Problem Solutions

Solutions for Chapter 1

1.1 σ = 37.1 MPa, τ = 1.8 MPa

Solutions for Chapter 2

2.1 a = (3, 3tz + txy 2 , y 2 + 2xyzt)
 n
y x 1+t
2.2 streamline: = ,n= ;
y0 x0 1 + 2t
 1/2
y x
trajectory: = 2 −1 ;
y0 x0
1 21/2
y 1 + 2t
streakline: =   .
y0 1 + 2 (1 + t) xx0 − 1

2.3 r = C exp(− ab θ)

x(t) y(t)
2.4 (a) = exp 5t(1 + t/2), = exp 5t(−1 + t/2). Eulerian description.
x0 y0
 −1+t  1+t
x y
(b) =
x0 y0
x exp 5t(1 + t/2) y exp 5t(−1 + t/2)
(c) = , = , ξ < t, where ξ is the
x0 exp 5ξ(1 + ξ/2) y0 exp 5ξ(−1 + ξ/2)
equation parameter.

2.5 xy = C, a = (a2 x, a2 y)

2.6 x2 + y 2 = C

2.7 r = C
284 Problem Solutions

2.8 Q = 43 bw sin 60◦ v0 , ṁ = 43 ρbw sin 60◦ v0

(ρl −ρv )gδ 3
2.9 3µ

2.10 S
(ρ 12 v 2 )v · n dS

Solutions for Chapter 3

3.1 5.23 kgf/cm2

3.2 Smaller values of pgag would imply negative absolute pressure.

F
3.3 σ = 2πD

Solutions for Chapter 4

4.1 (a) p = 49.05 MPa, (b) p = 49.66 MPa

4.2 F = 294 i − 509 j kN

4.3 T = 12 ρgR02
√
4.4 h = 1 + 3 · 0.2 m

4.5 h = 0.33 m

4.6 (a) M = 623.7 kg

(b) FN = 0
sin2 θIηη
4.7 F = −pcg A n, hcp = hcg + hcg A

4.8 p = ρgl sin θ

4.9 ∆p = (ρHg − ρH2 O )gh

Solutions for Chapter 6

6.1 (a) Vs = V R ; Q = πR2 V

2b
(b) Vmax = V 3R ; Q = πR2 V
4b
 2
D πD2 πd2 Vs
6.2 Vs = V ; Q= V =
d 4 4
 Problem Solutions 285
 
∂ρ
6.3 = −2.48 kg/m3 s
∂t t=0

6.4 dM/dt = −0.43 kg/s

6.5 Fx = −370.5 N
9
6.6 V = 4W
ρπD02
6.7 W = 2 566 W
6.8 Fx = 105 N, Fy = −0.25 tan θ − 20 400 N
6.9 (a) P = ρSe (V − Vc )2 (1 − cos θ)Vc
(b) P = ρSe V (V − Vc )(1 − cos θ)Vc
6.10 θ = 0◦ Ω = 43.3 rad/s
θ = 40◦ Ω = 33.2 rad/s
6.11 vc = 1.84 m/s, ρc = 953.8 kg/m3
6.12 vc = 1.91 m/s, ρc = 953.8 kg/m3
dh 
6.13  = 2.7 × 10−3 m/s, t = 82.1 s
dt h=1 m
6.14 hpA = 1.191 m
6.15 p3 = 71 atm
6.16 (a) V2 = A1 V1 /A2
(b) ∆p/ρ = V12 1 − A 1
A2
A1
A2
 2
(c) Dv = 12 ρA1 1 − A 1
A2 V13
 2
(d) Ks = 1 − A A2
1

6.17 Q̇ = M ω
 2 9
1 z0 2z0
6.18 t =
5 z2 g
Q
6.19 ρs (t) = ρs0 e− V t
6.20 (a) Rate of consumption −100 c(t) mol/s
(b) c(t) = e−0.1t mol/l
dQ
(c) Heat generation = 500 c(t) cal/s
dt
6.21 T (t) = T0 + 5.0
ρcp (1 − exp(−0.1t))
6.22 (a) u3 = 1.79 m/s
(b) c = 8 × 10−2 gr/cm3
(c) Q̇ = 48 W
286 Problem Solutions

Solutions for Chapter 7

7.1 P = 2034 W

7.2 4 times

7.3 κ = 0.015 W/(m K)

7.4 F = 1.08 N

7.5 δ = 0.026 m
mgh sin θ
7.6 V =
µA

Solutions for Chapter 9

9.1 [F ] = M1 L1 T−2 , [σ] = M1 L−1 T−2 , [Ẇ ] = M1 L2 T−3 , [µ] = M1 L−1 T−1 ,
[κ] = M1 L1 T−3 Θ−1 .

