Chapter 8:

Three-Phase Systems
 AC Waveform
Voltage or Current

One
Cycle

Peak
Maximum

Time

2
 ac Waveform
Vmax v

t
v = Vmax sin  t
= 2  f
f is the frequency of the waveform
3
 AC Representation
v

t

v = Vmax sin t
Vrms = V =
Vmax  = 2  f = 377 rad / sec (f = 60Hz)
2  = 2  f = 314 rad / sec (f = 50Hz)
4
 How AC is Generated

Stator
N

S
Rotor
Windings

5
 f 900 2700
v

Angle

S
1800 3600
X

6
Alternating Current

Ia

Ia

7
 V1 Reference

 v1
V2
v2

V1 = V10 t

V2 = V2  −  
v1 = V1max sin t
v2 = V2 max sin (t − )

8
 V1 Reference

 v1
V2
v2

V1 = V10 t

V2 = V2  −  
v1 = V1max cos t
v2 = V2 max cos (t − )

9
 Voltage and Current can be Out of Phase
+
+ I v

load
V i
_
_
t
V 

 v = Vmax sin t
I
i = I max sin ( t −  )
V = V0
 is the phase shift of current
I = I  −  also known as the power factor angle
It is due to the presence of inductive and capacitive elements.
10
 Example
If V=120 v and Z=4 + j3 ,
calculate the current and +
+ I
power factor.
V
V 120 0 1200 Z
I = = = _
Z 4 + j 3 5 37 o _

o Lagging
I = 24  − 37 A V
pf = cos  = cos 37 = 0.8 
I
Notice that the pf angle is the angle of the impedance
11
 Polarities

+
+
V I I Z
_
_

Source Load

12
 Ia
Three-Phase

Ib

Ia Ib

Ic
Ic

13
 Three-phase system
van vbn vcn

 

Time

14
15
16
17
Why do we use 3-phase systems?
• Three-phase system produces rotating
magnetic field.
– Three-phase motors can start without the need for
extra equipment.
• For the same physical size, a three-phase
generator produces more power than a single
phase generator.
• Three-phase lines transmit more power.
• Three-phase lines are more reliable.
– In distribution circuit, you can operate the system
with one missing phase.

18
 How is Three-Phase System Connected?

a
b X X
c

c b
X
a
19
 How is Three-Phase System
Connected?
• Any three-phase generator has 6 terminal
wires
• Transmitting 6 wire over a long distance is
expensive
• Instead, three-wire system is used by
connecting the six wires as Y or Delta

20
 Y-Connection
a
b X X
c

c b
X
a
21
 Delta () Connection: Source
a
b X X
c

c b
X
a
22
 Mixed Connection System
Transmission
Source Line Load

Ia
a a

Ia Z
Vca Vab Ib
n Z
Z
c Ib c Ic b
b
Vbc
Ic
23
 c

Phase voltage vcn

van Reference
a n a
b vbn
c
b Van = Va = V0V
vcn vbn van
Vbn = Vb = V − 120V
n
Vcn = Vc = V120V
24
 c
Line-to-line vca
voltage vcn
a vbc van Reference
n a
vab
b vbn
vca vbc vab
c 300
b
n
Vab = Van −Vbn = (V0) − (V − 120) = 3 V 30
Vbc = Vbn −Vcn = (V − 120) − (V120) = 3 V  − 90
Vca = Vcn −Van = (V120) − (V0) = 3 V 150
25
Vab = Van −Vbn = (V0) − (V − 120) = 3 V 30

vcn vab
vca -vbn
300 Reference
n van
vbn

vbc

26
 Keep in mind
• Unless stated in the problems, the
following assumptions are to be used:
– All voltages are line-to-line quantities
– All powers are for the three phases

27
 Example
Let
o
Va = 240 25
Calculate the line-to-line voltage Vab vab

0
van
30
250 Reference

o
Vab = 3 Va 30
( )
Vab = 3 240 25o 30 o = 415.7 55o
28
 Main Conclusions
Vab = Van −Vbn = (V0) − (V − 120) = 3 V 30

• Line-to-line voltage is greater than phase voltage by

3
• Line-to-line voltage leads phase voltage by
0
30
29
 Y-Connection
c

a b c
Vcc’
c'
Vaa’ Vbb’ Vcc’ n Vaa’
b' a' a
a' b' c' Vbb’
n b

30
 Y-Connected System
Line current
Transmission
Source Line Load

Ia Phase current
a a
+ +

Van Ia Ia Z

Ib
Vcn n V n Z
bn
+ Z
c + Ic Ib c + Ic + b
Ib b
Ic
31
 Ia
a a
+

Ia Z
Y-Connection Van Ia
In
Ib
Vcn n V n Z
bn Z
c Ib c Ic b
Ic Ib b
Ic
For balanced system
Z a = Zb = Zc = Z Va V0
Ia = = = I  − o
Z a Z  
Van = Va = V0 Vb V − 120
Ib = = = I ( −120 −  o )
Zb Z  
Vbn = Vb = V − 120
Vc V120
Vcn = Vc = V120 Ic = = = I ( 120 −  o )
Z c Z  
32
 Vcn 
Ic
Van Reference
n

