LAPORAN LABORATORIUM PHYSIOLOGY

“Body Temperature”

Oleh

Annisa Nur Zamzam (01071170115)

Anderson Cenweikiawan (01071170145)
Anthony Hasim( 01071170178)
Anastasia Johanna (01071170061)
Angeline Tancherla (01071170034)
Ammar Galih W (01071170148)
Amanda Salsabila (01071170219)
Anthony Yusuf (01071170067)
Annisa Tanadi (01071170189)
Annette Patricia (01071170119)

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS PELITA HARAPAN
2017/2018
 EXPERIMENT 1

Objectives : To measure mouth temperature using maximum thermometer and to

compare the effects of breathing through mouth and rinsing with ice water.

Equipments :
1. Maximum Thermometer
2. Ice water
3. Alcohol swab
4. Timer
5. Tissue paper

Procedures :
A. Measuring mouth temperature
1. Clean up the maximum thermometer using tissue-alcohol.
2. Move down the mercury meniscus under the scale 35°C by swinging the thermometer
forcefully for several times.
3. Put the reservoir of the thermometer under your tongue. Close your mouth,
4. After 3 minutes in the mouth, read and write the temperature, and immediately put
back the thermometer into your mouth again.
5. After another 3 minutes, read the temperature of your mouth again, and compare the
result with the previous result.

B. The effect of breathing through mouth

1. Clean the thermometer using tissue-alcohol and move down the mercury meniscus
under the scale 35°C.
2. Breathe calmly as usual with your mouth for 2 minutes. While doing this, your nose
has to be closed so that you are solely breathing through your mouth.
3. After 2 minutes of breathing with your mouth, put the thermometer under your tongue
for 6 minutes.
4. After 6 minutes, read and write your mouth temperature.
C. The effect of washing the mouth using ice water
1. Clean the thermometer using tissue-alcohol and move down the mercury meniscus
under the scale 35°C.
2. Rinse your mouth with ice water for several times.
3. Put the thermometer under your tongue for 6 minutes.
4. After 6 minutes, read and write your mouth temperature.

Results :
A. Measuring Mouth Temperature

Measurement Temperature Time

1st 36.7 oC 3rd minute
2nd 36.9 oC 6th minute

Table 1 : Mouth Temperature Measurement Using Maximum Thermometer

B. Breathing Through Mouth

Measurement Temperature Time

1st 36.9 oC 6th minute

Table 2 : Mouth Temperature Measurement Using Maximum Thermometer

After Breathing Through Mouth for 2 Minutes

C. Washing Mouth Using Ice Water

Measurement Temperature Time
1st 36 oC 6th minute

Table 3 : Mouth Temperature Measurement Using Maximum Thermometer

After Washing Mouth Using Ice Water
Discussion & Analysis :
Laboratory thermometer is a thermometer used in labs for measuring temperature
with high accuracy. This type of thermometer usually uses alcohol and ranges from -10o to
110 oC. It works on both hot and cold substances. Whereas, maximum thermometer is used to
measure human body temperature. The liquid inside is mercury. The reason mercury is used
is that it is more sensitive to heat. Its range is 35o-42oC, which is very suitable for measuring
our body temperature. Hence, we used it to conduct experiment 1.
From the table 1, we can see that our initial mouth temperature measurement is 36.7
o
C at the first 3 minutes. After another 3 minutes, the temperature increased to 36.9 oC. The
difference is only 0.2 oC, which is not very significant. Therefore, 3 minutes is already
enough to take mouth temperature measurement.
In table 2, we can see that after breathing through the mouth for 2 minutes, the
temperature is still the same with the last measurement, which is 36.9 oC. Supposedly, heavy
breathing through the mouth may lower the temperature of the mouth tissue and cause
inaccurate measurement. Our result remained the same and it may be due to the error in the
thermometer.
Table 2 shows measurement result after rinsing the mouth using ice water. The
temperature had decreased to 36 oC. This indicates that the ice water affects the result by
lowering the temperature of the mouth tissue. Therefore, it is not recommended to drink hot
or cold beverages before taking mouth temperature. Aside from that, it is important to avoid
heavy breathing through mouth in order to obtain accurate measurement of mouth
temperature.
 EXPERIMENT 2

Objectives:
1. To measure and compare the axilla and antecubital temperature
2. To see the effect of exercise on axilla temperature

Equipment:
1. Maximum (clinical) thermometer
2. Alcohol 70%
3. Tissue paper
4. Metronome

Procedure:
A. Axilla and antecubital measurement
1. Move down the mercury meniscus below the scale and clean it up.
2. Dry out your armpit (axilla) and antecubital space using tissue paper.
3. Put the thermometer in your axilla firmly for 6 minutes.
4. After 6 minutes, put it off. Read and write down the result.
5. Move down the mercury meniscus under the scale and clean it up.
6. Put the thermometer in the antecubital space and fix the thermometer by flexing
your arm.
7. After 6 minutes, put the thermometer off. Read and write the result.
8. Compare the axilla temperature and the antecubital temperature.