F ρV L U 2
9.2 2 2
= φ( , )
ρV L µ gL
 
P Q
9.3 = f
ρD5 Ω 3 D3 Ω
σ µ d
9.4 3 parameters: , ,
ρDV 2 ρV D D
 
T h
9.5 3
= f
µR w R
 
Q
9.6 Vo H 2 = f √Vo
, φ ; √ Q 2 = f
(φ).
gH gHH

9.7 (a) 2
(b) No
(c) Fp = Fm , Vm = 50 m/s

9.8 V = 9.58 m/s

 numbers
9.9 The nondimensional  must be maintained both for the model and
prototype, Dgh
2 Ω2 = f
gH
2
D Ω 2 , L
D
 
D ρV h w
9.10 ρV 2 h2 =f µ , h

9.11 Re ≈ 9 × 106
 Problem Solutions 287
 
Vc D p ρp µ
9.12 (a) Con 1/2 1/2 = f , , , Vc = 1.414 m/s
D  g D ρ ρD3/2 g 1/2
ρVc D D p ρp ρ 2 D 3 g
(b) Con =f , , , Vc = 0.5 m/s
µ D ρ µ2
(c) One is working under conditions of partial similarity and the results depend
upon the dimensionless numbers chosen.
(d) The solution is to carry out the experiment under complete √ similarity
conditions, with a liquid of kinematic viscosity νm = νp / 8. In this case
Vc = 1.414 m/s
δ Pv µ
9.13 (a) tU
L = ϕ( L , ρU 2 , ρUL )
(b) δm = 0.002 m, Um = 10 m/s, Pvm = 50 000 Pa
(c) tp = 250 min

Solutions for Chapter 10

10.1 (a) [] = L2 T−1 , [R] = ML−2 T−1 , [ωf ] = L1 T−1 .
0 Rl0 ω f 0 l0
(b) Πt = l0u/t0 0 , Π = , ΠR = , Πω = .
u 0 l0 u 0 h 0 S0 u 0 h0
(c) Πt = S, Π = 1/PeII , ΠR = DaI .
l0 /t0
10.2 (a) Πt = << 1
u0
0
(b) Π = << 1
u 0 l0
ω f 0 l0
(c) Πω = >> 1
u 0 h0
(d) It is steady flow, with small viscous forces and sedimentation of the order
of convection.
l0 /v0 v0 l0
10.3 S = , PeII =
t0 κ0
10.4 (a) [] = 1
µl20 ρ0 gl0
(b) Πt = γt0 ∆p 0
, Πg = ∆p0

10.5 (a) [γ] = m2

κµ
(b) Π = with ∆p0 = ρ0 v02
ρ0 cp γ∆p0
l0 /t0 ∆p µ gl0 β∆T0 gl0
10.6 Πt = , Π∆p = 2 , Πµ = , Πg = 2 , Πβ = .
v0 ρ0 v0 ρ0 v0 l0 v0 v02
ω02 l02 ω0 l0
10.7 (a) Centrifugal force: , Coriolis force:
v02 v0
(b) S, Eu, Re, Fr.
10.8 (a) [γ] = L2
γp0 γ ρgγ
(b) Πp = µv 0 l0
, Πγ = l20
, Πg = µv0
288 Problem Solutions

Solutions for Chapter 12

12.1 164 Pa

12.2 206 165 Pa

12.3 4.37 MW

12.4 2.0 × 10−6 kg/(m s)

12.5 41.5 ◦ C
h̄L 1  x 0.1
12.6 =
hx 0.9 L
12.7 hm = 1.85 × 10−3 m/s

12.8 jCO2 = −1.0 × 10−6 kg/(m2 s)

DAB E
12.9 hm =
CA∞ − F
2µA κE
12.10 Cf = 2 ,
ρU∞ h= T∞ −D

12.11 5.9 ◦ C

12.12 (a) J = 1.429 × 10−3 kg/s

(b) Q̇ = 3725 W
ρg(ρliq −ρvap )L3 cp ∆T
12.13 Nu = φ(Gr, Ja, Pr, Bo), where Gr = µ2 , Ja = hlv (Jakob
(ρliq −ρvap )gL2
number) and Bo = σ (Bond number).