Ib Ia
 Vbn

Ia = I  − o
Van = Va = V0
I b = I ( − 120 −  o )
Vbn = Vb = V − 120

Vcn = Vc = V120 I c = I ( 120 −  o )

33
 Neutral Current of Balanced Load
For balanced system
Ic
Z a = Zb = Zc = Z
Ia

Ib

I n = I a + I b + I c = I0 + I − 120 + I120 = 0

o o

34
 Main Conclusions for Y-Connected Load

Vab = Van −Vbn = (V0) − (V − 120) = 3 V 30

• Line-to-line voltage is greater than phase voltage by

3
• Line-to-line voltage leads phase voltage by
0
30
• Line current equals phase current
35
 Single-Phase Representation
Va

Ia +
+ Ia

Va Z

_
_

36
 Delta () Connection: Source

a b c c
b'
Vcc’
Vbb’
Vbb’ Vcc’ b c'
Vaa’
Vaa’
a' a

a' b' c'

37
 Delta-Connected System
Line current
Transmission
Source Line Load

Phase current Ia Phase current

a a
- - +
+ Ica
Ica Z Iab
Iab Z
Vca Vab -
+
+ -
c Ib c Z b
b - +
Vbc
- + Ibc
Ibc Ic
38
 Delta () Connection: Source
Ia
a
_
Ica +
Iab Ia is line current
Vca Vab Iabis phase current
_ Ib
+
b
c Vbc
_
+
Ibc Ic

39
Kirchhoff’s Current law at node a a Ia

I ab = I a + I ca Ica
_ +
Vca I
Vab _ ab Ib
+
_ V b
c bc +

I Ic
bc

Vca 
Ica
Vab Reference
n

Ibc Iab
 Vbc

40
I ab = I a + I ca
Ica
I a = I ab − I ca
Vab Refere
n  I
Ibc ab
300
Ia
-
Ica

I a = I ab − I ca = I ab  −  − I ab (120 −  )
I a = 3 I ab  − ( + 30o )
41
 Example
Let
o
I a = 30  − 10 A Reference

Calculate the phase current Iab of a delta

circuit
Ia
I ab = 30 o

3
30  − 10 o
I ab = 30 = 17.32 20 A
o

3
42
 Main Conclusions for Delta-Connected
Source
• Line-to-line voltage is equal to phase voltage

I a = 3 I ab  − ( + 30o )
• Line current is greater than phase current by

3
• Line current lags phase current by

0
30
43
 Delta () Connection: Load
a Ia
_ +
Ica Iab
_ Ib
+
_ b
Vca  c +
Ica Ibc Ic
Vab Refere
n

Ibc Iab
 Vbc I a = I ab − I ca

44
I a = I ab − I ca Ica
Vab Refere
n  I
Ibc ab
300
Ia
- Ica

I a = I ab − I ca = 3 I ab  − 30 o

I a = 3 I ab  − (  + 30 o )
45
Main Conclusions for Delta-Connected Load
• Line-to-line voltage is equal to phase voltage

I a = 3 I ab  − (  + 30 o )
• Line current is greater than phase current by

3
• Line current lags phase current by

0
30
46
 Mixed Connection System
Line current
Transmission
Source Line Load

Phase current Ia Phase current

a a
+
Ica Ia Z
Iab
Vca Vab Ib
n Z
- Z
c Ib c Ic b
b
Vbc
Ibc Ic
47
 a Ia

Z
Y- Z
Ib
Transformation
b
c
Z Ic
a Ia

ZY

ZY ZY
Ib
b
c
Ic
48
 Y- Transformation
a
a

ZY Z
ZY Zab Zab
c n c Z
ZY
Z

b
b
Z ab = Z  // 2 Z 
Z ab = 2 ZY 2
Z ab = Z
3 49
 Y- a Ia
Transformation Z
Z
Z ab = Z  // 2 Z  Ib
b
2 c
Z ab = Z Z Ic
3a Ia

ZY
Z ab = 2 ZY
THEN
ZY ZY
Ib 1
c
b ZY = Z 
Ic
3
50
 Example
1. Calculate the phase current of the load
2. Calculate the equivalent Y load
3. Calculate the phase current of the equivalent Y load
a

Van = 120 v Ia
Z = 4 + j 3

c b
b
c
Ib

Ic 51
 a
Van Ia Z

c b Ib c b
Part 1:

Vab 3 120 30o Ic

I ab = = = 41.57  − 7 A
o

Z 5 37 o

o
Z  5 37
Part 2: ZY = = = 1.67 37 o 
3 3

Part 3: The phase current in  load is equal to

( )
I a = 3 I ab  − 30o = 3 41.57  − 7 o  − 30 o =72  − 37 o A
52
 Example
Calculate the line current
Z2 = 12 - j 9
Ia Z1 = 4 + j 3
a

