Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Sept 2004
Generator Protection
2 2
Connection to the Power System
1. Direct :
2. Via Transformer :
3 3
Typical Generator Installations
Generator Generator
Transformer Transformer
Station
Trans-
Earthing former
Transformer
Unit / Unit
Station Trans-
Transformer former
1(b) 1(c)
4 4
Generator Protection Requirements
Faults include :-
Insulation Failure
Stator
Rotor
Excitation system failure
Prime mover / governor failure
Bearing Failure
Excessive vibration
Low steam pressure
etc.
6 6
System Conditions
Short circuits
Overloads
Loss of load
Unbalanced load
Loss of synchronism
7 7
Generator Protections to be Considered
8 8
Stator Earth Fault Protection
9 9
Method of Earthing (1)
z Damage resulting from a stator earth fault will depend upon the earthing
arrangement
10 10
Method of Earthing (2)
11 11
Method of Earthing (3)
limits damage
reduces possibility of developing into phase-phase
fault
12 12
Method of Earthing : Limitation of
Earth Fault Current (1)
Less than 5A :
20A :
13 13
Method of Earthing : Limitation of
Earth Fault Current (2)
100A :
As for 20A, but higher current allows better discrimination and sensitivity.
14 14
Stator Earth Fault Protection and
Protection Against Earth Faults on
Generator Connections
15 15
Overcurrent Protection (1)
51
16 16
Overcurrent Protection (2)
51
17 17
Stator Earth Fault Protection
51N
50N 51N
xV
xV
ΙF =
250/1A IS R
For operation
Ι S(PRIMARY) < ΙF
R 33Ω xV
<
R
x.6600
< < x.200
33
1
Ι S(SECONDARY) < x.200 x < 0.8x
250
∴ For protection of 90% of winding; x = 1-0.9 = 0.1
Relay setting = 0.8 x 0.1 = 0.08A = 8% of 1A
19 19
Stator Earth Fault Protection (1)
Generators connected via step-up transformer (resistance earthed) :
51N 50N
System earth faults ARE not seen by generator earth fault protection ∴
instantaneous relay may be used.
Advantage : Fast
20 20
Stator Earth Fault Protection (2)
Advantage : Sensitive
To avoid overvoltages :-
To avoid Ferroresonance
23 23
Restricted Earthfault Protection
RSTA
B High Impedance Principle
64
Instantaneous Protection
5 x CT’s required
RSTAB
64
25 25
Restricted Earthfault Protection for Generators on 4 Wire L.V.
Systems (2)
Earthing at Busbars
RSTAB
64
4 x CT’s required
26 26
Differential Protection (1)
Stabilising
Resistors
Relay
27 27
Differential Protection (2)
BIAS BIAS
OPERATE
INTERPOSING
C.T.
Two methods :
30 30
100% Stator Earth Fault
Protection
For Large Machines Only
Two methods :-
z Low frequency injection z Third harmonic voltage - various
Earthing
Trans- 59
former
Complete protection during start-up if source is
independent of generator, e.g. derived from
Injection station battery.
Transformer
Independent of system V, f and load current.
High cost due to injection equipment.
51 Alternative
Injection
Points
31 31
Third Harmonic Neutral Voltage Scheme
Relies on >1%
generated 3rd
harmonic volts
59 27
59P
27 - 3rd harmonic undervoltage relay.
59P - Terminal Voltage Check
59
Allows trip if circuit breaker is open but
terminal voltage present.
59P 27
TRIP 59 - Conventional neutral overvoltage protection.
27 OVERLAP
0 50 100
Earth Fault Position
32 32
Stator Phase-Phase Fault Protection (1)
z Insulation failure
z Flashover in terminal box
33 33
Stator Phase-Phase Fault Protection (2)
Single Generator
51 51 51
Type types :
35 35
Stator Phase-Phase Fault Protection (4)
Stabilising
Resistors
Relay
36 36
Stator Phase-Phase Fault
Protection
z Small machines :
z Star connection made inside machine
z Winding neutral ends are not brought out
37 37
Stator Interturn Fault Protection
(1)
38 38
Stator Interturn Fault Protection (2)
VA
VB
VC
VA VB VC VR
FAUL
T
R
VR = VA + VB + VC
39 39
Stator Interturn Fault Protection (3)
Transverse Differential Protection
(Double Wound Machines) :
Bias
Coils
Operate
Coils
40 40
Prime Mover Failure (1)
Isolated Generators :
Machine slows down and stops. Other protection initiates shut down.
Parallel Sets :
41 41
Prime Mover Failure (2)
Gas Turbines :
Motoring power 100% rated for single shaft machine, 10% to 15% rated for
double shaft.
Hydro Sets :
42 42
Prime Mover Failure (3)
43 43
Reverse Power Protection (1)
Leading P.F.
