A report submitted for the comprehensive Seminar for the registration
for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by NABAM BUDH (PhD/FT/16/CE/01)
Under the guidance of
Dr. Sukumar Baishya Prof. Deptt. of Civil Engg.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
NORTH EASTERN REGIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY) NIRJULI, ARUNACHAL PRADESH-791109 INDIA DECEMBER 2017 Introduction Literature Review ◦ Analytical Techniques ◦ BC of shallow foundation on horizontal ground ◦ BC of shallow foundation on slopes ◦ Comparison of available methodologies ◦ Failure mechanism of shallow foundation on slopes ◦ Factors affecting BC of shallow foundation on slopes ◦ BC using Finite element analysis (FEA) Why FEA Method? Acharyya & Dey (2015, 2017) Critical comments Proposed work and research objectives Methodology Work Plan References GENERAL BACKGROUND BRIEF LITERATURE REVIEW BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL Definition of BC & Ultimate BC In foundation, soil is the weakest construction material. BC depends on mechanical characteristic of soil and physical characteristic of foundation. First developed by Prandtl (1920), and later extended by Terzaghi (1943), Meyerhof (1951), Hansen (1970), Vesic (1973) Terzaghi (1943) qu =cNc +qNq +γBNγ BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL ON SLOPES Land limitations NO BIS guidelines Overall stability & BC failure makes it more critical First undertaken by Meyerhof (1957) and later on by Hasen (1970), Vesic (1975), Kusakabe et. al. (1981), etc. qu,slope =cNcq +γBNγq Theories of Ultimate BC was developed using analytical techniques. SUMMARY The theories of the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow foundations were developed by employing one of the following analytical techniques: Limit equilibrium analysis Considers equilibrium of forces ,an approximate method, trial and error, simple, most widely used till date. Terzaghi (1943), Meyerhof (1957), Azzouz and Baligh (1983), Narita and Yamaguchi (1990) and Castelli and Motta (2008) Slip line analysis Slip line represent the direction of the maximum shear stresses. Sokolovski (1960), Buhan and Garnier (1994, 1998) Limit analysis Considers the stress-strain relationship in an idealized manner. Ben Leshchinsky (2015,2017), Mofidi et.al. (2014), Chakraborty (2012) Finite element analysis A numerical technique Kai Wing Ip (2005), Loukidis et.al.(2008), Georgiadis (2010), Shaiau et. al.(2011), Nyugen et.al. (2011), Abbas & Sabbar (2011), Acharyya & Dey (2015, 2017), Terzaghi (1943) proposed a theory for determination of BEARING the ultimate bearing capacity CAPACITY THEORY of shallow ,rough, rigid & continuous foundation FOR STRIP supported by a homogenous, FOUNDATION ON isotropic soil. HORIZONTAL qu =cNc +qNq +γBNγ Used limit equilibrium SURFACE analysis Moment in equilibrium was not considered Elastic zone is responsible for resistance against sliding due to self weight of the soil. passive force is due to surcharge (q), cohesion (c), unit weight of the soil (γ), the angle of shear resistance (Φº), the solution is not exact Meyerhof (1957) qu,slope =cNcq +γBNγq ◦ Plastic zone on the side of the slope is relatively smaller ◦ The ultimate BC of the foundation is reduced. BC depends on the distance of the foundation from the top of the slope (b), If b˃ 2 to 6B, BC is independent of (α°). the angle of the slope (α°), the angle of shearing resistance of the soil the depth/width ratio (Df/B), of the foundation Author Year Foundation Loadin Geometr Clay Sand C-Φ Constitutive Methods Position g y of models used used Top of On Slope footing Slope
Georgiadis 2009 √ X Inclined Strip √ X X Mohr-coulomb FEA
footing elastic perfectly plastic Yamamoto 2010 √ X √ √ √ Pseudo static approach Author Year Foundation Loading Geometry Clay Sand C-Φ Constitutive Methods Position of footing models used used Top of On the Slope Slope Shiau et.al 2011 √ X √ X X Limit analysis
Nguyen et.al. 2011 √ X Strip footing √ X X Mohr-coulomb FEA
failure criteria
Abbas & 2011 √ X Rectangular √ X X FEA
Sabbar footing Castelli et.al. 2012 √ X Square & X √ X Experimental Strip
Ben 2015 √ X Strip footing X X √ Perfectly plastic Upper bound
Leshchinsky limit state
Ganesh et. 2016 √ X Eccentric Strip footing X √ √ Regression
al. and analysis of oblique laboratory model
