Philosophies of Education
-tends toward a more pragmatic and actual view of
Essentialism
-to transmit the traditional moral values,
intellectual and basic knowledge that students need
to become a model citizen
-Emphasis on the subject matter. The teachers are
expected to be the fountain of information.
William C. Bagley father of essentialism
Progressivism
-teaches learners so they may live life fully NOW
not to prepare for adult life
-The curriculum responses to students need and
relates to students personal lives and experiences.
-CHANGE is the only thing that does not change.
Progressivists are more concern with teaching the
learners to cope up with change.
-Rely on problem solving method.
John Dewey father of Progressivism
Perennialism
We are rational animals so school should therefore;
develop the students' rational and moral powers.
According to Aristotle, if we neglect students
reasoning skills, we deprived them of the ability to
use their higher faculties to control their passions
and appetite.
Mortimer Adler- great books of ancient and
medieval as well as modern times are repository of
knowledge and wisdom.
-Teacher centered like essentialism
-Teachers do not allow the students feeling to
dictate what they teach
-understanding of history's most timeless concept
Existentialism
-Every student is unique
-The teacher’s role is to help students define their
own essence. They use values clarification strategy.
Teachers remain non-judgemental
Søren Kierkegaard father of Existentialism
Behaviorism
-Concerned with the modification and shaping of
students behaviour by providing for a favourable
environment.
-Physical variables like light, temperature,
arrangement of furniture’s and visual aids are
controlled to get desired responses for learners.
-Edward Thorndike and John Broadus Watson
father of behaviorism
Linguistic Philosophy
-To develop communication skills. Communication
takes place in three ways: verbal, non verbal and
paraverbal (refers to how we say what we say, the
tone, pacing and volume of our voices)
Constructivism
-To develop intrinsically motivated and
independent learners adequately equipped with
learning skill for them to be able to construct
knowledge and make meaning to them
Idealism
-is when you envision or see things in an ideal or
perfect manner.
- Ideas are the only true reality, the only thing
worth knowing
-the aim of education is to discover and develop
each individual's abilities and full moral excellence
in order to better serve society
Realism
Spartan Education
a situation
-reality exists independent of the human mind.
-Truth is objective-what can be observed.
Pragmatism
-Only those things that are experienced or observed
are real.
-Believe that reality is constantly changing and that
we learn best through applying our experiences and
thoughts to problems, as they arise
Reconstructionism
-Social reconstructionism is a philosophy that
emphasizes the addressing of social questions and a
quest to create a better society and worldwide
democracy.
Principle of Morality
Natural Law
-Based upon principles and truth
Religious view on Morality
Christian Perspective
-“Do to others what you want them do to you”
-The golden rule is made more explicit through the
Ten Commandments and Eight Beatitudes. These
are summed up in the two great commandments:
"Love God with all your heart, with your entire
mind, with all your strength"
"Love your neighbours as you love yourself"
Buddhist’s Perspective
-“Hatred does not cease by hatred; hatred ceases
only by love.”
-The Buddhists state this through the eight-fold
path. For them, they do good when they:
Strive to know the truth
Resolve to resist evil
Say nothing to hurt others
Respect life, morality and property
Engage in a job that does not injure others
Strive to free their mind of evil
Control their feelings and thoughts
Practice proper forms of concentrations
Islamic Perspective
Based on the Islamic Quran
The Islamic Quran “forbids lying, stealing,
adultery and murder.”
It also teaches “honor for parents, kindness
to slaves, protection for the orphaned and the
widowed and charity to the poor.
It teaches the virtues of faith in God, patience,
kindness, honesty, industry, honor, courage and
generosity.
It condemns mistrust, impatience and cruelty.
Muslims’ Perspective
The Five Pillars of Islam
Muslims abide by the Five Pillars of Islam
Prayer
Self-Purification by Fasting
Fasting
Almsgiving
Pilgrimage to Mecca for those who can afford
Education System
Greek Education
Athenian Education
- The main purpose of education in Ancient
Athens was to make citizens trained in the arts, and
to prepare them for both peace and war.
-The goal of education in Sparta, an
authoritarian, military city-state, was to produce
soldier-citizens.
Roman Education
-The Romans education was based on the classical
Greek tradition but infused with Roman politics,
cosmology, and religious beliefs.
- The only children to receive a formal education
were the children of the rich.
-The very rich families employed a private tutor to
teach their children. Those that could not afford to
do this used either slaves or sent their children to a
private school.
Cultural Transmission
Figure of Speech
Alliteration- is the repetition of beginning sounds.
Examples are:
Sally sells seashells
Fred fried frogs
Blue baby bonnets
Anaphora- is a technique where several phrases or
verses begin with the same word or words.
Examples:
I came, I saw, I conquered
We laugh, we loved, we sang
Mad world! Mad King! Mad composition!
Assonance- is the repetition of vowel sounds in
words that are close together. Examples are:
A- For the rare and radiant maiden whom the
angels named Lenore
E- Therefore all seasons shall be sweet to thee
I- From what I've tasted of desire, I hold with
those who favour fire
O- Or hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn
U- Uncertain rustling of each purple curtain
Euphemism- is a word or phrase that replaces a
word or phrase to make it more polite or pleasant.
Examples:
A little thin than bald
Homeless instead of bum
Passed away instead of dead
Hyperbole- uses exaggeration for emphasis or
effect. Examples:
I’ve told you a thousand times
I could do this forever
It cost a billion dollars
Irony- is using words where meaning is the
opposite of their usual meaning. Examples are:
The Titanic was said to be unsinkable
After begging a cat and finally getting one, she
found out she is allergic.
Dramatic irony is knowing the killer is hiding in a
closet in a scary movie.
Metaphor- compares two unlike things or ideas.
Examples are:
Heart of stone
Time is money
The world is a stage
Onomatopoeia- is word that sounds like what it is
describing. Examples are:
Whoosh
Splat
Buzz

Oxymoron- is two contradictory terms used

together. Examples are:
Peace force
Free market
Small crowd

Personification- is giving human qualities to non-

living things or ideas. Examples are:
The flowers nodded
Fog crept in
The wind howled

Simile- is a comparison between tow unlike things

using the words “like” or “as.” Examples are:
As slippery as an eel
Eats like a pig
As wise as an owl

Synecdoche- is when a part represents the whole

or the whole is represented by a part. Examples:
Wheels- a car
The police- one policeman
Plastic- credit cards

Understatement- is when something is said to

make something appear less important or less
serious. Examples are:
It’s just a scratch – referring to a large dent
It is sometimes dry and sandy- referring to the
driest desert in the world
I won't say it was delicious- referring to terrible
food