which is physically present in the truss, in a continuum, the foltowing
three elements exist only in our imagination.

l. Triangular element.
2. Rectangularelement.
3. Quadrilateral element

12 1?
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