Acharyya & 2015, √ X Square footing X √ X Mohr-coulomb FEA
Dey 2017 elastic perfectly ◦ Bearing capacity failure ◦ Overall stability of the slope failure ◦ Combined failure
Figure: Failure modes: (a) and (b)
bearing capacity failure and (c) overall slope failure The effect of slope angle(β) BC decreases Height of slope (H) Geometry of footing Distance of slope from edge of footing (b) Cohesion (c) Angle of shearing resistance (φ) Drainage conditions in the slope. KaiWing Ip (2005) Loukidis et al. (2008) Georgiadis (2010) Shaiau et. al.(2011) Nyugen & Merifield (2011) Abbas & Sabbar (2011) Acharyya & Dey (2015, 2017) A very powerful program that ◦ covers most of the problem in geotechnical engineering. FEA is capable to simulate ◦ the geometry of the foundation, ◦ the soil and ◦ the loading conditions Takes into account, ◦ the 3-D confinement effect at the site. Unlike others methods, no assumptions are made. Numerical simulation obtained from 3D models gives ◦ accurate solutions ◦ consistently higher than that obtained from analytical estimates Solutions obtained by finite element method of analyses are ◦ widely acceptable in current industry. Figure :Typical PLAXIS 3D representation of a footing resting on Figure: Schematic representation of a model geometry for a the crest of a slope footing resting on sloping ground (not to scale) Fig. Typical meshing scheme Figure: 2.19. Standard fixities adopted in the numerical model applied in the numerical model (Acharyya & Dey 2017) (Acharyya & Dey 2017) Figure: Formation of passive zones beneath the footing for various setback ratios (b/B) (Acharyya & Dey 2017) Coupled stress-deformation analysis BC increases with the increase in ◦ The angle of internal friction, ◦ Embedment depth, ◦ Footing width, ◦ Setback distance. The increase in BC due to increase of embedment depth of the footing is ◦ due to increase in the degree of confinement restricting the movement of the soil towards the sloping face. Beyond a critical setback ratio b/B = 3, ◦ the footing behaves similar to that on horizontal ground. Bearing capacity reduces ◦ with the increase of slope angle, which is associated with the increased soil movement towards the slope. The variation of unit weight and modulus of elasticity of soil ◦ has marginal effect on the bearing capacity. Theories of Meyerhof (1957) and Graham et al. (1987), and the experimental work from Shields et.al (1977), Gemperline (1988) and Garnier et al. (1994) ,etc. ◦ Provided a design chart needed to predict the magnitude of Nγq . ◦ Design chart valid for only a limited range of footing location and embedded depth. The experimental work of Meyerhof (1957) and Shield et al. showed that ◦ soil with different value of ϕ° leads to BC with respect to the distance of the footing. While most of the theories developed for foundations near slope are ◦ for cohesionless material, ◦ Meyerhof presented a solution for the case of pure cohesive soil (ϕ°=0°). Thus for cohesive-frictional material, ◦ equation qu,slope =cNcq +γBNγq may not be capable to predict the ultimate BC of footing on cohesive-frictional materials. Method of Gemperline (1988) has provided a mathematical solution, which is valid for ◦ different size of footing and ◦ different horizontal and vertical location of the footing. The solutions of BC of shallow foundation on slopes given by Saran et al. (1989) are ◦ valid only for Df/B=0 to 1 and b/B=0 to 1. ◦ For other footing locations and embedded depths, the values of BC factors are not accurately predicted. All the approaches used by different researchers for the evaluation of BC of shallow foundation on slope or near the slope ◦ have their own sets of assumptions and ◦ corresponding weaknesses also. Some investigations show that, ◦ in case of non cohesive soils, the BC is always governed by foundation failure, ◦ while in cohesive soil the BC of the foundation is dictated by the stability of slope. Hybrid methods (viz. combination of FE method with Limit analysis or FE method with Limit equilibrium) ◦ has been used successfully by many researchers use of finite element analysis has been very nominal till date. Most of the research work has been carried out on ◦ Strip footing ◦ but very few works has been reported on Square (Castelli et.al. 2012; Acharyya & Dey 2015, 2017) ◦ and rectangular footing (Abbas & Sabbar 2011) Use of circular