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Module 1
One-dimensional Consolidation
of Fine-grained Soils
September 8 – Lecture 2
A. Lizcano
Department of Civil Engineering
University of British Columbia
Vancouver, B.C.
Canada
Introduction and definition of key terms
Strains in a Soil Mass
• Strain state in one infinitesimal 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
material element 𝜺𝜺 = 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝜀𝜀𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝜀𝜀𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝜀𝜀𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
𝜀𝜀𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 0 0
𝜀𝜀𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 Triaxial
𝜀𝜀𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 deformation
𝜺𝜺 = 0 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 0
𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
(Axial symmetric) 0 0 𝜀𝜀𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 0 0
Biaxial deformation
(Plane strain)
𝜺𝜺 = 0 0 0
0 0 𝜀𝜀𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
Volumetric strain: 𝜀𝜀𝑣𝑣 = 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝜀𝜀𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
Strains in a Soil Mass
• Strain state in one infinitesimal One-dimensional 0 0 0
material element deformation 𝜺𝜺 = 0 0 0
(Oedometric) 0 0 𝜀𝜀𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
𝜀𝜀𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠
𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝜀𝜀𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
𝜀𝜀𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 ∆𝑑𝑑0 ∆𝑑𝑑
𝑧𝑧
𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦
𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
∆𝑑𝑑0 −∆𝑑𝑑
𝜀𝜀𝑣𝑣 = 𝜀𝜀𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = [-]
∆𝑑𝑑0
Vertical Compression
Air 𝑉𝑉0 − 𝑉𝑉
𝑉𝑉𝑣𝑣 𝜀𝜀𝑣𝑣 ≈ ⟹ 𝑉𝑉 ≈ 𝑉𝑉0 1 − 𝜀𝜀𝑣𝑣
𝑉𝑉0
𝑊𝑊 𝑊𝑊𝑤𝑤 Water 𝑉𝑉
Normal Force
Normal Stress: 𝜎𝜎𝑛𝑛 = [kPa]
Area
Shear Force
Shear Stress: 𝜏𝜏 = [kPa]
Area
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 0 0
Principal stresses
– Triaxial
𝝈𝝈 = 0 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 0
0 0 𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 0 0
Stresses in one infinitesimal State of principal
𝝈𝝈 = 0 0 0
material element stresses - Plane
Stresses 0 0 𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
Stresses in a Soil Mass
• The “stress field” concept • The balance of forces in the
infinitesimal volumetric element
leads to the stress field:
GW GW GW
𝑧𝑧𝑤𝑤
− =
Special case 𝑧𝑧𝑤𝑤 at the ground surface (𝑧𝑧 = 𝑧𝑧𝑤𝑤 ): 𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧′ = 𝑧𝑧 𝛾𝛾 − 𝛾𝛾𝑤𝑤 = 𝑧𝑧𝛾𝛾 ′
Forces Connected to the Vertical Compression
∆𝐹𝐹
𝜎𝜎 =
∆𝐴𝐴
∆𝑢𝑢⁄𝛾𝛾𝑤𝑤 • 𝜎𝜎: Total vertical stress
• ∆𝐹𝐹: Resultant vertical force on
the surface of the cross section
′
∆𝐹𝐹
𝜎𝜎 ′ =
∆𝐴𝐴
Cross section forces in the soil • 𝜎𝜎 ′ : Effective vertical stress
skeleton and pore water • ∆𝐹𝐹 ′ : Resultant vertical force from
the components of vertical forces
at the particle contact points
Forces Connected to the Vertical Compression
∆𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠
≈0 ⟹ 𝜎𝜎 ′ = 𝜎𝜎 − 𝑢𝑢𝑡𝑡
∆𝐴𝐴
Principle of Effective Stresses (Terzaghi, 1925)
𝑝𝑝𝑤𝑤 0 0
Hydrostatic stress: 𝒖𝒖𝒕𝒕 = 0 𝑝𝑝𝑤𝑤 0
0 0 𝑝𝑝𝑤𝑤