Operate Restrain
-MW +MW
87.1°
Operate Restrain
Lagging P.F.
+MVARLAG
Exporting lagging VAR’s
44 44
Loss of Excitation (1)
EFFECTS
Single Generator :
Loses output volts and therefore load.
Parallel Generators :
Operate as induction motor (> synch speed)
Flux provided by reactive stator current drawn from
system-leading pf
Slip frequency current induced in rotor - abnormal
heating
Situation does not require immediate tripping,
however,
large machines have short thermal time constants - should be
unloaded in a few seconds.
45 45
Loss of Excitation (2)
Simple Protection Scheme
Field Exciter
Winding
Shunt Ie Requires access to
field connections.
DC relay Not suitable if
(setting < Ie min) generator operates
Aux Supply normally with low
excitation (large
T1
machines).
Alternative scheme
monitors impedance
T2
at generator
0.2 - 1 sec
Overcomes Alarm or terminals.
Slip Frequency Trip
Effects
2 - 10 secs
46 46
Loss of Excitation (3)
Alternative Scheme
XG XT XS
EG ES
47 47
Loss of Excitation (4)
Load Impedance
R
Impedance Offset – Prevents
Locus operation
on pole slips
Diameter
Typically : Relay Characteristic
Offset 50-75%X’d
Diameter 50-100% XS Time Delayed
48 48
Impedance Diagram for Various Operating Modes of
Machine
jx
-jx
2.0
LOAD POINT
5.0
5
A
EG/ES = 1
G
0.2 0.5 0.7
-jX
50 50
Rotor and Power Factor Angles
Relay
Xd Location
I
E V
IX
d
σ = Rotor Angle
V Ø = Power Factor Angle
σ I
Ø
51 51
Power Limit Impedance Diagram
jx
VΙ.COS ∅ = C
Ø V2/C Ι C
COS ∅ =
R
V V2
V2
Z = COS ∅
C
52 52
Loci of Constant Rotor Angle σ
jx
σ=
Xd 120° 90° 30°
53 53
Relay Characteristic Req’d to Allow
Generator Operation with Rotor Angles up
to 'σ'
jx Constant Power
Offset R
0.75X’d
Limiting
Generation
Point
Diameter
Constant σ
Relay
Characteristic
54 54
Unbalanced Loading (1)
Effects
55 55
Unbalanced Loading (2)
Protection
z Machines are assigned NPS current withstand values :
* Continuous NPS rating, I2R
* Short time NPS rating, I22t
z If possible level of system unbalance approaches machin
continuous withstand, protection is required.
z Use negative sequence overcurrent relay.
z Relay should have inverse time characteristic to match
generator I22t withstand.
z Relay pick-up setting should be just below I2R rating.
z Can use an alarm setting of 70% to 100% to pick-up.
56 56
Unbalanced Loading (3)
Machine NPS Withstand Values
58 58
Rotor Earth Fault Protection (2)
Potentiometer Method
Exciter
59 59
Rotor Earth Fault Protection (3)
AC Injection Method
AC Auxiliary
Supply
R
Brushless Machines
No access to rotor circuit
Require special slip rings for measurement
If slip rings not present, must use telemetering techniques
(expensive)
60 60
Overload Protection (1)
Governor Setting
61 61
Overload Protection (2)
Overcurrent Protection
62 62
Generator Back-Up Protection (1)
Overcurrent Protection
Typical use :
Very or extremely inverse for LV machines
Normal inverse for HV machines
10 x
FL
with AVR
Full
Load
no AVR
Cycles
63 63
Generator Back-Up Protection (2)
Overcurrent Protection
Voltage Restrained
Voltage Controlled
F
64 64
Voltage Controlled Overcurrent Protection
Overload
Characteristic
Is
Current Pick - up
t
Fault
Characteristic
Vs
I Voltage
65 65
Voltage Restrained Overcurrent Protection
Equivalent to impedance
Current Pick-up
devices I>
KI>
VS2 VS1
Voltage
66 66
10
O/L CHARAC
1.0
FAULT CHARAC
LARGEST
OUTGOING 6.6kV
t
se FEEDER
5MVA
c 115% XS
0.1 GENERATO
R 500/5
DECREMEN 200/5
T
CURVE
0.01
100 240 600 1000 3000 10,000 AMPS
67 67
Impedance Relay
jx
RELAY
CHARACTERISTI
C
MZTU
Set to operate at 70% rated load impedance when voltage drops to zero,
current required to operate relay is 10% rated current. Built-in timer for
co-ordination purposes.
