Instructions:

1. Section-A Q. no. 1-8 carry 1 mark each.

2. Section-B Q. no. 9-18 carry 2 marks each.
3. Section-C Q. no. 19-27 carry 3 marks each.
4. Section-D Q. no. 28-30 carry 5 marks each.

Section-A

1. Define the term ‘Tyndall effect’.

Ans. Tyndall effect is observed when a fine beam of light enters a room through a
small hole. It happens because of the scattering of light by particles of colloidal
and suspension solutions.

2. Why is Bi (V) a stronger oxidant than Sb (V)?

Ans. Bismuth and antimony both belong to the nitrogen family and exhibit the +5
oxidation state. However, on moving down the group, i.e., from antimony to
bismuth, the stability of the +5 oxidation state decreases. This is due to the inert
pair effect. Thus, Bi (V) is a stronger oxidant than Sb (V).

3. Write the structure of 3-oxopentanal.

Ans. CH3 – CH2CO – CH2 – CH2 - CHO

4. Give an example of elastomer.

Ans. Natural rubber.

5. Which point defect in crystals of a solid decreases the density of the solid?

Ans. Vacancy defect decreases the density of a substance. Vacancy defect in

ionic solids is known as Schottky defect.

6. Why is an alkylamine more basic than ammonia .

Ans. An alkylamine is more basic than ammonia because of inductive effect (+I
effect). Alkyl group or ‘R’ has an electron-releasing effect, which increases
electron density over nitrogen atom. This increases its basicity.

7. Give an example of ‘shape-selective catalyst’.

Ans. Zeolite.

8. Define ‘rate of a reaction’

Ans. The rate of reaction is the change in the concentration of any one of the
reactants or products per unit time.

Section-B
9. A reaction is of second order with respect to a reactant. How will the rate of
reaction be affected if the concentration of this reactant is

(i) Doubled,
(ii) Reduced to half?

Ans. (i) When the concentration of the reactant is doubled, the rate of reaction will
become four times.

(ii) When the concentration of the reactant is reduced to half, the rate of reaction
will become one-fourth

10. Draw the structures of the following molecules:

(i) XeF4

(ii) BrF3

Ans.

11. The rate constant for a reaction of zero order in A is 0.0030 mol L−1 s−1. How
long will it take for the initial concentration of A to fall from 0.10 M to 0.075 M?

Ans. For a first order reaction,

Given k = 0.0030 mol L−1S−1

A0 = 0.10 M

At = 0.075 M

Substituting values

Hence, the concentration of A will fall from 0.10 M to 0.075 M in 8.33 seconds.

12. Differentiate between molality and molarity of a solution. What is the effect of
change in temperature of a solution on its molality and molarity?

Ans. Molarity of a solution is defined as the number of gram moles of solute

present in l L of solution, while molality of a solution is defined as the number of
gram moles of solute present in 1 kg of solvent.

Molality of a solution decreases with increase in temperature, while molality of a

solution is not affected by temperature.

13. Explain what is meant by

(i) A peptide linkage

(ii) A glycosidic linkage

Ans. (i) A peptide linkage (−CO−NH−) holds together amino acid units in proteins.
It is an amide bond formed between −COOH of one amino acid and −NH2 group of
another amino acid by the loss of water molecule.

(ii) The linkage formed by the reaction of the −OH group of anomeric carbon of a
monosaccharide with the −OH group of other monosaccharide is called glycosidic
linkage.

14. Name two water soluble vitamins, their sources and the diseases caused due
to their deficiency in diet.

Ans. Thiamine (vitamin B1) & riboflavin (vitamin B2) are soluble in water.

Thiamine is found in unpolished rice, whole cereals, yeast, egg yolk, milk, green
vegetables, etc. The deficiency of thiamine causes beriberi and loss of appetite.

Riboflavin is found in egg yolk, liver, milk and green leafy vegetables. The
deficiency of riboflavin causes cracked lips, sore tongue and skin disorders.

15. Explain the following observations:

(i) Transition elements generally form coloured compounds.
(ii) Zinc is not regarded as a transition element.

Ans. Solution:

(i) Most of the complexes of transition elements are coloured. This is because of
the absorption of radiation from visible light region to promote an electron from one
of the d−orbitals to another. In the presence of ligands, the d-orbitals split up into
two sets of orbitals having different energies. Therefore, the transition of electrons
can take place from one set toanother. The energy required for these transitions is
quite small and falls in the visible region of radiation. The ions of transition
elements absorb the radiation of a particular wavelength and the rest is reflected,
imparting colour to the solution.

(ii) Electronic configuration of Zn = [Ar] 3d104s2

Hence, the d-subshell of zinc is completely occupied in both its ground state as
well as in its common oxidation states.

Therefore, elements such as Zn cannot be classified as transition element

because it has completely-filled d-subshell.

