Evaporation of a liquid - most often used method for cooling

Condensation - a vapor gives up heat to become a liquid

Evaporation - liquid takes up heat to become a vapor

Refrigeration - process that removes heat

Sensible heat - heat which causes a change in temperature of a substance
Latent Heat - heat which brings a change in state with no change in temperature
First Law of thermodynamics - Law of conservation of energy
- Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it can be transformed from one form to another
- Energy is transferred from higher to a lower temperature
Enthalpy - total heat content of a substance
Compressor - heart of the refrigeration system
- compresses refrigerant from low to high discharge pressure gas thereby raising the boiling point
- it circulates the refrigerant within the system
Screw compressor - compresses refrigerant by mean of two mating screw
- process analogous to reciprocating compressor more than other types
Screws - positive displacement volume reduction device
Reciprocating compressor - most common compressor used in small, 100 hp or less application
Evaporator - bank or coil of tubings usually located along bulkhead of the refrigerated space
- acts as heat conductor between the product and the refrigerant
- it absorbs heat from the load in the refrigerated space
Air coils - refrigerant flows through the tubes and air passes over due the outside of the tubes
Liquid chillers - refrigerant flows on one side of the evaporator while a secondary coolant on the other
side
Plate heat exchanger - uses metal plates to transfer heat between two fluids
- it has a larger surface area than conventional heat exchangers
Open type heat exchangers - where one flows is not confined within the equipment
- originated from air cooled tube banks, used in vaporizers and condensers in air-conditioning and
refrigeration applications
- heat transfer coefficient is very poor since gases flow on both sides
Condenser - high side of the refrigeration system
- should be selected in the basis of total heat rejection at maximum load
- heat exchanger that releases the heat absorbed from the evaporator to the surroundings
Evaporative - most efficient among all other types of condenser
- a combination of a water cooled condenser and an air cooled condenser
- eliminate the problems of pumping and treating large quantities of water associated with water
cooled systems
- can be designed at lower condensing temperature
Cooling tower - is a heat rejection device which rejects waste heat to the atmosphere
- commonly used in oil refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants, thermal power station and
HVAC systems for cooling buildings
Air Cooled - used for small applications, usually for R404a, R314a
- comes in packaged with compressor unit
Also known as Air cooled condensing unit
Expansion Valve - expands the high pressure liquid of low pressure liquid gas particles
- control the amount of refrigerant in the evaporator
Re-circulator - provides refrigerant supply to air coolers by the use of pumps
- provide suction gas line to the compressor at the same time aids separation of liquid droplets to the
compressor suction line
Liquid Receiver - is sized to hold the whole liquid refrigerant charge of the system
- it serves to accumulate the reserve liquid refrigerant
- it ensures the availability of adequate stored refrigerant until the system needs it
Intercooler - is the intermediate vessel between the high and low stages in a multi stage system
- one purpose is to cool discharge gas of low-stage compressor to prevent overheating the high stage
compressor
Stop Valve/Isolation Valve - its function is to isolate the system or part of the system during servicing
Regulating Valve - filters dirt and other unwanted solid particles that could damage the other valves
such as, solenoid and other modulating valves
- serves as a protection for pumps, compressor and other components of refrigeration system
Regulating valve - regulates the injection of the refrigerant through manual throttling
Check valve - assures that there will be no back flow, or the refrigerant moves only one direction
Single stage system - simplest refrigeration set up
- limited to between 5 and 10 psig suction pressure
- consist of the evaporator, compressor, condenser and expansion valve
Economized systems - sub-cools the liquid refrigerant before it reaches the evaporator reduces its
enthalpy, resulting in a higher net refrigerating effect
- produces additional refrigerating capacity with less increase in unit energy input
- can provide operating efficiencies that approach that of the two-stage systems, but with much less
complexity and simpler maintenance
Multi Stage Systems - compress gas from the evaporator to the condenser in several stages
- used to produce temperatures of -15F and below which is not economical with the single-stage
compression
- are used down to about -70 or -80F evaporator temperatures
Cascade systems - refrigeration system that uses two kinds of refrigerants having different boiling
points, which run through their own independent freezing cycle and are joined by a heat exchanger