Solutions for Chapter 13

ω 2 d3 L
13.1 (a) Q̇ = πµ
D−d
dT 4µω 2 d3
(b) =
dt ρcv (D − d)2 (D + d)
13.2 (a) ∇ · v = 3
(b) Compressible, because ∇ · v = 0
(c) φv = µ(100y 2 + 18) + λ9
P
13.3 (a) = const
ρD5 ω 3
Lm √
3
(b) = 3
Lp
(c) Pm = 3Pp ; ωm = 3−2/9 ωp
 Problem Solutions 289

13.4 Fx = −(p1 cos 30A1 + p2 A2 ) − ρ(V12 A1 cos 30 + V22 A2 )

Fy = ρgV − (p1 sin 30A1 )
13.5 (a) ṁ = 32 ρU0 dL
2
(b) FD = ρU02 dL; Cf =
π
Q̇ + 34 ρU03 dL
(c) Ts = T0 + 34
ρcv U0 dL
 a 2
13.6 F1 = ρg(H − h)a ; F2 = 12 ρgH 2 ; y2 = H
3 + (H − h) H

13.7 (a) Dilatant

(b) τ0
= µan1
13.8 (a) hm = 0.0188 m/s
(b) Q̇total = 51.81 W
13.9 (a) If ρA = 5 ρB = ρAB , uAB = 1.6 6m/s, ∆p = 240 Pa. '
 B 2 2 2 &  2
∆p u1 uB d d
A 2
= 1 + A
− 2 1
A
1 −
ρA (u1 ) u1 u1 D D
5  B 2   B 6  2 &  2 '
∆p ρB u 1 ρB u 1 d d
(b) = 1+ − 1+ 1−
ρA (uA
1 )2 ρ A u A
1 ρ A u A
1 D D
(c) It can be observed that (a) is a particular case of (b). Furthermore, reor-
ganizing (b) as

 B    2 &  2 '
∆p ρB u B u1 uB d d
= 1+ 1
−1 − A 1
1−
ρA (uA1 )2 ρ A u A
1 u A
1 u 1 D D

for uB A
1 > u1 , if ρB > ρA then ∆p > ∆pρ=const and if ρB < ρA then ∆p <
∆pρ=const . And for uA B
1 > u1 , if ρA > ρB then ∆p > ∆pρ=const if if ρA < ρB
then ∆p < ∆pρ=const .
π µωD4
13.10 M =
32 h sin α
ρgπR4
13.11 Q =
8µ
   
1 d4 φ
(y
)
2
2 d2 φ
(y
)
2
1
2


13.12 − ω + (k ) + (k ) ω + (k ) φ (y ) =
Re d(y
)4 Re d(y
)2 Re
0
9  
g D h
13.13 (a) t =f ,
d d d
(b) h
= 4h; t
= 2t
(c) The same
µ
(d) Πµ = 3/2 1/2 ; there will be complete similitude only if µ
/ρ
= µ/ρ.
ρd g
290 Problem Solutions

13.14 A = 7.9 × 10−3 m2

 
y 3 1− 1
13.15 = e x x0
y0
2πK  2 
13.16 p(r) = patm + R − r2
3
13.17 t = 128, 45 hours
 
gH Q 
13.18 (a) 2 2 = f 3
, Re,
N D N D D
gH Q
(b) 2 2 = f
N D N D3
(c) H (Q ) = 80 − 0.1(Q
)2

(d) The same.

13.19 (a)$Q3 = Q1 + Q2 % $ %
Q31 Q32 Q3
(b) Dv = 1
2 ρ S12 + S22 + (p1 Q1 + p2 Q2 ) − 12 ρ S 23 + p3 Q3 + Ẇ
3
T1 Q1 +T2 Q2
(c) T3 = T3 Q3 + ρcDv Q
v
3

 GrL 1/4
13.20 (a) NuL = 43 C 4

Solutions for Appendix D

D.1⎛(a) 2(1 + z) ⎞
2 0 0
(b) ⎝ 6x 0 0 ⎠
0 0 2z
(c) Steady
(d) Compressible
D.2 ∇p = ρ∞v∞
2
{ a2 + a1 cos xa sin yb 1b sin xa cos yb }
∆p = −ρ∞ v∞ a2 + b12 sin xa sin yb
2 1

D.3 ∇φ = (90, 67); the projection is 103.02.