16. How are the following conversions carried out?

(i) Benzyl chloride to benzyl alcohol,

(ii) Methyl magnesium bromide to 2-methylpropan-2-ol

Ans.

17. What is the repeating unit in the condensation polymer obtained by combining
HO2CCH2CH2CO2H (succinic acid) and H2NCH2CH2NH2 (ethylene diamine)?

Ans. The repeating unit of the condensation polymer obtained by combining

succinic acid and ethylene diamine is

18. Complete the following reaction equations:

(i)

(ii)

Ans. (i)

(ii)

Section-C
19. 100 mg of a protein is dissolved in just enough water to make 10.0 mL of
solution. If this solution has an osmotic pressure of 13.3 mm Hg at 25°C, what is
the molar mass of the protein?
(R = 0.0821 L atm mol−1 K−1 and 760 mm Hg = 1 atm)

Ans. We know that

Osmotic pressure (π)

π = 13.3 mm Hg

V = 10 mL = 10/1000 L = 0.01 L

R = 0.0821 L atom mol−1 K−1

T = 25◙C = 273 + 25 K = 298 K

W = 100 mg = 100/1000 g = 0.1 g

On putting the above values in the formula, we get

Thus, the molar mass of the protein is 0.001882 g mol-1

20. Iron has a body-centred cubic unit cell with a cell edge of 286.65 pm. The
density of iron is 7.87 g cm−3. Use this information to calculate Avogadro’s
number.
(At. Mass of Fe = 56 g mol−1)

Ans. In a body-centred cubic unit cell, number of atoms present = 2

At mass of iron = 56 g mol−1

Density of iron = 7.87 g cm−3

Mass of iron = 7.87 × Volume

Volume in BCC = (a)3

= (286.65)3 pm

= 2.34 × 10−23 cm

Mass = 7.87 × 2.34 × 10−23 g

21. How are the following colloids different from each other with respect to
dispersion medium and dispersed phase? Give one example of each type.

(i) An aerosol (ii) A hydrosol (iii) An emulsion

Ans. (i) An aerosol is a suspension of a solid or a liquid in a gas.

Example: smog, smoke

(ii) Hydrosol is a colloidal suspension of essential oils. It is obtained from steam

distillation of aromatic plants,

Example: rose water used as facial toner

(iii) An emulsion contains one liquid dispersed in another liquid.

Example: butter and margarine; milk and cream

22. Explain the following situations:

(i) In the structure of HNO3 molecule, the N − O bond (121 pm) is shorter than the
N − OH bond (140 pm).

(ii) SF4 is easily hydrolysed whereas SF6 is not easily hydrolysed.

(iii) XeF2 has a straight linear structure and not a bent angular structure.

Ans.

(i) The structure of nitric acid is

The N − O bond has a double-bond character. On the other hand, N − OH bond is
a single bond. Since a double bond is shorter than a single bond, the N − O bond
(121 pm) is shorter than the N − OH bond (140 pm).

(ii) SF4 is easily hydrolysed whereas SF6 is not easily hydrolysed. SF6 is an inert,
non- toxic gas. This is due to the presence of stearically protected six fluorine
atoms. As a result, reactions like hydrolysis are not allowed to take place.

(iii)

According to VSEPR theory, XeF2 has trigonal bipyramidal geometry

3
withsp d hybridisation. It has two bond pairs and three lone pairs of electrons. The
bond pairs occupy axial positions and the lone pairs occupy the equatorial
positions. This is the most favourable arrangement as far as stability is concerned.
The two fluorine atoms if placed at the equatorial positions will face minimum
repulsion, and this would consequently increase the stability. Hence, the structure
is linear.

23. Describe the role of

(i) NaCN in the extraction of gold from gold ore.

(ii) SiO2 in the extraction of copper from copper matte.

(iii) Iodine in the refining of zirconium.

Write chemical equations for the involved reactions.

Ans. (i) The roasted ore of gold is leached with a solution of sodium cyanide in the
presence of oxygen for many days. The role of NaCN in this process is to dissolve
the gold to form an aurocyanide complex, from which the metal is obtained by
displacement.

4Au + 8NaCN + 2H2O + O2 → 4Na[Au(CN)2] + 4KOH

2Na[Au(CN)2] + Zn → Na2[Zn(CN)4] + 2 Au

(ii) Copper matte contains Cu2S and FeS. In the blast furnace, copper matteis
added with powdered coke and silica. The oxidation of ore takes place in this
process. As a result, cuprous oxide and ferrous oxide are produced. The role of
silica in this process is to remove the iron oxide obtained as ‘slag’. FeO combines
with silica (flux) to form iron silicate, FeSiO3 (slag).

FeO + SiO2 ----Δ--> FeSiO3

Flux Slag

(iii) In Van Arkel method, iodine is added to zirconium to remove oxygen and
nitrogen present in the form of impurities. The impure metal is heated in an empty
vessel with iodine. The metal iodide formed in the process volatilises to give
zirconium tetraiodide.

