SEMINAR ON WATER

INFLUX AND WELL

TESTING
PRESENTED BY :
Rishiraj Phukan
Rupam Sarmah
Satyajit Chowdhury
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

• We thank our faculty Mr. Prasenjit

Talukdar, Asst. Professor of Reservoir
Engineering, Petroleum Engineering
Department, DUIET, for giving us this
opportunity to present ourselves on
select topics.
WATER
INFLUX
ABSTRACT
• There is more overall more water
produced in reservoirs worldwide than oil
& gas production. Thus it is clear that an
understanding of reservoir/aquifer
interaction can be an important aspect of
reservoir management to optimize
recovery of hydrocarbons.
 WHAT IS WATER INFLUX
• The incursion of water (natural or
injected) into oil- or gas-bearing
formations.
• The replacement of produced fluids
by formation water.
Occurrence of Water Influx

Most petroleum reservoirs are underlain by water, and

water influx into a reservoir almost always takes place
at some rate when gas or oil is produced. Whether
appreciable ,water is produced along with gas or oil &
depends on the proximity of the productive interval to
the oil-water contact or gas-water contact and whether
the well is coning (vertical well) or cresting (horizontal
well).

As explained in Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary

CAUSES OF WATER INFLUX
• As reservoir fluids are produced and reservoir pressure
declines, a pressure differential develops from the
surrounding aquifer into the reservoir.
• Following the basic law of fluid flow in porous media, the
aquifer reacts by encroaching across the original
hydrocarbon-water contact.
• In some cases, water encroachment occurs due to
hydrodynamic conditions and recharge of the formation
by surface waters at an outcrop.
CLASSIFICATION OF AQUIFERS
• Reservoir-aquifer systems are commonly classified on
the basis of:

 • Degree of pressure maintenance

 • Flow regimes
 • Outer boundary conditions
 • Flow geometries
Degree of Pressure Maintenance
 • Active water drive
ew = Qo Bo + Qg Bg + Qw Bw
• Where
 ew = water influx rate, bbl/day
 Qo = oil flow rate, STB/day
 Bo = oil formation volume factor, bbl/STB
 Qg = free gas flow rate, scf/day
 Bg = gas formation volume factor, bbl/scf
 Qw = water flow rate, STB/day
 Bw = water formation volume factor, bbl/STB

 • Partial water drive

 • Limited water drive
Outer Boundary Conditions
• A). Infinite system indicates that the effect of the
pressure changes at the oil/aquifer boundary can never
be felt at the outer boundary. This boundary is for all
intents and purposes at a constant pressure equal to
initial reservoir pressure.

• B). Finite system indicates that the aquifer outer limit is

affected by the influx into the oil zone and that the
pressure at this outer limit changes with time.
Flow Regimes
• There are basically three flow regimes that influence the
rate of water influx into the reservoir.

 a. Steady-state
 b. Semi steady (Pseudo steady)-state
 c. Unsteady-state
Flow Geometries
• Reservoir-aquifer systems can be classified on the basis
of flow geometry as:

 a. Edge-water drive
 b. Bottom-water drive
 c. Linear-water drive
Figure : Flow geometries.
RECOGNITION OF NATURAL WATER
INFLUX
• Natural water drive may be assumed by analogy with
nearby producing reservoirs, but early reservoir
performance trends can provide clues.
• A comparatively low, and decreasing, rate of reservoir
pressure decline with increasing cumulative withdrawals
is indicative of fluid influx
CONSTANT CONVINIENT
PRESSURE INNER
BOUNDARY
CONSTANT CONDITIONS
FLOW RATE I8
DIFFERENT
INFINITE
CONVINIENT SOLUTIONS
OUTER
CLOSED BOUNDARY
CONDITIONS
CONSTANT
PRESSURE
GEOMETRIES