68 68
Under & Over Frequency Conditions (1)
Over Frequency
69 69
Under & Over Frequency Conditions (2)
Under Frequency
70 70
Under & Over Voltage Conditions (1)
Protection
71 71
Under & Over Voltage Conditions (2)
Over Voltage
Under Voltage
72 72
Other Protection Considerations
73 73
Pole Slipping Protection
Rotor Stator
E E
G S
ZG9356
74 74
Pole Slipping Detection
E E = 2.8 (max) X
G S
R
E E = 1.2
G S
E E =1
G S
E E = 0.8
G S
E E = 0.19 (min)
G S
MIS9357
75 75
Pole Slipping Protection
76 76
Overfluxing
Often applied to :-
Generator transformers
Grid transformers
Flux Ø ∝ V / f
Caused by either :-
Increase in voltage
Reduction in frequency
Combination of both
Usually only a problem :-
during run-up or shut down
can be caused by loss of load / load shedding
77 77
Transformer Magnetising
Characteristic
Twice
Normal
Flux
Normal
Flux
Normal
No
Load No Load
Current Current at
Twice Normal
Flux
78 78
Magnetising Current with
Transformer Overfluxed
ZG0780C
79 79
Overfluxing
Effects of overfluxing :-
Increase in magnetising current
Increase in winding temperature
Increase in noise and vibration
Overheating of laminations and metal parts
(caused by stray flux)
80 80
Over-Fluxing Relay
Ex
G
VT
AVR RL
81 81
Low Forward Power Interlocking
Urgent Trip
Trip Directly to Circuit Breaker and Initiate shut down
Risk of overspeed
Examples :-
z Generator Differential
z stator ground fault
z negative phase sequence.
82 82
Low Forward Power Interlocking
Non-Urgent Trip
Trip governor
Use low forward power interlocking to determine when main Circuit
Breaker is tripped
Reduced risk of overspeed, and consequential damage to the machine
Examples :-
z Over voltage
z Over load
z Loss of synchronism
z Field failure
83 83
Unintentional Energisation at
Standstill Scheme
Typical Approach
50
27 & Trip
tPU
&
tDO
VTS
ZG7965D
85 85
Synchronising Relays
Often applied to :-
Synchronising of Generators
Transmission line auto-reclose schemes
Synchronising of Generators
Check voltage magnitudes
Check slip frequency
Check phase angle difference
Synchroscope
Speed of rotation depends on slip frequency
If frequencies matched, phase angle displacement indicated
Does not indicate voltage magnitude
86 86
Voltage Checking & Comparators
Voltage monitors :-
- Undervoltage monitor (e.g. Transmission Line)
87 87
Auto-Synchronising Relays
Controls :-
Filed current to adjust voltage magnitude
Governor to adjust slip frequency
Governor to correct constant phase displacement
88 88
Typical Schemes
89 89
Tripping Modes
Class C HV breaker
90 90
Protection Package for Diesel Generator Connected Directly and Operating
in Parallel with a Supply Authority Infeed
87
G
64
R
32 51
V 32 Reverse Power MWTU01
64R Rotor Earth Fault MRSU01
64 64S Stator Earth Fault MCSU01
R
51V Voltage Dependent Overcurrent
MCVG31
87G Generator Differential MFAC34
91 91
Overall Protection of Directly Connected
Generator Installation
32 Reverse Power
40 Field Failure
81 Under / Over Frequency
92 92
Overall Protection of Generator Installation (1)
Generator
Feeder Protn.
Overcurrent
Voltage Restraint 51 V
Restricted
E/F
Buchholz
Winding Temp.
Reverse 32
Power
Field Failure 40
Generator Differential 87
Rotor E/F Prime Mover Protection
64R
Negative Phase Sequence 46
Overall
Gen/Trans Diffl
Protn. Stator E/F 64S
93 93
Overall Protection of Generator Installation (2)
Generator Feeder
Protection
O/C Circuit Breaker Fail
Busbar Protection
Restricted
E/F
Buchholz Winding
Temperature
O/C + E/F
Buchholz O/C V.T.s
Transformer
Overfluxing
Standby Permissive
E/F (Low Power)
Interlock
Restricted Pole Slipping
E/F Field Failure
Generator Differential
Stator E/F
Protection
94 94
Embedded Generation
95 95
Embedded Generation
USED TO PROVIDE:
96 96
ENGINEERING RECOMMENDATION G59
COVERS:
z Safety Aspects
z Legal Requirements
z Operation
z Protection
97 97
Co-generation/Embedded
Machines
AR?
PES
system
Islanded load
fed unearthed
MiCOM-P340-98
98 98
Islanded Operation Must Be Avoided To Ensure:
99 99
PROTECTION
100 100
PROTECTION
Loss Of Mains
101 101
PROTECTION
ADDITIONAL PROTECTION
- OVERCURRENT
- EARTHFAULT
102 102