Zr + 2 I2 → ZrI4

Zirconium tetraiodide is then decomposed on a tungsten filament, at a temperature

of 1800 K, to obtain pure metal.
ZrI4 → Zr + 2I2

24. Rearrange the compounds as directed:

(i) In an increasing order of basic strength:

C6H5NH2,C6H5 N (CH3)2, (C2H5)2 NH and CH3NH2

(ii) In a decreasing order of basic strength:

Aniline, p-nitroaniline and p-toluidine

(iii) In an increasing order of pKb values:

C2H5NH2, C6H5 NHCH3, (C2H5)2 NH and C6H5NH2

Ans. (i) Basic strength:

Aliphatic amines are stronger bases than aromatic amines due to the presence of
lone pair of electrons on nitrogen atom. In case of aromatic amines the lone pair
gets delocalised by resonance. Diethyl amine has greater + I effect. Hence,
electron density over the nitrogen atom is more in this case. Similarly N, N −
dimethyl aniline has greater + I effect than aniline.

(ii)

Methyl (−CH3) is an electron donating group. It increases the electron density on

the ring. Therefore, the lone pair of nitrogen is available for donation. Hence, it is
most basic. On the other hand nitro (−NO2) is an electron withdrawing group. It
decreases the electron density of the ring. Therefore, the lone pair is more
delocalized in this case and is less available for donation. Thus, it will be least
basic among the three.

(iii)

Stronger the base is lesser is the pKb value. (C2H5)2NH is the strongest base due
to two electron releasing group followed by C2H5NH2 which has only one electron
releasing group. C6H5NHCH3 is the next stronger base because of the presence of
one electron releasing alkyl group and electron delocalising phenyl group.
C6H5NH2 is the least basic wherein the electrons get delocalised by resonance.

Q 25: For the complex [Fe(en)2Cl2] Cl, (en = ethylene diamine), identify

(i) The oxidation number of iron,

(ii) The hybrid orbitals and the shape of the complex,

(iii) The magnetic behaviour of the complex,

(iv) The number of geometrical isomers,

(v) Whether there is an optical isomer also, and

(vi) Name of the complex. (At. No. of Fe = 26)

Ans. (i) Let the oxidation number of Fe in [Fe(en)2Cl2] Cl be x.

The oxidation state of Fe can be calculated as follows:

x + 2 (0) + 2 (-1) = + 1
Or, x−2=1
Or, x=3

(ii) The electronic configuration of Fe3+ is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5
So, hybridisation of Fe3+ is sp3d2, i.e., one s, three p and two d orbitals hybridise. It
has octahedral geometry

(iii) The complex is para magnetic due to the presence of 5 unpaired electrons.

(iv) This complex exists as cis-trans isomers. Thus, it has 2 geometrical isomers.

(v) The cis isomer exhibits optical activity.

(vi) The name of the complex is Dichlorobis-(ethylenediamine) iron (III) chloride.

26. (i) State one use each of DDT and iodoform.

(ii) Which compound in the following couples will react faster in SN2 displacement
and why?

(a) 1-Bromopentane or 2-bromopentane

(b) 1-bromo-2-methylbutane or 2-bromo-2-methylbutane.

Ans. (i)

Use of DDT: DDT is widely used as an insecticide.

Use of iodoform: Iodoform is used as an antiseptic.

(ii) (a) 1-bromopentane will undergo SN2 displacement reaction faster than 2-
bromopentane.

Generally 1° alkyl halides react by SN2 mechanisms, 2° alkyl halides by both SN1
and SN2 reactions and 3° alkyl halides by SN2 reactions.

This is due to the fact that the electron density on α-carbon atom goes on
increasing by inductive effect of the alkyl groups. This increased electron density
on the α-carbon atom repels the direct attack of the nucleophile and thus retards
SN2 reaction. Moreover, the transition state of SN2 reactions become over
crowded as the size of the alkyl group increases. This also slows down the SN2
reaction.

(b) 1-bromo-2-methylbutane will undergo SN2 reaction faster than 2-bromo-2-

methylbutane

Thus, the order of SN2 reaction is

1- bromo-2-methyl butane proceeds by forming 1° carbocation while 2-bromo-2

methylbutane proceeds by forming 3° carbocation. The electron density on the α-
carbon atom of the latter compound is more due to presence of more alkyl groups.
This increased electron density on the α-carbon atom repels the direct attack of
the nucleophile and thus retards SN2 reaction. It rather proceeds by SN1 reaction.

27. Explain the mechanism of the following reactions:

(i) Addition of Grignard’s reagent to the carbonyl group of a compound forming an

adduct followed by hydrolysis.
(ii) Acid catalysed dehydration of an alcohol forming an alkene.