B. Effect of exercises on body temperature

1. Move down the mercury meniscus below the scale and clean it up.
2. Measure your axilla temperature for 6 minutes and write down the result.
3. Do a stationary run, with 120 steps per minute (indicated by metronome) for 2
minutes.
4. After 2 minutes, stop running. Dry your axilla and then put the thermometer in
your axilla firmly.
5. After 6 minutes, read and write down your axilla temperature.
6. Compare the results, before and after exercise.
Results & Analysis :
A. Axilla and Antecubital Measurement

Measurement (for 6 minutes) Temperature

Axilla 36,9°C
Antecubital 36,3°C

Table 4 : Axilla and Antecubital Measurement Using Maximum Thermometer

From table 4, we can see that antecubital temperature is slightly lower than axilla
temperature. Axilla and antecubital temperature should have difference due to proximity to
the internal organs of the body. Internal organs of the body have core body temperature that
is relatively stable. Core body temperature would affect peripheral body temperature. The
closer the spot of measurement to internal organs, the higher the temperature would be. Blood
supply and peripheral resistance will also affect the result. In the theory, axilla temperature
should be higher than antecubital temperature due to closer proximity with internal organs
and richer blood supply. The results of the experiment are axilla temperature is higher than
antecubital temperature whereas the difference between these two temperatures results from
proximity to internal organs. Places in body that are similliar in the term of core body
temperature are rectal, lower-esophageal, and tympanic temperature. This is due to direct
contact or close proximity to internal organs. Rectal is directly related to the anus and colon
in general, lower-esophageal is due to close proximity with stomach, and tympanic is directly
measured from radiant heat in the tympanic membrane and ear canal. However, there are
several differences in these temperatures due to other factors like amount of blood flow,
peripheral resistance, and others. Oral and axillar temperature are often not reflecting core
body temperature due to several factors like convection of air, water, and others. This will
easily result in inaccurate temperature measurement.
 B. Effect of exercises on body temperature

Axilla Measurement (for 6 minutes) Temperature

Before stationary running 36,2°C
After stationary running 36,2°C

Table 5 : Axilla Measurement Before and After Stationary Running

Exertional activites cause our temperature to rise, because body metabolic processes
are significantly higher than usual due to higher demand of muscular activity. Higher
metabolic processes would result in higher heat produced by the aerobic processes in the
body. Higher temperature also can be attributed to increased blood flow in the skin due to the
vasodilation of nearby arteries and results in higher heat transfer from blood flow through
convection. However, from table 5, the results show that the axilla temperatures before and
after stationary running have no difference. This is most likely due to human errors, defects
of the thermometer, or misplacement of thermometer in measurement process.
 EXPERIMENT 3

Objective : Measure and compare indoor and outdoor relative humidity.

Equipments :
• Laboratory (water, chemical) thermometer (indicate scale -10oC to 100oC)
• Hygrometer
• Psychrometric chart

Procedure :
1. Observe the temperature which is indicated by the wet bulb thermometer and the dry
bulb thermometer in indoor and outdoor.
2. Plot the difference to the psychrometric chart and read the relative humidity.
3. Compare the two relative humidity. And answer the problem.

Results :

Location Dry Bulb Temperature Wet Bulb Temperature

Indoor (Room 303) 25 oC 21 oC

Outdoor 30 oC 25 oC

Table 1 : Dry Bulb and Wet Bulb Temperature of Indoor and Outdoor

Humidity
Location
(Measured using Hygrometer)

Indoor (Room 303) 65 %

Outdoor 68 %

Table 2 : Humidity of Indoor and Outdoor Measured Using Hygrometer

 Figure 1 : Psychrometric Chart

Discussion & Analysis :

After measuring the dry and wet bulb temperature, we plot them in the psychrometric
chart. The intersection of the two temperatures will be the relative humidity. From the chart
above, we can see that indoor relative humidity is about 65%. And outdoor relative humidity
is about 68%.
Aside from measuring humidity through psychrometrics, we also used hygrometer.
The results showed that indoor humidity is 65% and outdoor humidity is 68%. The results are
the same with the psychrometrics method. Therefore, we can conclude that our experiment is
done correctly.
Indoor has a lower humidity because of the presence of air-conditioner. Aircon helps
us in providing cool air, and at the same time, it also acts as a dehumidifier. Aircon has an
evaporator coil that condenses water vapor from the air. This process occurs when hot, moist
air inside the room meets the cold evaporator coil. The liquid will be condensed out of the air,
decreasing the humidity of the room. The moisture collected by the evaporator coil goes to a
drain and then it will be sent outside, away from the room. If the room has no aircon, then it
will be more humid. As explained, aircon helps bring in dry air and send moist air outside of
the room. There is only a little difference in the humidity between indoor and outdoor. This
may be because there are many people in the room, which increases the heat and result to
humidity that only has a little difference with outdoor humidity.