LINEAR RADIAL SPHERICAL

 HISTORICAL WATER
INFLUX PROVIDED BY
MBE EQUATION
PROVIDED OOIP IS
RESERVOIR KNOWN FROM PORE
ENGINEERING VOLUME ESTIMATES

CONSISTS OF
UNCERTAINITIES REQUIRES
HISTORICAL
RESERVOIR
PERFORMANCE DATA

WATER
INFLUX
MODELS
WATER INFLUX MODELS
THE MATHEMATICAL WATER INFLUX
MODELS
 Pot aquifer
 Schilthuis’ steady-state
 Hurst’s modified steady-state
 The Van Everdingen-Hurst unsteady-state
a) Edge-water drive
b) Bottom-water drive
 The Carter-Tracy unsteady-state
 Fetkovich’s method
a) Radial aquifer
b) Linear aquifer
 POT AQUIFER MODEL

• The simplest model that can be used to estimate the

water influx into a gas or oil reservoir is based on the
basic definition of compressibility (ΔV = c V Δ p).
• A drop in the reservoir pressure, due to the production of
fluids, causes the aquifer water to expand and flow into
the reservoir.
• Applying the above basic compressibility definition to the
aquifer gives: Water influx = (aquifer compressibility)
(initial volume of water)(pressure drop) OR We =
(cw + cf) Wi (pi − p)

Based on compressibility equation concept

 Schilthuis’ Steady-State Model
• Schilthuis (1936) proposed that for an aquifer that is
flowing under the steady-state flow regime, the flow
behaviour could be described by Darcy’s equation. The
rate of water influx ew can then be determined by
applying Darcy’s equation:
Contd from previous slide…
The above relationship can be more conveniently
expressed as:

where ,ew = rate of water influx, bbl/day

k = permeability of the aquifer, md
h = thickness of the aquifer, ft
ra = radius of the aquifer, ft
re = radius of the reservoir
t = time, days
The parameter C is called the water influx constant and is expressed in
bbl/day/psi.
Hurst’s Modified Steady-State Model
• One of the problems associated with the Schilthuis’ steady-state
model is that as the water is drained from the aquifer, the aquifer
drainage radius ra will increase as the time increases. Hurst (1943)
proposed that the “apparent” aquifer radius ra would increase with
time and, therefore the dimensionless radius ra/re may be replaced
with a time dependent function, as: ra/re = at

Schilthuis’ Steady- Hurst’s Modified

State Model Steady-State Model
We consider the log of We take ra/re as not as a
ra/re constant and take
and consider the term as [ra/re = at]
constant.
Contd from previous slide…

The Hurst modified steady-state equation can be

written in a more simplified form as:
 The Van Everdingen-Hurst Unsteady-
State Model
• The mathematical formulations that describe the flow of
crude oil system into a wellbore are identical in form to
those equations that describe the flow of water from an
aquifer into a cylindrical reservoir. When an oil well is
brought on production at a constant flow rate after a
shut-in period, the pressure behaviour is essentially
controlled by the transient (unsteady-state) flowing
condition. This flowing condition is defined as the time
period during which the boundary has no effect on the
pressure behaviour.
Need superposition theorem here.
Based on dimensionless diffusivity equation.
Contd from previous page….

• Van Everdingen and Hurst (1949) proposed solutions to

the dimensionless diffusivity equation

for the following two reservoir-aquifer boundary conditions:

 • Constant terminal rate
 • Constant terminal pressure
• For the constant-terminal-rate boundary condition, the
rate of water influx is assumed constant for a given
period; and the pressure drop at the reservoir-aquifer
boundary is calculated.
Contd from previous slide….

• Van Everdingen and Hurst solved the diffusivity equation

for the aquifer-reservoir system by applying the Laplace
transformation to the equation. The authors’ solution can
be used to determine the water influx in the following
systems:
 • Edge-water-drive system (radial system)
 • Bottom-water-drive system
 • Linear-water-drive system
The Carter-Tracy Water Influx Model
• To reduce the complexity of water influx calculations,
Carter and Tracy (1960) proposed a calculation
technique that does not require superposition and allows
direct calculation of water influx.