(iii) Acid catalysed hydration of an alkene forming an alcohol.

Ans. (i) Grignard’s reagent is an alkyl magnesium halide. The alkyl group has a
partial negative charge, whereas the magnesium group has a partial positive
charge. The alkyl group attacks the carbon of the carbonyl group to form an
addition compound.

Grignard’s reagent acts as a nucleophilic agent and attacks electrophilic carbon

atoms to yield a carbon − carbon bond. The addition to the nucleophile is an
irreversible process due to the high pka value of the alkyl group.

(ii) When heated with concentrated sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid or boric acid,
alcohols undergo dehydration to form alkenes. The mechanism of this reaction
involves the protonation of alcohol, followed by loss of a water molecule and a
proton.

(a)

(b)

(c)

During the dehydration of alcohol, the intermediate carbocation may undergo re-
arrangement, resulting in the formation of a stable carbocation.

(iii) Some reactive alkenes like 2 − methyl propene undergo direct hydration in the
presence of mineral acids which act as catalysts. The addition of water to the
double bond takes place in accordance with Markonikoff’s rule.

Section-D

28. Give chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds:

(i) Ethanal and Propanal

(ii) Phenol and Benzoic acid

Ans. (i) Ethanal and propanal can be distinguished by iodoform test.

Iodoform test

Aldehydes and ketones having at least one methyl group linked to the carbonyl
carbon atom responds to the iodoform test. Ethanal having one methyl group
linked to the carbonyl carbon atom responds to this test. But propanal does not
have a methyl group linked to the carbonyl carbon atom and thus, it does not
respond to this state.

CH3CHO + 3NaOI ----> HCOONa + CH3 + 2NaOH

Ethanal Sodium Iodoform
methanoate (yellow ppt)
(ii) Phenol and benzoic acid can be distinguished by ferric chloride test.

Ferric chloride test:

Phenol reacts with neutral FeCl3 to form ferric phenoxide complex giving violet
colouration.

6C6H5OH + FeCl3 ----> [Fe(OC6H5)6]3- + 3H+ 3Cl-

Phenol Iron-phenol complex
(Voilet color)

But benzoic acid reacts with neutral FeCl3 to give a buff coloured precipitate of
ferric benzoate.

3C6H5OH + FeCl3 ----> (C6H5COO)3Fe + 3HCl

Benzoic acid Ferric benzoate
(Buff colored ppt)

Q 29: (a) Write the anode and cathode reactions and the overall reaction occurring
in a lead storage battery.

(b) A copper-silver cell is set up. The copper ion concentration is 0.10 M. The
concentration of silver ion is not known. The cell potential when measured was
0.422 V. Determine the concentration of silver ions in the cell. (Given)

Ans. (a)

A lead storage battery consists of a lead anode, a grid of lead packed with lead
oxide (PbO2) as the cathode, and a 38% solution of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) as an
electrolyte.

When the battery is in use, the following cell reactions take place:

At anode:

At cathode:

The overall cell reaction is given by,

When a battery is charged, the reverse of all these reactions take place.

Hence, on charging, present at the anode and cathode is converted into and
respectively.

(b) The given cell is

The net cell reactions is

This involves transfer of 2 electrons. Thus, n = 2

According to Nernst equation

Substituting the value ofin equation (i), we get

Q 30: (a) Complete the following chemical reaction equations:

(i) P4 + SO2Cl2 →

(ii) XeF4 + H2O →

(b) Explain the following observations giving appropriate reasons:

(i) The stability of + 5 oxidation state decreases down the group in group 15 of the
periodic table.

(ii) Solid phosphorus pentachloride behaves as an ionic compound.

(iii) Halogens are strong oxidizing agents.

Ans. (a)

(1) P4 + 10 SO2Cl2 → 4 PCl5 + 10 SO2

(2) 6 XeF4 + 12 H2O → 4 Xe + 2 XeO3 + 24 HF + 3 O2

(b)
(i) On moving down the elements of group 15, the stability of +5 oxidation state
decreases. This is due to the reluctances of s-electrons to participate in the bond
formation. This is known as inert pair effect. It is the result of ineffective shielding
of s-electrons of the valence shell by intervening d-and f-electrons.

(ii) PCl5 is covalent in the vapour state but in the crystalline state, it exists as [PCl4]
+
[PCl6]−. These ions have tetrahedral and octahedral geometry. Thus, solid
phosphorous pentachloride behaves as ionic compounds.

(iii)

The general electronic configuration of halogens is np5, where n = 2-6. Thus,

halogens need only one more electron to complete their octet and to attain the
stable noble gas configuration. Also, halogens are highly electronegative with low
dissociation energies and high negative electron gain enthalpies. Therefore, they
have a high tendency to gain an electron. Hence, they act as strong oxidizing
agents.