Van = 120 v

b c b
b c
c

Ic 53
 Change delta to Y
Z1 = 4 + j 3 Z2y = 4 - j 3
Ia a

Van = 120 v

b b b
c c c

Ic 54
 Zeq = 25/8 
Ia a

Van = 120 v

b b
c c

Ic
120 0 o
Ia = = 38.4 A
25 / 8
55
Instantaneous Electric Power [p(t)]
v v(t ) = Vmax sin(t )
i i(t ) = I max sin(t −  )
V
t
 
I

 (t ) = v(t ) i(t ) = Vmax I max sin(t ) sin(t − )

Vmax I max
 (t ) = [cos( ) − cos(2t −  ) ]
2

Fixed average Zero average

Instantaneous Electric Power [p(t)]


v
i

t

57
Real Power (Average P)

 t

58
 Real Power (Average P)
2
1 2 1 Vmax I max
P=
2 
0
 (t ) dt =
2 0 2 [cos  − cos(2t −  )] dt
Vmax I max
P= cos  = Vrms I rms cos 
2
p

t
 Reactive Power [q(t)]
Vmax I max
 (t ) = [cos( ) − cos(2t −  ) ]
2
( t ) = P + h( t )
Important points!

Frequency of h(t) is
double the h(t)
frequency of supply
voltage

Average value of h(t) is t

zero 
 Vmax I max
 (t ) = [cos( ) − cos(2t −  ) ]
2
 (t ) = VI [cos( ) − cos(2t −  ) ]
 (t ) = VI cos( ) − VI cos( ) cos(2t ) + sin( ) sin(2t )

 (t ) = VI cos( ) 1 − cos(2t ) − VI sin( ) sin(2t )

 (t ) = P 1 − cos(2t ) − Q sin(2t )

Real power Reactive power

61
 Complex Power
IMPORTANT
V
 is the power factor angle

S V I * I
I = I − 

S = V I =V0 I =VI 

*

S = V I cos  + j V I sin 
S = P+ j Q
Real Power Reactive Power
 Power of 3-phase circuits
Vphase
For Single phase
 P = V phase I phase cos ( )
Iphase
Q = V phase I phase sin ( )
IMPORTANT

 is the angle between For 3-phase

phase voltage and P = 3 V phase I phase cos ( )
phase current.
Q = 3 V phase I phase sin ( )
Use voltage as a
63
reference
 Real Power in Delta Circuit
V phase = Vab a Ia
_ +
Ica Iab
I phase = I ab _ Ib
+
b
Vline = Vab c _
+
Ibc Ic
I line = I a = 3 I ab
P = 3 Vphase I phase cos ( ) = 3 Vab I ab cos ( )

P = 3 Vab I a cos ( ) = 3 Vline I line cos ( )

64
 Reactive Power in Delta Circuit
V phase = Vab a Ia
_ +
Ica Iab
I phase = I ab _ Ib
+
b
Vline = Vab c _
+
Ibc Ic
I line = I a = 3 I ab
Q = 3 Vphase I phase sin ( ) = 3 Vab I ab sin ( )

Q = 3 Vab I a sin ( ) = 3 Vline I line sin ( )

65
 Real Power in Y Circuit
V phase = Va a Ia

I phase = I a Va

Vc
Vline = Vab = 3 Va Vb
Ib
b
c
I line = I a Ic

P = 3 Vphase I phase cos ( ) = 3 Va I a cos ( )

P = 3 Vab I a cos ( ) = 3 Vline I line cos ( )

66
 Reactive Power in Y Circuit
V phase = Va a Ia

I phase = I a Va

Vc
Vline = Vab = 3 Va Vb
Ib
b
c
I line = I a Ic

Q = 3 Vphase I phase sin ( ) = 3 Va I a sin ( )

Q = 3 Vab I a sin ( ) = 3 Vline I line sin ( )

67
 Example
Calculate the load power

Van = 120 v Ia
Z = 4 + j 3

c b
b
c
Ib

Ic 68
 a Vab
Van Ia Z Ica

c b Ib c b  300 Van
n
Ibc Iab
300
Ic
Ia
Vab = 3 Va 30 o
( )
Vab = 3 120 0 o 30 o = 208 30 o V
Vab 208 30 o
I ab = = = 41.57  − 7 o
A
Z 5 37 o

o o
I a = 3 I ab  − 30 = 72  − 37 A
69
 Method #1
P = 3Vphase I phase cos 
 −1 3 
P = 3Vab I ab cos  = 3  208  41.57  cos  tan  = 20.736 kW
 4
Method #2 P = 3 Vline I line cos 
 −1 3 
P = 3 Vab I a cos  = 3  208  72  cos  tan  = 20.736 kW
 4

Keep in mind

• The pf angle is the angle of the load impedance.

• It is the same as the angle between the phase voltage and the
phase current
70