D.4 (a) x3 yz + 2y 2 + xy 2
(b) (2x − y 4 , x2 y 2 − x2 yz, xy 3 z − 2x2 )
(c) yzi
(d) yi + xj
(e) (2y, xy, −xz)
(f) 2x + 2y

Solutions for Appendix G

G.1 The result is the same.
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4. Brodkey RS, Hershey HC (2003) Transport Phenomena: A Unified Aproach.
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18. Law CK (2006) Combustion Physics. Cambridge University Press.
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Index

adiabatic flow, 249 line, 43

analogy of transport coefficients, 223 continuity equation, 142
Chilton-Colburn, 226 dimensionless form, 174
Reynolds, 224 continuum hypothesis, 8
angular momentum control volume, 69
integral equation, 82 convective term, 17
apparent viscosity, 126 coordinate system
arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian descrip- Cartesian, 265
tion, 15, 19 cylindrical, 265
Archimedes’ principle, 61 spherical, 266
Arrhenius, 282 curl, 259
average fluid velocity
mass average, 98 Damköhler number, 177
molar average, 98 Darcy law, 182
axisymmetric flow, 248 Darcy-Weisbach equation, 167
Deborah number, 128
Bernoulli equation, 94 deformation rate, 124
Boltzmann equation, 10 diffusion velocity, 100
boundary conditions, 107 dimension
boundary layer, 187 derived, 159
incompressible equations for, 193 fundamental, 159
thickness, 192, 197 dimensional analysis, 157
Brinkman equation, 183 dimensional homogeneity principle, 158
Buckingham’s Π theorem , 160 dimensional matrix, 161
bulk viscosity, 122 dimensionless number, 161
dimensionless variable, 160, 173
center of pressure, 53 divergence, 258
chemical species conservation drag coefficient, 163, 203
differential equation, 149, 280 Dufour effect, 281
integral equation, 96, 280
compressible flow, 248 Eckert number, 176
constitutive equations, 120 Einstein summation convention, 254
contact Ellis law, 128
angle, 43 energy
294 Index

internal, 85 volumetric flow rate, 26

kinetic, 85 force
potential, 87, 146 body, 34
total, 85 capillary, 44
enthalpy, 271 gravity, 34
enthalpy equation inertial, 34
differential equation, 148 line, surface tension, 43
entropy, 272 over submerged surfaces, 52, 56, 58,
entropy equation 60
differential equation, 149 surface, 35
equations of state, 120, 271 forced convection, 209, 218
Euler number, 175 Fourier’s law, 130
physical interpretation, 179 free convection, see natural convection
Eulerian description, 13 free surface, 8
experiments with scaled models, 165 friction, 35, 80
Froude number, 175
Fick’s law, 133 physical interpretation, 179
film temperature, 227
flow Gauss theorem, 263
laminar, 188 Gibbs relation, 272
turbulent, 188 gradient, 258
fluency threshold, 128 Grashof number, 214
fluid concentration, 219
definition, 7
Hagen-Poiseauille flow, 28
ideal, 80, 89
head losses
incompressible, 143
in a pipe, 166, 204
Newtonian, 125
local, see singular head losses
non-Newtonian, 125
singular, 205
Bingham, 125
heat transport coefficient, 207
dilatant, 125
forced convection, 209
ideal plastic, 125
natural convection, 212
pseudoplastic, 125
hydrostatic pressure distribution
rheopectic, 127
isothermal perfect gas, 51
shear-thickening, see dilatant
liquid, 49, 50
non-Newtonian fluid
rigid body motion, 48
shear-thinning, see pseudoplastic
hydrostatics, 49
non-Newtonian fluid
thixotropic, 127 ideal flow, 89, 249
viscoelastic, 127 incompressible flow, 248
viscoplastic, 127 indicial notation, 253
real, 80 initial conditions, 107
fluid interfaces, 187 inmiscible liquids, 103
fluid statics, 47 internal energy equation
fundamental equation, 47 differential equation, 146, 279
fluid volume, 69 integral equation, 95, 279
flux, 26, 29 irrotational flow, 249
convection, 29 isothermal flow, 249
heat, 30, 86
mass flow rate, 27 j-factors, 227
 Index 295

kinematics, 11 non-conservative form, 144

Knudsen number, 10 nondimensional number, see dimension-
less number
Lagrangian description, 11 normal vector, 26
laminar flow, 249 Nusselt number, 177, 211, 214
Laplacian, 259 mass, 177
Lewis number, 178
physical interpretation, 179 Oldroyd model, 128
liquid, 143 one-dimensional flow, 248