footing has not been reported so far. Most of the work was carried out for foundation loaded with ◦ axial loads but the case of inclined load is very limited (Georgiadis 2009; Ganesh et. al. 2016) To develop a numerical model simulate the case of shallow foundation with strip/square/rectangular/circular footing on/near a slope. Using Salome-Meca, FEA based software. To evaluate the ultimate bearing capacity the effect of slope angle, height of slope, geometry of footing, distance of slope from edge of footing, cohesion, angle of shearing resistance and drainage conditions in the slope. To evaluate the effect of the drainage on BC Undrained Drained To analyse BC considering 3D geometry of slopes To study the effect of different soil constitutive models on BC of shallow foundation on slopes. To compare the result obtained in this investigation ◦ with the generally used existing theoretical values available in literatures of Meyerhof (1957), Vasic (1975), etc. Development of FE model ◦ of soil and foundation system on slopes covering wide range of parameters identified in the objective of the studies. Development of load deformation curve ◦ of the footing under progressive loading. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity ◦ of the footing from step 2 above. Identification of pertinent failure mechanism ◦ in terms of deformation/strain/stress. Study of variation of failure mechanism if any, vis-a-vis variation of different salient parameters identified above. Development of non-dimensional (ND) charts reflecting the effects of salient geotechnical/geometric factors affecting bearing capacity of soil on slopes. Abbas & Sabbar (2011), Finite analysis for bearing capacity of rectangular footing resting near sloped cohesive soil, Tikrit Journal of Eng. Sciences/Vol.18/No.3/September 2011, (33-41). Acharyya R. & Dey R. (2015), Site characterization and bearing capacity estimation for a school building located on hill slope, 50th indian geotechnical conference, College of Engineering (Estd. 1854), Pune, India. Acharyya R. & Dey R. (2017), Finite Element Investigation of the Bearing Capacity of Square Footings Resting on Sloping Ground, Springer; Indian National Academy of Engineering; INAE Lett (2017) 2:97–105; DOI 10.1007/s41403-017-0028-6. Ben Leschchinsky (2015), “Bearing capacity of footings placed Adjacent to c-ϕ slopes” A.M.ASCE. Ben Leschchinsky and Xie Yonggui (2017), “Bearing capacity of spread footings placed near c-ϕ slopes”, J. Geothech, Geoenviron, Eng., 2017, 143(1):06016020; ASCE: DI10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943- 5606.0001578 Castelli, F. and Lentini, V. (2012), Evaluation of the bearing capacity of footings on slopes, International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, 129(3), 112-118. Choudhury & Rao (2006), Seismic bearing capacity of shallow strip footings embedded in slope, DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)1532- 3641(2006)6:3(176). Chakraborty & Kumar (2013), “Bearing capacity of foundations on slopes”, Geomechanics and Geoengineering: An international Journal, Vol.8, No.4, 274-285. Ganesh et al. (2016), “Bearing capacity of shallow strip foundations in sand under eccentric and oblique loads”, ASCE. Georgiadis, K., 2009. The influence of load inclination on the undrained bearing capacity of strip footings on slopes. Computers and Geotechnics, 37 (3), 311–322. Georgiadis, K., (2010), Undrained Bearing Capacity of Strip Footings on Slope, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000269. Hansen, J. B. (1970). “A revised and extended formula for bearing capacity.” DGI Bull., No. 28, Danish Geotechnical Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark, 5–11. Kai Wing Ip (2005), “Bearing capacity for foundation near slopes”. Meyerhof, G.G. (1957), “The ultimate bearing capacity of foundation on slopes, Proceedings of 4th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, I, 384-386. Meyerhof, G.G., 1963. Some recent research on the bearing capacity of foundations. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 1 (1), 16–26. Mona A. et.al., Three dimensional bearing capacity of shallow foundations adjacent to slopes using discrete element method, Iternational Journal of Engineering, (IJE) volume (4): issue (2). Mofidi J et al. 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