Carter-Tracy Water Van Everdingen-Hurst

Influx Model Unsteady-State Model

Assumes constant water influx Does not assume constant water

rates over each finite time interval influx rates over each finite time
interval

Does not need superposition concept

Contd from previous slide…..

Using the Carter-Tracy technique, the cumulative water

influx at any time, tn, can be calculated directly from the
previous value obtained at tn − 1, or:
 Fetkovich’s Method
• Fetkovich (1971) developed a method of describing the
approximate water influx behaviour of a finite aquifer for
radial and linear geometries. In many cases, the results
of this model closely match those determined using the
Van Everdingen-Hurst approach.

• Fetkovich arrived at the following equation:

Based on productivity index concept

Contd from previous slide…

• The previous equation has no practical applications

since it was derived for a constant inner boundary
pressure. To use this solution in the case in which the
boundary pressure is varying continuously as a function
of time, the superposition technique must be applied.
Rather than using superposition, Fetkovich suggested
that, if the reservoir-aquifer boundary pressure history is
divided into a finite number of time intervals, the
incremental water influx during the nth interval is:
Introduction to Well
Testing
 Well Testing
Objectives
• To evaluate well condition and reservoir
characterization.

• To obtain reservoir parameters for

reservoir description.

• To determine whether all the drilled length

of oil well is also a producing zone
Contd from previous slide…

•To estimate skin factor or drilling- and

completion-related damage to an oil
well. Based upon the magnitude of the
damage, a decision regarding well
stimulation can be made.
 Introduction To Well Testing
Outline
• Applications and objectives of well
testing

• Development of the diffusivity equation

• Definitions and sources for data used

in well testing
 What Is A Well Test?
• A tool for reservoir evaluation and
characterization
• Investigates a much larger volume of
the reservoir than cores or logs
• Provides estimate of permeability
under in-situ conditions
• Provides estimates of near-wellbore
condition
• Provides estimates of distances to
boundaries
 How Is A Well Test Conducted?

Types of Well Tests

q

Single-Well Multi-Well
 Types of Well Tests
Single-well tests
• Drawdown (producing a well
at constant rate beginning at
time zero and measuring the
resulting pressure response)
• Buildup (shutting a well that
has been producing and
measuring the resulting
pressure response)
• Injection (Similar to a
drawdown test. Conducted
by injecting fluid into a well
at constant rate beginning at
time zero and measuring the
resulting pressure response)
• Injection-falloff (Similar to a
buildup test. Conducted by
shutting in an injection well
and measuring the resulting
36
pressure response)
Multi-rate Test
Multi-well tests
• Interference tests
(producing one well at
constant rate beginning
at time zero and
measuring the resulting
pressure response at
one or more offset wells)
• Pulse tests (alternately
producing and shutting
in (“pulsing”) one well
beginning at time zero
and measuring the
resulting pressure
response at one or more
offset wells)
 Information from Well Tests
• Reservoir information
• Extents and structure
• Permeability and skin
• Pressure
• GOR
• Samples for PVT analysis
• Production estimation

37
 Well Test Applications
Exploration
• reservoir size, hydrocarbon volume, hydrocarbon
type, productivity
• (is this zone economic?, how large is the
reservoir?)
Reservoir Development
• pressure, permeability, connectivity, productivity,
formation damage, drive mechanism
• (what is the reservoir pressure?, how can we
estimate reserves?, forecast future performance,
optimize production)
Reservoir Management
• pressure, permeability, drainage, sweep
efficiency, formation damage
• (is the well damaged?, stimulation treatment
38 efficiency, why is the well not performing as
expected?)
 REFERENCES
• SCHLUMBERGER OILFIELD GLOSSARY
• ANSWERS.COM
• RESERVOIR ENGINEERING BY TAREK
AHMED
• PRACTICAL ENHANCED RESERVOIR
ENGINEERING
• THE WORLD WIDE WEB
Factors affecting well test
• Afterflow effect
• Wellbore storage
• Skin effect
• Boundary effect
THANK YOU