Péclet II number, 177

Mach number, 178
physical interpretation, 179
manometer, 51
Péclet number, 176
mass action law, 282
physical interpretation, 179
mass concentration, 96
periodic flow, 247
mass conservation, see continuity
plane flow, 248
equation
Poiseuille flow, 123
differential equation, 142, 277
potential vortex, 260
integral equation, 75, 277
power law, 127
mass flow rate, 27
Prandtl number, 178
mass fraction, 97
physical interpretation, 179
mass transport coefficient, 216
Prandtl theory, 188
forced convection, 218
pressure, 35, 40
natural convection, 219
absolute, 43
material derivative, see substantial
gage, 43
derivative
jump across a bubble, 44
mean free path, 10
modified, 166
mean velocity, 28
mechanical energy equation Rayleigh number, 214
differential equation, 145, 279 resistance force, 162
integral equation, 89, 279 Reynolds number, 163, 175
mixing, 104 physical interpretation, 179
molar concentration, 97 transition, 188
molar fraction, 97 rheology, 124
molecular diffusivity, 133 rotational flow, 249
moment
over submerged surfaces, 52 scalar product, 256
momentum equation Schmidt number, 178
differential equation, 143, 277 physical interpretation, 179
dimensionless form, 175 Sherwood number, 177, 219
integral equation, 78, 277 similarity, 165
momentum transport coefficient, 201 chemical, 165
Moody diagram, 167, 205, 206 complete, 165
multistep reaction, 282 dynamic, 165
geometric, 165
nabla operator, 257 kinematic, 165
natural convection, 212, 219 partial, 166
Navier-Poisson law, 122 thermal, 165
Newton’s law of friction, 121 simple compressible substance, 272
no-slip boundary condition, 108 slip boundary condition, 107
296 Index

Soret effect, 282 integral equation, 85, 278

specific heat, 272 trajectory, 21
Stanton number calculation of, 24
heat transfer, 210 transfer coefficient, see transport
mass transfer, 219 coefficient
stationary flow, 17, 247 transient flow, 18, 247
steady flow, see stationary flow transport
Stokes hypothesis, 122 by convection, 17, 19, 152
strain rate, see deformation rate by diffusion, 19, 136
streakline, 21 heat, 129
calculation of, 25 mass, 132
streamline, 20 momentum, 120
calculation of, 22 transport coefficient
stress, 35 analogy, see analogy of transport
compression, 41 coefficients
normal, 5, 37 global, 200
shear, 5, 37 heat, see heat transport coefficient
tangential, see shear stress local, 200
stress tensor, 35, 47, 79 mass, see mass transport coefficient
symmetry, 39 momentum, see momentum transport
viscous, 80, 121 coefficient
Strouhal number, 175 transport theorems, 70
physical interpretation, 178 turbulent flow, 249
substantial derivative, 14, 15 two-dimensional flow, 248
applied to a vector, 17
surface tension, 43 universal gas constant, 273
system of reference, 267
inertial, 267 vector product, 256
non-inertial, 34, 267 velocity triangle, 267
relative, see non-inertial system of Venturi, 92, 94
reference viscosity, 80, 120
dynamic, 121
Taylor series, 263 kinematic, 123
temperature equation viscous dissipation, 96
dimensionless form, 176 viscous dissipation function, 90, 145
temporal term, 17 viscous flow, 249
tensor, 253 volume conservation equation
isotropic, 41 integral equation, 103
thermal conductivity, 130 volumetric flow rate, 26
thermal diffusivity, 131
thermodynamic equilibrium, 10 Weber number, 43
three-dimensional flow, 248 Weissenberg number, 128
total energy equation
differential equation, 144, 278 Young-Laplace equation, 44, 109